Doubtlessintheselastinstancesthepeoplewasdeceived。Butwithouttherevolutionaryconspiracieswhichledtodisorder，itwouldnothavebeenimpelledtoseekthemeansofescapetherefrom。
Thefactsrecalledinthischaptermustnotbeforgottenifwewishfullytocomprehendthevariousrolesofthepeopleduringrevolution。Itsactionisconsiderable，butveryunlikethatimaginedbythelegendswhoserepetitionaloneconstitutestheirvitality。
BOOKII
THEFORMSOFMENTALITYPREVALENTDURINGREVOLUTION
CHAPTERI
INDIVIDUALVARIATIONSOFCHARACTERINTIMEOFREVOLUTION
1。TransformationsofPersonality。
Ihavedweltatlengthelsewhereuponacertaintheoryofcharacter，withoutwhichitisabsolutelyimpossibletounderstanddiverstransformationsorinconsistenciesofconductwhichoccuratcertainmoments，notablyintimeofrevolution。
Herearetheprincipalpointsofthistheory：
Everyindividualpossesses，besideshishabitualmentality，which，whentheenvironmentdoesnotalter，isalmostconstant，variouspossibilitiesofcharacterwhichmaybeevokedbypassingevents。
Thepeoplewhosurroundusarethecreaturesofcertaincircumstances，butnotofallcircumstances。Ouregoconsistsoftheassociationofinnumerablecellularegos，theresiduesofancestralpersonalities。Bytheircombinationtheyformanequilibriumwhichisfairlypermanentwhenthesocialenvironmentdoesnotvary。Assoonasthisenvironmentisconsiderablymodified，asintimeofinsurrection，thisequilibriumisbroken，andthedissociatedelementsconstitute，byafreshaggregation，anewpersonality，whichismanifestedbyideas，feelings，andactionsverydifferentfromthoseformerlyobservedinthesameindividual。ThusitisthatduringtheTerrorweseehonestbourgeoisandpeacefulmagistrateswhowerenotedfortheirkindnessturnedintobloodthirstyfanatics。
Undertheinfluenceofenvironmenttheoldpersonalitymaythereforegiveplacetooneentirelynew。Forthisreasontheactorsingreatreligiousandpoliticalcrisesoftenseemofadifferentessencetoourselves；yettheydonotdifferfromus；
therepetitionofthesameeventswouldbringbackthesamemen。
Napoleonperfectlyunderstoodthesepossibilitiesofcharacterwhenhesaid，inSaintHelena：——
``ItisbecauseIknowjusthowgreatapartchanceplaysinourpoliticaldecisions，thatIhavealwaysbeenwithoutprejudices，andveryindulgentastothepartmenhavetakenduringourdisturbances……Intimeofrevolutiononecanonlysaywhatonehasdone；itwouldnotbewisetosaythatonecouldnothavedoneotherwise……Menaredifficulttounderstandifwewanttobejust……Dotheyknowthemselves？Dotheyaccountforthemselvesveryclearly？Therearevirtuesandvicesofcircumstance。’’
Whenthenormalpersonalityhasbeendisaggregatedundertheinfluenceofcertainevents，howdoesthenewpersonalityformitself？Byseveralmeans，themostactiveofwhichistheacquisitionofastrongbelief。Thisorientatesalltheelementsoftheunderstanding，asthemagnetcollectsintoregularcurvesthefilingsofamagneticmetal。
Thuswereformedthepersonalitiesobservedintimesofgreatcrises：theCrusades，theReformation，theRevolutionnotably。
Atnormaltimestheenvironmentvarieslittle，sothatasaruleweseeonlyasinglepersonalityintheindividualsthatsurroundus。Sometimes，however，ithappensthatweobserveseveral，whichincertaincircumstancesmayreplaceoneanother。
Thesepersonalitiesmaybecontradictoryandeveninimical。Thisphenomenon，exceptionalundernormalconditions，isconsiderablyaccentuatedincertainpathologicalconditions。Morbidpsychologyhasrecordedseveralexamplesofmultiplepersonalityinasinglesubject，suchasthecasescitedbyMortonPrinceandPierreJanet。
