andthelawoftheBurgundians，[29]debarredthedaughtersfromtherightofsucceedingtothelandinconjunctionwiththeirbrothers；
neitherdidtheysucceedtothecrown。ThelawoftheVisigoths，[30]onthecontrary，permittedthedaughterstoinheritthelandwiththebrothers：[31]andthewomenwerecapableofinheritingthecrown。[32]
Amongthesepeopletheregulationsofthecivillawhadaneffectonthepolitical。
ThiswasnottheonlycaseinwhichthepoliticallawoftheFranksgavewaytothecivil。BytheSaliclaw，allthebrotherssucceededequallytotheland，andthiswasalsodecreedbyalawoftheBurgundians。
Thus，inthekingdomoftheFranks，andinthatoftheBurgundians，allthebrotherssucceededtothecrown，ifweexceptafewmurdersandusurpationswhichtookplaceamongsttheBurgundians。
23。OftheregalOrnamentsamongtheFranks。Apeoplewhodonotcultivatethelandhavenoideaofluxury。Wemaysee，inTacitus，theadmirablesimplicityoftheGermannations：theyhadnoartificialelegancesofdress；theirornamentswerederivedfromnature。Ifthefamilyoftheirchiefwastobedistinguishedbyanysign，itwasnootherthanthatwhichnaturebestowed。ThekingsoftheFranks，oftheBurgundians，andtheVisigothsworetheirlonghairforadiadem。
24。OftheMarriagesoftheKingsoftheFranks。Ihavealreadymentionedthatwithpeoplewhodonotcultivatetheearth，marriagesarelessfixedthanwithothers，andthattheygenerallytakemanywives。
\"OfallthebarbarousnationstheGermanswerealmosttheonlypeoplewhoweresatisfiedwithonewife，[33]ifweexcept，\"saysTacitus，\"somepersonswho，notfromadissolutenessofmanners，butbecauseoftheirnobility，hadmany。\"[34]
Thisexplainsthereasonwhythekingsofthefirstracehadsogreatanumberofwives。Thesemarriageswerelessaproofofincontinencethanaconsequenceofdignity：anditwouldhavewoundedtheminatenderpointtohavedeprivedthemofsuchaprerogative。[35]Thisalsoexplainsthereasonwhytheexampleofthekingswasnotfollowedbythesubjects。
25。Childeric。\"ThelawsofmatrimonyamongsttheGermans，\"saysTacitus，\"arestrictlyobserved。Viceisnotthereasubjectofridicule。Tocorruptorbecorruptedisnotcalledfashion，orthecustomoftheage：[36]therearefewexamplesinthispopulousnationoftheviolationofconjugalfaith。\"[37]
ThiswasthereasonoftheexpulsionofChilderic：heshockedtheirrigidvirtue，whichconquesthadnothadtimetocorrupt。
26。OftheTimewhentheKingsoftheFranksbecameofage。Barbarianswhodonotcultivatetheearthhave，strictlyspeaking，nojurisdiction，andare，aswehavealreadyremembered，rathergovernedbythelawofnationsthanbycivilinstitutions。Theyare，therefore，alwaysarmed。
ThusTacitustellsus\"thattheGermansundertooknoaffairseitherofapublicorprivatenatureunarmed。\"[38]Theygavetheirvotebythesoundoftheirarms。[39]Assoonastheycouldcarrythem，theywerepresentedtotheassembly；[40]theyputajavelinintotheirhands；[41]andfromthatmomenttheywereoutoftheirminority：theyhadbeenapartofthefamily，nowtheybecameapartoftherepublic。[42]
\"Theeagles，\"saidthekingoftheOstrogoths，[43]\"ceasetofeedtheiryoungonesassoonastheirwingsandtalonsareformed；thelatterhavenoneedofassistancewhentheyareablethemselvestoseizetheirprey：
itwouldbeadisgraceiftheyoungpeopleinourarmieswerethoughttobeofanageunfitformanagingtheirestatesorregulatingtheconductoftheirlives。ItisvirtuethatconstitutesfullageamongtheGoths。\"
