ThecharacteroftheChineseisformedofanothermixture，directlyoppositetothatoftheSpaniards；theprecariousnessoftheirsubsistence[13]inspiresthemwithaprodigiousactivity，andsuchanexcessivedesireofgain，thatnotradingnationcanconfideinthem。[14]ThisacknowledgedinfidelityhassecuredthemthepossessionofthetradetoJapan。NoEuropeanmerchanthaseverdaredtoundertakeitintheirname，howeasysoeveritmightbeforthemtodoitfromtheirmaritimeprovincesinthenorth。
11。AReflection。Ihavesaidnothingherewithaviewtolessenthatinfinitedistancewhichmusteverbebetweenvirtueandvice。GodforbidthatIshouldbeguiltyofsuchanattempt！Iwouldonlymakemyreaderscomprehendthatallpoliticalarenotallmoralvices；andthatallmoralarenotpoliticalvices；andthatthosewhomakelawswhichshockthegeneralspiritofanationoughtnottobeignorantofthis。
12。OfCustomsandMannersinadespoticState。Itisacapitalmaximthatthemannersandcustomsofadespoticempireoughtnevertobechanged；fornothingwouldmorespeedilyproducearevolution。Thereasonisthatinthesestatestherearenolaws，thatis，nonethatcanbeproperlycalledso；thereareonlymannersandcustoms；andifyouoverturntheseyouoverturnall。
Lawsareestablished，mannersareinspired；theseproceedfromageneralspirit，thosefromaparticularinstitution：nowitisasdangerous，naymoreso，tosubvertthegeneralspiritastochangeaparticularinstitution。
Thereislesscommunicationinacountrywhereeach，eitherassuperiororinferior，exercisesorisoppressedbyarbitrarypower，thanthereisinthosewherelibertyreignsineverystation。Theydonot，therefore，sooftenchangetheirmannersandbehaviour。Fixedandestablishedcustomshaveanearresemblancetolaws。Thusitisherenecessarythataprinceoralegislatorshouldlessopposethemannersandcustomsofthepeoplethaninanyothercountryuponearth。
Theirwomenarecommonlyconfined，andhavenoinfluenceinsociety。Inothercountries，wheretheyhaveintercoursewithmen，theirdesireofpleasing，andthedesiremenalsohaveofgivingthempleasure，produceacontinualchangeofcustoms。Thetwosexesspoileachother；theybothlosetheirdistinctiveandessentialquality；whatwasnaturallyfixedbecomesquiteunsettled，andtheircustomsandbehaviouraltereveryday。
13。OftheBehaviouroftheChinese。ButChinaistheplacewherethecustomsofthecountrycanneverbechanged。Besidestheirwomenbeingabsolutelyseparatedfromthemen，theircustoms，liketheirmorals，aretaughtintheschools。Amanoflettersmaybeknownbyhiseasyaddress。[15]Thesethingsbeingoncetaughtbyprecept，andinculcatedbygravedoctors，becomefixed，liketheprinciplesofmorality，andareneverchanged。
14。WhatarethenaturalMeansofchangingtheMannersandCustomsofaNation。Wehavesaidthatthelawsweretheparticularandpreciseinstitutionsofalegislator，andmannersandcustomstheinstitutionsofanationingeneral。Henceitfollowsthatwhenthesemannersandcustomsaretobechanged，itoughtnottobedonebylaws；thiswouldhavetoomuchtheairoftyranny：itwouldbebettertochangethembyintroducingothermannersandothercustoms。
Thuswhenaprincewouldmakegreatalterationsinhiskingdom，heshouldreformbylawwhatisestablishedbylaw，andchangebycustomwhatissettledbycustom；foritisverybadpolicytochangebylawwhatoughttobechangedbycustom。
ThelawwhichobligedtheMuscovitestocutofftheirbeardsandtoshortentheirclothes，andtherigourwithwhichPeterImadethemcrop，eventotheirknees，thelongcloaksofthosewhoenteredintothecities，wereinstancesoftyranny。Therearemeansthatmaybemadeuseoftopreventcrimes；thesearepunishments：therearethoseforchangingourcustoms；theseareexamples。
Thefacilityandeasewithwhichthatnationhasbeenpolishedplainlyshowsthatthisprincehadaworseopinionofhispeoplethantheydeserved；andthattheywerenotbrutes，thoughhewaspleasedtocallthemso。Theviolentmeasureswhichheemployedwereneedless；hewouldhaveattainedhisendaswellbymildermethods。