Inallthesevariationsofpersonalityitisnottheintelligencewhichismodified，butthefeelings，whoseassociationformsthecharacter。
2。ElementsofCharacterPredominantinTimeofRevolution。
Duringrevolutionweseeseveralsentimentsdevelopedwhicharecommonlyrepressed，buttowhichthedestructionofsocialconstraintsgivesafreevent。
Theseconstraints，consistingofthelaw，morality，andtradition，arenotalwayscompletelybroken。Somesurvivetheupheavalandservetosomeextenttodamptheexplosionofdangeroussentiments。
Themostpowerfuloftheserestraintsisthesouloftherace。
Thisdeterminesamannerofseeing，feeling，andwillingcommontothemajorityoftheindividualsofthesamepeople；itconstitutesahereditarycustom，andnothingismorepowerfulthanthetiesofcustom。
Thisracialinfluencelimitsthevariationsofapeopleanddeterminesitsdestinywithincertainlimitsinspiteofallsuperficialchanges。
Forexample，totakeonlytheinstancesofhistory，itwouldseemthatthementalityofFrancemusthavevariedenormouslyduringasinglecentury。InafewyearsitpassedfromtheRevolutiontoCaesarism，returnedtothemonarchy，effectedanotherRevolution，andthensummonedanewCaesar。Inrealityonlytheoutsidesofthingshadchanged。
Wecannotinsistfurtherhereonthelimitsofnationalvariability，butmustnowconsidertheinfluenceofcertainaffectiveelements，whosedevelopmentduringrevolutioncontributestomodifyindividualorcollectivepersonalities。InparticularIwillmentionhatred，fear，ambition，jealousyorenvy，vanity，andenthusiasm。Weobservetheirinfluenceduringseveraloftheupheavalsofhistory，notablyduringthecourseoftheFrenchRevolution，whichwillfurnishuswithmostofourexamples。
Hatred。——Thehatredofpersons，institutions，andthingswhichanimatedthemenoftheRevolutionisoneoftheseaffectivephenomenawhicharethemorestrikingthemoreonestudiestheirpsychology。Theydetested，notonlytheirenemies，butthemembersoftheirownparty。``Ifoneweretoacceptunreservedly，’’saidarecentwriter，``thejudgmentswhichtheyexpressedofoneanother，weshouldhavetoconcludethattheywerealltraitorsandboasters，allincapableandcorrupt，allassassinsortyrants。’’Weknowwithwhathatred，scarcelyappeasedbythedeathoftheirenemies，menpersecutedtheGirondists，Dantonists，Hebertists，Robespierrists，&c。
Oneofthechiefcausesofthisfeelingresidedinthefactthatthesefurioussectaries，beingapostlesinpossessionoftheabsoluteverity，wereunable，likeallbelievers，totoleratethesightofinfidels。Amysticorsentimentalcertitudeisalwaysaccompaniedbytheneedofforcingitselfonothers，isneverconvinced，anddoesnotshrinkfromwholesaleslaughterwhenithasthepowertocommitit。
IfthehatredsthatdividedthemenoftheRevolutionhadbeenofrationalorigintheywouldnothavelastedlong，but，arisingfromaffectiveandmysticfactors，mencouldneitherforgetnorforgive。Theirsourcesbeingidenticalinthedifferentparties，theymanifestedthemselvesoneveryhandwithidenticalviolence。
Ithasbeenproved，bymeansofdocuments，thattheGirondistswerenolesssanguinarythantheMontagnards。Theywerethefirsttodeclare，withPetion，thatthevanquishedpartiesshouldperish。Theyalso，accordingtoM。Aulard，attemptedtojustifythemassacresofSeptember。TheTerrormustnotbeconsideredsimplyasameansofdefence，butasthegeneralprocessofdestructiontowhichtriumphantbelievershavealwaystreatedtheirdetestedenemies。Menwhocanputupwiththegreatestdivergenceofideascannottoleratedifferencesofbelief。