ChildebertIIwasfifteenyearsoldwhenGontram，hisuncle，declaredthathewasofage，andcapableofgoverningbyhimself。[44]WefindintheRipuarianlawsthattheageoffifteen，theabilityofbearingarms，andmajority，wenttogether。Itistheresaid[45]\"thatifaRipuariandies，oriskilled，andleavesasonbehindhim，thatsoncanneitherprosecute，norbeprosecuted，tillhehascompletelyattainedtheageoffifteen；andthenhemayeitheranswerforhimselforchooseachampion。\"Itwasnecessarythathismindshouldbesufficientlyformedtobeabletodefendhimselfincourt；andthathisbodyshouldhaveallthestrengththatwasproperforhisdefenceinsinglecombat。AmongtheBurgundians，[46]whoalsomadeuseofthiscombatintheirjudiciaryproceedings，theywereofageatfifteen。
AgathiastellsusthatthearmsoftheFrankswerelight：theymight，therefore，beofageatfifteen。Insucceedingtimesthearmstheymadeuseofwereheavy，andtheywerealreadygreatlysointhetimeofCharlemagne，asappearsbyourcapitulariesandromances。Thosewhohadfiefs，[47]andwereconsequentlyobligedtodomilitaryservice，werenotthenofagetilltheyweretwenty—oneyearsold。[48]
27。ThesameSubjectcontinued。WehaveseenthattheGermansdidnotappearintheirassembliesbeforetheywereofage；theywereapartofthefamily，butnotoftherepublic。ThiswasthereasonthatthechildrenofClodomir，kingofOrleans，andconquerorofBurgundy，werenotproclaimedkings，becausetheywereoftootenderanagetobepresentattheassembly。Theywerenotyetkings，buttheyhadarighttotheregaldignityassoonastheywereabletobeararms；andinthemeantime，Clotildis，theirgrandmother，governedthestate。[49]ButtheirunclesClotariusandChildebertassassinatedthem，anddividedtheirkingdom。Thiswasthecausethatinthefollowingagesprincesintheirminoritywereproclaimedkingsimmediatelyafterthedeathoftheirfathers。ThusDukeGondovaldsavedChildebertIIfromthecrueltyofChilperic，andcausedhimtobeproclaimedkingwhenhewasonlyfiveyearsold。[50]
Buteveninthischangetheyfollowedtheoriginalspiritofthenation；
forthepublicactsdidnotpassinthenameoftheyoungmonarch。SothattheFrankshadadoubleadministration：theonewhichconcernedthepersonoftheinfantking，andtheotherwhichregardedthekingdom；andinthefiefstherewasadifferencebetweentheguardianshipandtheciviladministration。
28。OfAdoptionamongtheGermans。AstheGermansbecameofagebythewieldingofarms，sotheywereadoptedbythesamesign。ThusGontram，willingtodeclarehisnephewChildebertofageandtoadopthimforhisson，madeuseofthesewords：\"IhaveputthisjavelinintothyhandsasatokenthatIhavegiventheeallmykingdom。\"[51]Then，turningtowardstheassembly，headded，\"YouseethatmysonChildebertisgrownaman；obeyhim。\"Theodoric，kingoftheOstrogoths，intendingtoadoptthekingoftheHeruli，wrotetohimthus：[52]\"Itisanoblecustomofourstobeadoptedbyarms；formenofcouragealonedeservetobeourchildren。Suchistheefficacyofthisact，thatwhoeveristheobjectofithadratherdiethansubmittoanythingignominious。Therefore，incompliancewiththenationalusage，andbecauseyouareamanofcourage，weadoptyouforoursonbythesebucklers，theseswords，thesehorses，whichwesendyouasapresent。\"