Hehimselfexperiencedthefacilityofbringingaboutthesealterations。
Thewomenwereshutup，andinsomemeasureslaves；hecalledthemtocourt；hesentthemsilksandfinestuffs，andmadethemdressliketheGermanladies。Thisseximmediatelyrelishedamanneroflifewhichsogreatlyflatteredtheirtaste，theirvanity，andtheirpassions；andbytheirmeansitwasrelishedbythemen。
Whatrenderedthechangethemoreeasywasthattheirmannersatthattimewereforeigntotheclimate，andhadbeenintroducedamongthembyconquestandbyamixtureofnations。PeterI，ingivingthemannersandcustomsofEuropetoaEuropeannation，foundafacilitywhichhedidnothimselfexpect。Theempireoftheclimateisthefirst，themostpowerful，ofallempires。Hehadthennooccasionforlawstochangethemannersandcustomsofhiscountry；itwouldhavebeensufficienttohaveintroducedothermannersandothercustoms。
Nationsareingeneralverytenaciousoftheircustoms；totakethemawaybyviolenceistorenderthemunhappy：weshouldnotthereforechangethem，butengagethepeopletomakethechangethemselves。
Allpunishmentwhichisnotderivedfromnecessityistyrannical。Thelawisnotamereactofpower；thingsintheirownnatureindifferentarenotwithinitsprovince。
15。TheInfluenceofdomesticGovernmentonthepolitical。ThisalterationinthemannersofwomenwilldoubtlesshaveagreatinfluenceonthegovernmentofMuscovy。Onenaturallyfollowstheother：thedespoticpoweroftheprinceisconnectedwiththeservitudeofwomen；
thelibertyofwomenwiththespiritofmonarchy。
16。HowsomeLegislatorshaveconfoundedthePrincipleswhichgovernMankind。Mannersandcustomsarethosehabitswhicharenotestablishedbylegislators，eitherbecausetheywerenotableorwerenotwillingtoestablishthem。
Thereisthisdifferencebetweenlawsandmanners，thatthelawsaremostadaptedtoregulatetheactionsofthesubject，andmannerstoregulatetheactionsoftheman。Thereisthisdifferencebetweenmannersandcustoms，thattheformerprincipallyrelatetotheinteriorconduct，thelattertotheexterior。
Thesethingshavebeensometimesconfounded。[16]Lycurgusmadethesamecodeforthelaws，manners，andcustoms，andthelegislatorsofChinahavedonethesame。
WeoughtnottobesurprisedthatthelegislatorsofChinaandSpartashouldconfoundthelaws，manners，andcustoms；thereasonis，theirmannersrepresenttheirlaws，andtheircustomstheirmanners。
TheprincipalobjectwhichthelegislatorsofChinahadinviewwastomaketheirsubjectsliveinpeaceandtranquillity。Theywouldhavepeoplefilledwithavenerationforoneanother，thateachshouldbeeverymomentsensibleofhisdependenceonsociety，andoftheobligationsheowedtohisfellow—citizens。Theythereforegaverulesofthemostextensivecivility。
ThustheinhabitantsofthevillagesofChina[17]practiseamongstthemselvesthesameceremoniesasthoseobservedbypersonsofanexaltedstation；averypropermethodofinspiringmildandgentledispositions，ofmaintainingpeaceandgoodorder，andofbanishingalltheviceswhichspringfromanasperityoftemper。Ineffect，wouldnotthefreeingthemfromtherulesofcivilitybetosearchoutamethodforthemtoindulgetheirownhumours？
Civilityisinthisrespectofmorevaluethanpoliteness。Politenessflattersthevicesofothers，andcivilitypreventsoursfrombeingbroughttolight。Itisabarrierwhichmenhaveplacedwithinthemselvestopreventthecorruptionofeachother。
Lycurgus，whoseinstitutionsweresevere，hadnoregardtocivility；informingtheexternalbehaviourhehadaviewtothatwarlikespiritwithwhichhewouldfaininspirehispeople。Apeoplewhowereinacontinualstateofdisciplineandinstruction，andwhowereenduedwithequalsimplicityandrigour，atonedbytheirvirtuesfortheirwantofcomplaisance。
17。OfthepeculiarQualityoftheChineseGovernment。ThelegislatorsofChinawentfurther。[18]Theyconfoundedtheirreligion，laws，manners，andcustoms；alltheseweremorality，allthesewerevirtue。
Thepreceptsrelatingtothesefourpointswerewhattheycalledrites；