Inreligiousorpoliticalwarfarethevanquishedcanhopefornoquarter。FromSulla，whocutthethroatsoftwohundredsenatorsandfiveorsixthousandRomans，tothemenwhosuppressedtheCommune，andshotdownmorethantwentythousandaftertheirvictory，thisbloodylawhasneverfailed。Provedoverandoveragaininthepast，itwilldoubtlessbesointhefuture。
ThehatredsoftheRevolutiondidnotariseentirelyfromdivergenceofbelief。Othersentiments——envy，ambition，andself—love——alsoengenderedthem。Therivalryofindividualsaspiringtopowerledthechiefsofthevariousgroupsinsuccessiontothescaffold。
Wemustremember，moreover，thattheneedofdivisionandthehatredresultingtherefromseemtobeconstituentelementsoftheLatinmind。TheycostourGaulishancestorstheirindependence，andhadalreadystruckCaesar。
``Nocity，’’hesaid，``butwasdividedintotwofactions；nocanton，novillage，nohouseinwhichthespiritofpartydidnotbreathe。Itwasveryrarelythatayearwentbywithoutacitytakinguparmstoattackorrepulseitsneighbours。’’
Asmanhasonlyrecentlyenteredupontheageofknowledge，andhasalwayshithertobeenguidedbysentimentsandbeliefs，wemayconceivethevastimportanceofhatredasafactorofhishistory。
CommandantColin，professorattheCollegeofWar，remarksinthefollowingtermsontheimportanceofthisfeelingduringcertainwars：——
``Inwarmorethanatanyothertimethereisnobetterinspiringforcethanhatred；itwashatredthatmadeBluchervictoriousoverNapoleon。Analysethemostwonderfulmanoeuvres，themostdecisiveoperations，andiftheyarenottheworkofanexceptionalman，aFrederickoraNapoleon，youwillfindtheyareinspiredbypassionmorethanbycalculation。Whatwouldthewarof1870havebeenwithoutthehatredwhichweboretheGermans？’’
ThewritermighthaveaddedthattheintensehatredoftheJapanesefortheRussians，whohadsohumiliatedthem，mightbeclassedamongthecausesoftheirsuccess。TheRussiansoldiers，ignorantoftheveryexistenceoftheJapanese，hadnoanimosityagainstthem，whichwasoneofthereasonsoftheirfailure。
TherewasassuredlyagooddealoftalkoffraternityatthetimeoftheRevolution，andthereisevenmoreto—day。Pacificism，humanitarianism，andsolidarityhavebecomecatchwordsoftheadvancedparties，butweknowhowprofoundarethehatredsconcealedbeneaththeseterms，andwhatdangersoverhangourmodernsociety。
Fear。——Fearplaysalmostaslargeapartinrevolutionsashatred。DuringtheFrenchRevolutionthereweremanyexamplesofgreatindividualcourageandmanyexhibitionsofcollectivecowardice。
Facingthescaffold，themenoftheConventionwerealwaysbraveintheextreme；butbeforethethreatsoftherioterswhoinvadedtheAssemblytheyconstantlyexhibitedanexcessivepusillanimity，obeyingthemostabsurdinjunctions，asweshallseeifwere—readthehistoryoftherevolutionaryAssemblies。
Alltheformsoffearwereobservedatthisperiod。Oneofthemostwidespreadwasthefearofappearingmoderate。MembersoftheAssemblies，publicprosecutors，representatives``onmission，’’judgesoftherevolutionarytribunals，&c。，allsoughttoappearmoreadvancedthantheirrivals。Fearwasoneoftheprincipalelementsofthecrimescommittedatthisperiod。
IfbysomemiracleitcouldhavebeeneliminatedfromtherevolutionaryAssemblies，theirconductwouldhavebeenquiteotherthanitwas，andtheRevolutionitselfwouldhavetakenaverydifferentdirection。