29。OfthesanguinaryTemperoftheKingsoftheFranks。CloviswasnottheonlyprinceamongsttheFrankswhohadinvadedGaul。Manyofhisrelativeshadpenetratedintothiscountrywithparticulartribes；butashehadmetwithmuchgreatersuccess，andcouldgrantconsiderablesettlementstosuchasfollowedhim，theFranksflockedtohimfromallparts，sothattheotherchiefsfoundthemselvestooweaktoresisthim。
Heformedadesignofexterminatinghiswholerace，andhesucceeded。[53]Hefeared，saysGregoryofTours，[54]lesttheFranksshouldchooseanotherchief。Hischildrenandsuccessorsfollowedthispracticetotheutmostoftheirpower。Thusthebrother，theuncle，thenephew，and，whatisstillworse，thefatherortheson，wereperpetuallyconspiringagainsttheirwholefamily。Thelawcontinuallydividedthemonarchy；whilefear，ambition，andcrueltywantedtoreuniteit。
30。OfthenationalAssembliesoftheFranks。Ithasbeenremarkedabovethatnationswhodonotcultivatethelandenjoygreatliberty。
ThiswasthecaseoftheGermans。Tacitussaysthattheygavetheirkings，orchiefs，averymoderatedegreeofpower；[55]andC？saraddsfurtherthatintimesofpeacetheyhadnocommonmagistrates；buttheirprincesadministeredjusticeineachvillage。[56]Thus，asGregoryofTours[57]sufficientlyproves，theFranksinGermanyhadnoking。
\"Theprinces，\"saysTacitus，\"deliberateonmattersofnogreatconcern；
whileaffairsofimportancearesubmittedtothewholenation，butinsuchamannerthattheseveryaffairswhichareunderthecognizanceofthepeopleareatthesametimelaidbeforetheprinces。\"[58]Thiscustomwasobservedbythemaftertheirconquests，asmaybeseeninalltheirrecords。[59]
Tacitussaysthatcapitalcrimesmightbecarriedbeforetheassembly。[60]Itwasthesameaftertheconquest，whenthegreatvassalsweretriedbeforethatbody。
31。OftheAuthorityoftheClergyunderthefirstRace。Thepriestsofbarbarousnationsarecommonlyinvestedwithpower，becausetheyhaveboththatauthoritywhichisduetothemfromtheirreligiouscharacter，andthatinfluencewhichamongsuchapeopleistheoffspringofsuperstition。ThusweseeinTacitusthatpriestswereheldingreatvenerationbytheGermans，andthattheypresidedintheassembliesofthepeople。[61]Theyalonewerepermitted[62]tochastise，tobind，tosmite；whichtheydid，notbyorderoftheprince，orashisministersofjustice，butasbyaninspirationofthatDeityeversupposedtobepresentwiththosewhomadewar。
Weoughtnot，therefore，tobeastonishedwhen，fromtheverybeginningofthefirstrace，wemeetwithbishopsthedispensersofjustice，[63]
whenweseethemappearintheassembliesofthenation；whentheyhavesuchaprodigiousinfluenceonthemindsofsovereigns；andwhentheyacquiresolargeashareofproperty。
______
1。Bookvii。7。
2。Solon。
3。OrhewhowrotethebookDeMirabilibus。
4。Japanisanexceptiontothis，byitsgreatextentaswellasbyitsslavery。
5。Polybius，x。25。
6。ItisthusthatDiodorus，v。35，tellsustheshepherdsfoundgoldinthePyreneanmountains。
7。EdifyingLetters，coll。xx。
8。Whenakhanisproclaimed，allthepeoplecrythathiswordshallbeasasword。
9。Bookxvii。5。
10。WeoughtnotthereforetobeastonishedatMahomet，thesonofMiriveis，who，upontakingIspahan，putalltheprincesofthebloodtothesword。
11。Tit。62。
12。NullasGermanorumpopulisurbeshabitarisatisnotumest，nepatiquidemintersejunctassedes；coluntdiscreti，utnemusplacuit。Vicoslocant，noninnostrummoremconnexisetcoharentibus？difidis：suamquisquedomumspatiocircumdat。——DeMoribusGermanorum，16。