anditwasintheexactobservanceofthesethattheChinesegovernmenttriumphed。Theyspenttheirwholeyouthinlearningthem，theirwholelifeinthepractice。Theyweretaughtbytheirmenofletters，theywereinculcatedbythemagistrates；andastheyincludedalltheordinaryactionsoflife，whentheyfoundthemeansofmakingthemstrictlyobserved，Chinawaswellgoverned。
TwothingshavecontributedtotheeasewithwhichtheseritesareengravedontheheartsandmindsoftheChinese；one，thedifficultyofwriting，whichduringthegreatestpartoftheirliveswhollyemploystheirattention，[19]becauseitisnecessarytopreparethemtoreadandunderstandthebooksinwhichtheyarecomprised；theother，thattheritualpreceptshavingnothinginthemthatisspiritual，butbeingmerelyrulesofcommonpractice，aremoreadaptedtoconvinceandstrikethemindthanthingsmerelyintellectual。
Thoseprinceswho，insteadofrulingbytheserites，governedbytheforceofpunishments，wantedtoaccomplishthatbypunishmentswhichitisnotintheirpowertoproduce，thatis，togivehabitsofmorality。
Bypunishments，asubjectisveryjustlycutofffromsociety，who，havinglostthepurityofhismanners，violatesthelaws；butifalltheworldweretolosetheirmoralhabits，wouldthesereestablishthem？
Punishmentsmaybejustlyinflictedtoputastoptomanyoftheconsequencesofthegeneralevil，buttheywillnotremovetheevilitself。ThuswhentheprinciplesoftheChinesegovernmentwerediscarded，andmoralitywasbanished，thestatefellintoanarchy，andrevolutionssucceeded。
18。AConsequencedrawnfromtheprecedingChapter。HenceitfollowsthatthelawsofChinaarenotdestroyedbyconquest。Theircustoms，manners，laws，andreligionbeingthesamething，theycannotchangealltheseatonce；andasitwillhappenthateithertheconquerorortheconqueredmustchange，inChinaithasalwaysbeentheconqueror。Forthemannersoftheconqueringnationnotbeingtheircustoms，northeircustomstheirlaws，northeirlawstheirreligion，ithasbeenmoreeasyforthemtoconformbydegreestothevanquishedpeoplethanthelattertothem。
Therestillfollowshenceaveryunhappyconsequence，whichisthatitisalmostimpossibleforChristianityevertobeestablishedinChina。[20]Thevowsofvirginity，theassemblingofwomeninchurches，theirnecessarycommunicationwiththeministersofreligion，theirparticipationinthesacraments，auricularconfession，extremeunction，themarriageofonlyonewife——alltheseoverturnthemannersandcustomsofthecountry，andwiththesameblowstrikeattheirreligionandlaws。
TheChristianreligion，bytheestablishmentofcharity，byapublicworship，byaparticipationofthesamesacraments，seemstodemandthatallshouldbeunited；whiletheritesofChinaseemtoordainthatallshouldbeseparated。
Andaswehaveseenthatthisseparation[21]depends，ingeneral，onthespiritofdespotism，thiswillshowusthereasonwhymonarchies，andindeedallmoderategovernments，aremoreconsistentwiththeChristianreligion。[22]
19。HowthisUnionofReligion，Laws，Manners，andCustomsamongtheChinesewaseffected。TheprincipalobjectofgovernmentwhichtheChineselegislatorshadinviewwasthepeaceandtranquillityoftheempire；andsubordinationappearedtothemasthemostpropermeanstomaintainit。Filledwiththisidea，theybelievedittheirdutytoinspirearespectforparents，andthereforeexertedalltheirpowertoeffectit。Theyestablishedaninfinitenumberofritesandceremoniestodothemhonourwhenliving，andaftertheirdeath。Itwasimpossibleforthemtopaysuchhonourstodeceasedparentswithoutbeingledtoreverencetheliving。Theceremoniesatthedeathofafatherweremorenearlyrelatedtoreligion；thoseforalivingparenthadagreaterrelationtothelaws，manners，andcustoms：however，thesewereonlypartsofthesamecode；butthiscodewasveryextensive。
Avenerationfortheirparentswasnecessarilyconnectedwithasuitablerespectforallwhorepresentedthem；suchasoldmen，masters，magistrates，andthesovereign。Thisrespectforparentssupposedareturnoflovetowardschildren，andconsequentlythesamereturnfromoldmentotheyoung，frommagistratestothosewhowereundertheirjurisdiction，andfromtheemperortohissubjects。Thisformedtherites，andtheseritesthegeneralspiritofthenation。
WeshallnowshowtherelationwhichthingsinappearancethemostindifferentmaybeartothefundamentalconstitutionofChina。Thisempireisformedontheplanofagovernmentofafamily。Ifyoudiminishthepaternalauthority，orevenifyouretrenchtheceremonieswhichexpressyourrespectforit，youweakenthereverenceduetomagistrates，whoareconsideredasfathers；norwouldthemagistrateshavethesamecareofthepeople，whomtheyoughttolookuponastheirchildren；andthattenderrelationwhichsubsistsbetweentheprinceandhissubjectswouldinsensiblybelost。Retrenchbutoneofthesehabitsandyouoverturnthestate。Itisathinginitselfveryindifferentwhetherthedaughter—in—lawriseseverymorningtopaysuchandsuchdutiestohermother—in—law；butifweconsiderthattheseexteriorhabitsincessantlyreviveanideanecessarytobeimprintedonallminds——anideathatformstherulingspiritoftheempire——weshallseethatitisnecessarythatsuchorsuchaparticularactionbeperformed。
20。ExplanationofaParadoxrelatingtotheChinese。ItisveryremarkablethattheChinese，whoselivesareguidedbyrites，areneverthelessthegreatestcheatsuponearth。Thisappearschieflyintheirtrade，which，inspiteofitsnaturaltendency，hasneverbeenabletomakethemhonest。Hewhobuysofthemoughttocarrywithhimhisownweights；[23]everymerchanthavingthreesorts，theoneheavyforbuying，anotherlightforselling，andanotherofthetruestandardforthosewhoareupontheirguard。Itispossible，Ibelieve，toexplainthiscontradiction。
ThelegislatorsofChinahadtwoobjectsinview：theyweredesirousthatthepeopleshouldbesubmissiveandpeaceful，andthattheyshouldalsobelaboriousandindustrious。Bythenatureofthesoilandclimate，theirsubsistenceisveryprecarious；norcanitbeinanyotherwaysecuredthanbyindustryandlabour。
Wheneveryoneobeys，andeveryoneisemployed，thestateisinahappysituation。Itisnecessity，andperhapsthenatureoftheclimate，thathasgiventotheChineseaninconceivablegreedinessforgain，andlawshaveneverbeenmadetorestrainit。Everythinghasbeenforbiddenwhenacquiredbyactsofviolence；everythingpermittedwhenobtainedbyartificeorlabour。LetusnotthencomparethemoralsofChinawiththoseofEurope。EveryoneinChinaisobligedtobeattentivetowhatwillbeforhisadvantage；ifthecheathasbeenwatchfuloverhisowninterest，hewhoisthedupeoughttobeattentivetohis。AtSpartatheywerepermittedtosteal；inChinatheyaresufferedtodeceive。
21。HowtheLawsoughttohaveaRelationtoMannersandCustoms。Itisonlysingularinstitutionswhichthusconfoundlaws，manners，andcustoms——thingsnaturallydistinctandseparate；butthoughtheyareinthemselvesdifferent，thereisneverthelessagreatrelationbetweenthem。
SolonbeingaskedifthelawshehadgiventotheAthenianswerethebest，hereplied，\"Ihavegiventhemthebesttheywereabletobear\"[24]——afineexpression，thatoughttobeperfectlyunderstoodbyalllegislators！WhenDivineWisdomsaidtotheJews，\"Ihavegivenyoupreceptswhicharenotgood，\"thissignifiedthattheyhadonlyarelativegoodness；whichisthespongethatwipesoutallthedifficultiesinthelawofMoses。
22。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Whenapeoplehavepureandregularmanners，theirlawsbecomesimpleandnatural。Plato[25]saysthatRhadamanthus，whogovernedanationextremelyreligious，finishedeveryprocesswithextraordinarydespatch，administeringonlytheoathoneachaccusation。\"But，\"saysthesamePlato，[26]\"whenapeoplearenotreligiousweshouldneverhaverecoursetoanoath，excepthewhoswearsisentirelydisinterested，asinthecaseofajudgeandawitness。\"