13。TheLawoftheAlemans，10，andtheLawoftheBavarians，tit。10，§§1，2。
14。Thisinclosureiscalledcurtisinthecharters。
15。SeeMarculfus，ii，form。10，12。AppendixtoMarculfus，form。49，andtheancientformulariesofSirmondus，form。22。
16。Form。55，inLindembroch’scollection。
17。DeterraveroSalicainmulieremnullaportiohereditatistransit，sedhocvirilissexusacquirit，hocestfiliiinipsahereditatesuccedunt。——Tit。68，§6。
18。Sororumfiliisidemapudavunculumquamapudpatremhonor。Quidamsanctioremarcti—oremquehuncnexumsanguinisarbitrantur，etinaccipiendisobsidibusmagisexigunt，tanquamiietanimumfirmiusetdomumlatiusteneant——DeMoribusGermanorum，20。
19。See，inGregoryofTours，viii。18，20andix，16，20，therageofGontramatLeovigild’sill—treatmentofIngunda，hisniece，whichChildebertherbrothertookuparmstorevenge。
20。SalicLaw，tit。47。
21。Ibid。，tit。61，§1。
22。Etdeincepsusqueadquintumgenuculumquiproximusfueritinhereditatemsuccedat。——Tit。56，§6。
23。Tit。56。
24。Tit。7，§1：Paterautmaterdefuncti，filiononfili？hereditatemrelinquant；§4，quidefunctus，nonfilios，sedfiliasreliquerit，adeasomnishereditaspertineat。
25。InMarculfus，ii，form。12，andintheAppendixtoMarculfus，form。
49。
26。Lindembroch’scollection，form。55。
27。DuCange，Pithou，&c。
28。Tit。62。
29。Tit。1，§3；tit。16，§1；tit。51。
30。Bookiv，tit。2，§1。
31。TheGermannations，saysTacitus，DeMoribusGermanorum，22，hadcommoncustoms，aswellasthosewhichwerepeculiartoeach。
32。AmongtheOstrogoths，thecrowntwicedevolvedtothemalesbymeansoffemales；thefirsttimetoAthalaricus，throughAmalasuntha，andthesecondtoTheodat，throughAmalafreda。Notbutthatthefemalesofthatnationmighthaveheldthecrownintheirownright；forAmalasunthareignedafterthedeathofAthalaricus；nay，evenaftertheelectionofTheodat，andinconjunctionwiththatprince。SeeAmalasuntha’sandTheodat’sletters，inCassiodorus，x。
33。PropesoliBarbarorumsingulisuxoribuscontentistint。——DeMoribusGermanorum，18。
34。Exceptisadmodumpaucisquinonlibidine，sedobnobilitatem，plurimisnuptiisambiuntur。——Ibid。
35。SeeFredegarius，Chronicleoftheyear628。
36。Severamatrimonia……nemoillicvitiaridet，neccorrumpereetcorrumpis？culumvocatur。——DeMoribusGermanorum，19。
37。Paucissimaintamnumerosagenteadulteria。——Ibid。
38。Nihilnequepublic？nequeprivat？reinisiarmatiagunt。——Ibid。，13。
39。Sidisplicuitsententia，fremituaspernantur；sinplacuit，frameasconcutiunt。——Ibid。，11。
40。Sedarmasumerenonantecuiquammoris，quamcivitassuffecturumprobaverit。——Ibid。，13。
41。Tuminipsoconciliavelprincipumaliquis，velpater，velpropinquus，scuto，frameaquejuvenemornant。
42。H？capudillostoga，hicprimusjuvent？honos；antehocdomniparsvidentur，moxreipublic？。
43。TheodoricinCassiodorus，i。38。
44。Hewasscarcelyfiveyearsold，saysGregoryofTours，v。1，whenhesucceededtohisfather，intheyear575。Gontramdeclaredhimofageintheyear585；hewas，therefore，atthattimenomorethanfifteen。
45。Tit。81。
46。Tit。87。
47。Therewasnochangeinthetimewithregardtothecommonpeople。
48。St。Louiswasnotofagetilltwenty—one；thiswasalteredbyanedictofCharlesVintheyear1374。
49。ItappearsfromGregoryofTours，iii，thatshechosetwonativesofBurgundy，whichhadbeenconqueredbyClodomir，toraisethemtotheseeofTours，whichalsobelongedtoClodomir。