23。HowtheLawsarefoundedontheMannersofaPeople。AtthetimewhenthemannersoftheRomanswerepure，theyhadnoparticularlawagainsttheembezzlementofthepublicmoney。Whenthiscrimebegantoappear，itwasthoughtsoinfamous，thattobecondemnedtorestore[27]
whattheyhadtakenwasconsideredasasufficientdisgrace：foraproofofthis，seethesentenceofL。Scipio。[28]
24。ThesameSubjectcontinued。Thelawswhichgavetherightoftutelagetothemotherweremostattentivetothepreservationoftheinfant’sperson；thosewhichgrantedittothenextheirweremostattentivetothepreservationofthestate。Whenthemannersofapeoplearecorrupted，itismuchbettertogivethetutelagetothemother。
Amongthosewhoselawsconfideinthemannersofthesubjects，theguardianshipisgrantedeithertothenextheirortothemother，andsometimestoboth。
IfwereflectontheRomanlaws，weshallfindthatthespiritofthesewasconformabletowhatIhaveadvanced。AtthetimewhenthelawsoftheTwelveTablesweremade，themannersoftheRomansweremostadmirable。Theguardianshipwasgiventothenearestrelativeoftheinfant，fromaconsiderationthatheoughttohavethetroubleofthetutelagewhomightenjoytheadvantageofpossessingtheinheritance。
Theydidnotimaginethelifeoftheheirindangerthoughitwasputintoaperson’shandswhowouldreapabenefitbyhisdeath。ButwhenthemannersofRomewerechanged，herlegislatorsalteredtheirconduct。
\"If，inthepupillarysubstitution，\"sayGaius[29]andJustinian，[30]
\"thetestatorisafraidthatthesubstitutewilllayanysnaresforthepupil，hemayleavethevulgarsubstitutionopen，[31]andputthepupillaryintoapartofthetestament，whichcannotbeopenedtillafteracertaintime。\"ThesefearsandprecautionswereunknowntotheprimitiveRomans。
25。ThesameSubjectcontinued。TheRomanlawgavethelibertyofmakingpresentsbeforemarriage；afterthemarriagetheywerenotallowed。ThiswasfoundedonthemannersoftheRomans，whowereledtomarriageonlybyfrugality，simplicity，andmodesty；butmightsufferthemselvestobeseducedbydomesticcares，bycomplacency，andtheconstanttenorofconjugalfelicity。
AlawoftheVisigoths[32]forbadethemangivingmoretothewomanhewastomarrythanthetenthpartofhissubstance，andhisgivingheranythingduringthefirstyearoftheirmarriage。Thisalsotookitsrisefromthemannersofthecountry。ThelegislatorswerewillingtoputastoptothatSpanishostentationwhichonlyledthemtodisplayanexcessiveliberalityinactsofmagnificence。
TheRomansbytheirlawsputastoptosomeoftheinconvenienceswhicharosefromthemostdurableempireintheworld——thatofvirtue；theSpaniards，bytheirs，wouldpreventthebadeffectsofatyrannythemostfrailandtransitory——thatofbeauty。
26。ThesameSubjectcontinued。ThelawofTheodosiusandValentinian[33]drewthecausesofrepudiationfromtheancientmannersandcustomsoftheRomans。[34]Itplacedinthenumberofthesecausesthebehaviourofthehusbandwhobeathiswife[35]inamannerthatdisgracedthecharacterofafree—bornwoman。Thiscausewasomittedinthefollowinglaws：[36]fortheirmanners，inthisrespect，hadundergoneachange，theeasterncustomshavingbanishedthoseofEurope。
Thefirsteunuchoftheempress，wifetoJustinianII，threatened，saysthehistorian，tochastiseherinthesamemanneraschildrenarepunishedatschool。Nothingbutestablishedmanners，orthosewhichtheywereseekingtoestablish，couldraiseevenanideaofthiskind。
Wehaveseenhowthelawsfollowthemannersofapeople；letusnowobservehowthemannersfollowthelaws。
27。HowtheLawscontributetoformtheManners，Customs，andCharacterofaNation。Thecustomsofanenslavedpeopleareapartoftheirservitude，thoseofafreepeopleareapartoftheirliberty。
Ihavespokenintheeleventhbook[37]ofafreepeople，andhavegiventheprinciplesoftheirconstitution：letusnowseetheeffectswhichfollowfromthisliberty，thecharacteritiscapableofforming，andthecustomswhichnaturallyresultfromit。
Idonotdenythattheclimatemayhaveproducedagreatpartofthelaws，manners，andcustomsofthisnation；butImaintainthatitsmannersandcustomshaveacloseconnectionwithitslaws。
Asthereareinthisstatetwovisiblepowers——thelegislativeandexecutive，andaseverycitizenhasawillofhisown，andmayatpleasureasserthisindependence，mostmenhaveagreaterfondnessforoneofthesepowersthanfortheother，andthemultitudehavecommonlyneitherequitynorsenseenoughtoshowanequalaffectiontoboth。
Andastheexecutivepower，bydisposingofallemployments，maygivegreathopes，andnofears，everymanwhoobtainsanyfavourfromitisreadytoespouseitscause；whileitisliabletobeattackedbythosewhohavenothingtohopefromit。
Allthepassionsbeingunrestrained，hatred，envy，jealousy，andanambitiousdesireofrichesandhonours，appearsintheirextent；wereitotherwise，thestatewouldbeintheconditionofamanweakenedbysickness，whoiswithoutpassionsbecauseheiswithoutstrength。
Thehatredwhicharisesbetweenthetwopartieswillalwayssubsist，becauseitwillalwaysbeimpotent。
Thesepartiesbeingcomposedoffreemen，iftheonebecomestoopowerfulfortheother，asaconsequenceofliberty，thisotherisdepressed；
whilethecitizenstaketheweakersidewiththesamereadinessasthehandslendtheirassistancetoremovetheinfirmitiesanddisordersofthebody。
Everyindividualisindependent，andbeingcommonlyledbycapriceandhumour，frequentlychangesparties；heabandonsonewhereheleftallhisfriends，tounitehimselftoanotherinwhichhefindsallhisenemies：sothatinthisnationitfrequentlyhappensthatthepeopleforgetthelawsoffriendship，aswellasthoseofhatred。
Thesovereignishereinthesamecasewithaprivateperson；andagainsttheordinarymaximsofprudenceisfrequentlyobligedtogivehisconfidencetothosewhohavemostoffendedhim，andtodisgracethemenwhohavebestservedhim：hedoesthatbynecessitywhichotherprincesdobychoice。
Asweareafraidofbeingdeprivedoftheblessingwealreadyenjoy，andwhichmaybedisguisedandmisrepresentedtous；andasfearalwaysenlargesobjects，thepeopleareuneasyundersuchasituation，andbelievethemselvesindanger，eveninthosemomentswhentheyaremostsecure。
Asthosewhowiththegreatestwarmthopposetheexecutivepowerdarenotavowtheself—interestedmotivesoftheiropposition，somuchthemoredotheyincreasetheterrorsofthepeople，whocanneverbecertainwhethertheyareindangerornot。Buteventhiscontributestomakethemavoidtherealdangers，towhichtheymay，intheend，beexposed。
Butthelegislativebodyhavingtheconfidenceofthepeople，andbeingmoreenlightenedthanthey，maycalmtheiruneasiness，andmakethemrecoverfromthebadimpressionstheyhaveentertained。
Thisisthegreatadvantagewhichthisgovernmenthasovertheancientdemocracies，inwhichthepeoplehadanimmediatepower；forwhentheyweremovedandagitatedbytheorators，theseagitationsalwaysproducedtheireffect。
Butwhenanimpressionofterrorhasnocertainobject，itproducesonlyclamourandabuse；ithas，however，thisgoodeffect，thatitputsallthespringsofgovernmentintomotion，andfixestheattentionofeverycitizen。Butifitarisesfromaviolationofthefundamentallaws，itissullen，cruel，andproducesthemostdreadfulcatastrophes。
Soonweshouldseeafrightfulcalm，duringwhicheveryonewoulduniteagainstthatpowerwhichhadviolatedthelaws。
If，whentheuneasinessproceedsfromnocertainobject，someforeignpowershouldthreatenthestate，orputitsprosperityoritsgloryindanger，thelittleinterestsofpartywouldthenyieldtothemorestrongandbinding，andtherewouldbeaperfectcoalitioninfavouroftheexecutivepower。
Butifthedisputeswereoccasionedbyaviolationofthefundamentallaws，andaforeignpowershouldappear，therewouldbearevolutionthatwouldneitheraltertheconstitutionnortheformofgovernment。
Forarevolutionformedbylibertybecomesaconfirmationofliberty。
Afreenationmayhaveadeliverer：anationenslavedcanhaveonlyanotheroppressor。
Forwhoeverisabletodethroneanabsoluteprincehasapowersufficienttobecomeabsolutehimself。