50。Ibid。，v。1：Vixlustro？tatisunojamperactoquidieDominic？
Natalisregnarecoepit。
51。SeeIbid。，vii。23。
52。InCassiodorus，iv。2。
53。GregoryofTours，ii。
54。Ibid。
55。NecRegibusliberaautinfinitapotestas。C？terumnequeanimadvertere，nequevincire，nequeverberare，&c。——DeMoribusGermanorum，7。
56。Inpacenullusestcommunismagistratus，sedprincipesregionumatquepagorumintersuosjusdicunt。——DeBelloGall。，vi。22。
57。Bookii。
58。Deminoribusprincipesconsultant，demajoribusomnes；itatamenuteaquorumpenesplebemarbitriumest，apudprincipespertractentur。——
DeMoribusGermanorum，11。
59。LexconsensuPopulifitetconstitutioneRegis。——CapitulariesofCharlestheBald，year864，art。6。
60。LicetapudConciliumaccusareetdiscrimencapitisintendere。——DeMoribusGermanorum，12。
61。Silentiumpersacerdotes，quibusetcoercendijusest，imperatur。——
Ibid。，11。
62。NecRegibusliberaautinfinitapotestas。C？terumnequeanimadvertere，nequevincire，nequeverberare，nisisacerdotibusestpermissum，nonquasiinpoenam，necDucisjussu，sedvelutDeoimperante，quemadesse，bellatoribuscredunt。——Ibid。，7。
63。SeetheConstitutionsofClotarius，year560，art。6。
BookXIX。OfLawsinRelationtothePrinciplesWhichFormtheGeneralSpirit，Morals，andCustomsofaNation1。OftheSubjectofthisBook。Thissubjectisveryextensive。Inthatcrowdofideaswhichpresentsitselftomymind，Ishallbemoreattentivetotheorderofthingsthantothethingsthemselves。Ishallbeobligedtowandertotherightandtotheleft，thatImayinvestigateanddiscoverthetruth。
2。ThatitisnecessaryPeople’sMindsshouldbepreparedfortheReceptionofthebestLaws。NothingcouldappearmoreinsupportabletotheGermansthanthetribunalofVarus。[1]ThatwhichJustinian[2]
erectedamongsttheLazi，toproceedagainstthemurderersoftheirking，appearedtothemasanaffairmosthorridandbarbarous。
Mithridates，[3]haranguingagainsttheRomans，reproachedthemmoreparticularlyfortheirlawproceedings。[4]TheParthianscouldnotbearwithoneoftheirkingswho，havingbeeneducatedatRome，renderedhimselfaffableandeasyofaccesstoall。[5]Libertyitselfhasappearedintolerabletothosenationswhohavenotbeenaccustomedtoenjoyit。Thuspureairissometimesdisagreeabletosuchashavelivedinafennycountry。
Baibi，aVenetian，beingatPegu，wasintroducedtotheking。[6]WhenthemonarchwasinformedthattheyhadnokingatVenice，heburstintosuchafitoflaughterthathewasseizedwithacough，andwithdifficultycouldspeaktohiscourtiers。Whatlegislatorcouldproposeapopulargovernmenttoapeoplelikethis？
3。OfTyranny。Therearetwosortsoftyranny：onereal，whicharisesfromoppression；theotherisseatedinopinion，andissuretobefeltwheneverthosewhogovernestablishthingsshockingtotheexistingideasofanation。
Dio[7]tellsusthatAugustuswasdesirousofbeingcalledRomulus；buthavingbeeninformedthatthepeoplefearedthathewouldcausehimselftobecrownedking，hechangedhisdesign。TheoldRomanswereaversetoaking，becausetheycouldnotsufferanymantoenjoysuchpower；thesewouldnothaveaking，becausetheycouldnotbearhismanners。ForthoughC？sar，theTriumvirs，andAugustuswerereallyinvestedwithregalpower，theyhadpreservedalltheoutwardappearanceofequality，whiletheirprivateliveswereakindofcontrasttothepompandluxuryofforeignmonarchs；sothatwhentheRomanswereresolvedtohavenoking，thisonlysignifiedthattheywouldpreservetheircustoms，andnotimitatethoseoftheAfricanandeasternnations。
ThesamewriterinformsusthattheRomanswereexasperatedagainstAugustusformakingcertainlawswhichweretoosevere；butassoonashehadrecalledPyladesthecomedian，whomthejarringofdifferentfactionshaddrivenoutofthecity，thediscontentceased。Apeopleofthisstamphaveamorelivelysenseoftyrannywhenaplayerisbanishedthanwhentheyaredeprivedoftheirlaws。
4。OfthegeneralSpiritofMankind。Mankindareinfluencedbyvariouscauses：bytheclimate，bythereligion，bythelaws，bythemaximsofgovernment，byprecedents，morals，andcustoms；whenceisformedageneralspiritofnations。
Inproportionas，ineverycountry，anyoneofthesecausesactswithmoreforce，theothersinthesamedegreeareweakened。Natureandtheclimaterulealmostaloneoverthesavages；customsgoverntheChinese；
thelawstyranniseinJapan；moralshadformerlyalltheirinfluenceatSparta；maximsofgovernment，andtheancientsimplicityofmanners，onceprevailedatRome。
5。HowfarweshouldbeattentivelestthegeneralSpiritofaNationbechanged。Shouldtherehappentobeacountrywhoseinhabitantswereofasocialtemper，open—hearted，cheerful，endowedwithtasteandafacilityincommunicatingtheirthoughts；whoweresprightlyandagreeable；
sometimesimprudent，oftenindiscreet；andbesideshadcourage，generosity，frankness，andacertainnotionofhonour，nooneoughttoendeavourtorestraintheirmannersbylaws，unlesshewouldlayaconstraintontheirvirtues。Ifingeneralthecharacterbegood，thelittlefoiblesthatmaybefoundinitareofsmallimportance。
Theymightlayarestraintuponwomen，enactlawstoreformtheirmannersandtoreducetheirluxury，butwhoknowsbutthatbythesemeanstheymightlosethatpeculiartastewhichwouldbethesourceofthewealthofthenation，andthatpolitenesswhichwouldrenderthecountryfrequentedbystrangers？
Itisthebusinessofthelegislaturetofollowthespiritofthenation，whenitisnotcontrarytotheprinciplesofgovernment；forwedonothingsowellaswhenweactwithfreedom，andfollowthebentofournaturalgenius。
Ifanairofpedantrybegiventoanationthatisnaturallygay，thestatewillgainnoadvantagefromit，eitherathomeorabroad。Leaveittodofrivolousthingsinthemostseriousmanner，andwithgaietythethingsmostserious。
6。ThatEverythingoughtnottobecorrected。Letthembutleaveusasweare，saidagentlemanofanationwhichhadaverygreatresemblancetothatwehavebeendescribing，andnaturewillrepairwhateverisamiss。Shehasgivenusavivacitycapableofoffending，andhurryingusbeyondtheboundsofrespect：thissamevivacityiscorrectedbythepolitenessitprocures，inspiringuswithatasteoftheworld，and，aboveall，fortheconversationofthefairsex。
Letthemleaveusasweare；ourindiscretionsjoinedtoourgoodnaturewouldmakethelawswhichshouldconstrainoursociabilitynotatallproperforus。
7。OftheAtheniansandLaced？monians。TheAthenians，thisgentlemanadds，wereanationthathadsomerelationtoours。Theymingledgaietywithbusiness；astrokeofraillerywasasagreeableinthesenateasinthetheatre。Thisvivacity，whichdiscovereditselfintheircouncils，wentalongwiththemintheexecutionoftheirresolves。ThecharacteristicoftheSpartanswasgravity，seriousness，severity，andsilence。ItwouldhavebeenasdifficulttobringoveranAthenianbyteasingasitwouldaSpartanbydivertinghim。
8。EffectsofasociableTemper。Themorecommunicativeapeopleare，themoreeasilytheychangetheirhabits，becauseeachisinagreaterdegreeaspectacletotheotherandthesingularitiesofindividualsarebetterobserved。Theclimatewhichinfluencesonenationtotakepleasureinbeingcommunicative，makesitalsodelightinchange，andthatwhichmakesitdelightinchangeformsitstaste。
Thesocietyofthefairsexspoilsthemannersandformsthetaste；thedesireofgivinggreaterpleasurethanothersestablishestheembellishmentsofdress；andthedesireofpleasingothersmorethanourselvesgivesrisetofashions。Thusfashionisasubjectofimportance；byencouragingatriflingturnofmind，itcontinuallyincreasesthebranchesofitscommerce。[8]
9。OftheVanityandPrideofNations。Vanityisasadvantageoustoagovernmentasprideisdangerous。Tobeconvincedofthisweneedonlyrepresent，ontheonehand，thenumberlessbenefitswhichresultfromvanity，asindustry，thearts，fashions，politeness，andtaste；ontheother，theinfiniteevilswhichspringfromtheprideofcertainnations，aslaziness，poverty，atotalneglectofeverything——infine，thedestructionofthenationswhichhavehappenedtofallundertheirgovernment，aswellasoftheirown。Lazinessistheeffectofpride；[9]
labour，aconsequenceofvanity。TheprideofaSpaniardleadshimtodeclinelabour；thevanityofaFrenchmantoworkbetterthanothers。
Alllazynationsaregrave；forthosewhodonotlabourregardthemselvesasthesovereignsofthosewhodo。
Ifwesearchamongallnations，weshallfindthatforthemostpartgravity，pride，andindolencegohandinhand。
ThepeopleofAchim[10]areproudandlazy；thosewhohavenoslaves，hireone，ifitbeonlytocarryaquartofriceahundredpaces；theywouldbedishonourediftheycarrieditthemselves。
Inmanyplacespeoplelettheirnailsgrow，thatallmayseetheydonotwork。
WomenintheIndies[11]believeitshamefulforthemtolearntoread：
thisis，theysay，thebusinessoftheirslaves，whosingtheirspiritualsongsinthetemplesoftheirpagods。Inonetribetheydonotspin；inanothertheymakenothingbutbasketsandmats；theyarenoteventopoundrice；andinotherstheymustnotgotofetchwater。Theserulesareestablishedbypride，andthesamepassionmakesthemfollowed。Thereisnonecessityformentioningthatthemoralqualities，accordingastheyareblendedwithothers，areproductiveofdifferenteffects；thuspride，joinedtoavastambitionandnotionsofgrandeur，producedsucheffectsamongtheRomansasareknowntoalltheworld。
10。OftheCharacteroftheSpaniardsandChinese。Thecharactersoftheseveralnationsareformedofvirtuesandvices，ofgoodandbadqualities。Fromthehappymixtureofthese，greatadvantagesresult，andfrequentlywhereitwouldbeleastexpected；thereareotherswhencegreatevilsarise——evilswhichonewouldnotsuspect。
TheSpaniardshavebeeninallagesfamousfortheirhonesty。Justin[12]
mentionstheirfidelityinkeepingwhateverwasentrustedtotheircare；
theyhavefrequentlysuffereddeathratherthanrevealasecret。Theyhavestillthesamefidelityforwhichtheywereformerlydistinguished。
AllthenationswhotradeatCadiztrusttheirfortunestotheSpaniards，andhaveneveryetrepentedit。Butthisadmirablequality，joinedtotheirindolence，formsamixturewhencesucheffectsresultastothemaremostpernicious。TherestoftheEuropeannationscarryonintheirverysightallthecommerceoftheirmonarchy。