Ambition，Envy，Vanity，&c。——Innormaltimestheinfluenceofthesevariousaffectiveelementsisforciblycontainedbysocialnecessities。Ambition，forinstance，isnecessarilylimitedinahierarchicalformofsociety。Althoughthesoldierdoessometimesbecomeageneral，itisonlyafteralongtermofservice。Intimeofrevolution，ontheotherhand，thereisnoneedtowait。Everyonemayreachtheupperranksalmostimmediately，sothatallambitionsareviolentlyaroused。Thehumblestmanbelieveshimselffittedforthehighestemployments，andbythisveryfacthisvanitygrowsoutofallmeasure。
Allthepassionsbeingmoreorlessaroused，includingambitionandvanity，weseethedevelopmentofjealousyandenvyofthosewhohavesucceededmorequicklythanothers。
Theeffectofjealousy，alwaysimportantintimesofrevolution，wasespeciallysoduringthegreatFrenchRevolution。Jealousyofthenobilityconstitutedoneofitsmostimportantfactors。
Themiddleclasseshadincreasedincapacityandwealth，tothepointofsurpassingthenobility。Althoughtheymingledwiththenoblesmoreandmore，theyfelt，nonetheless，thattheywereheldatadistance，andthistheykeenlyresented。Thisframeofmindhadunconsciouslymadethebourgeoisiekeensupportersofthephilosophicdoctrineofequality。
Woundedself—loveandjealousywerethusthecausesofhatredsthatwecanscarcelyconceivetoday，whenthesocialinfluenceofthenobilityissosmall。ManymembersoftheConvention——Carrier，Marat，andothers——rememberedwithangerthattheyhadonceoccupiedsubordinatepositionsintheestablishmentsofgreatnobles。Mme。Rolandwasneverabletoforgetthat，whensheandhermotherwereinvitedtothehouseofagreatladyundertheancienregime，theyhadbeensenttodineintheservants’quarters。
ThephilosopherRivarolhasverywelldescribedinthefollowingpassage，alreadycitedbyTaine，theinfluenceofwoundedself—
loveandjealousyupontherevolutionaryhatreds：——
``Itisnot，’’hewrites，``thetaxes，northelettresdecachet，noranyoftheotherabusesofauthority；itisnotthesinsoftheintendants，northelongandruinousdelaysofjustice，thathasmostangeredthenation；itistheprejudicesofthenobilityforwhichithasexhibitedthegreatesthatred。
Whatprovesthisclearlyisthefactthatitisthebourgeois，themenofletters，themenofmoney，infactallthosewhoarejealousofthenobility，whohaveraisedthepoorerinhabitantsofthecitiesagainstthem，andthepeasantsinthecountrydistricts。’’
ThisverytruestatementpartlyjustifiesthesayingofNapoleon：
``VanitymadetheRevolution；libertywasonlythepretext。’’
Enthusiasm。——TheenthusiasmofthefoundersoftheRevolutionequalledthatoftheapostlesofthefaithofMohammed。AnditwasreallyareligionthatthebourgeoisofthefirstAssemblythoughttofound。Theythoughttohavedestroyedanoldworld，andtohavebuiltanewoneuponitsruins。Neverdidillusionmoreseductivefiretheheartsofmen。Equalityandfraternity，proclaimedbythenewdogmas，weretobringthereignofeternalhappinesstoallthepeoples。Manhadbrokenforeverwithapastofbarbarityanddarkness。Theregeneratedworldwouldinfuturebeilluminatedbythelucidradianceofpurereason。Onallhandsthemostbrilliantoratoricalformulaesalutedtheexpecteddawn。
Thatthisenthusiasmwassosoonreplacedbyviolencewasduetothefactthattheawakeningwasspeedyandterrible。OnecanreadilyconceivetheindignantfurywithwhichtheapostlesoftheRevolutionattackedthedailyobstaclesopposedtotherealisationoftheirdreams。Theyhadsoughttorejectthepast，toforgettradition，tomakemanoveragain。Butthepastreappearedincessantly，andmenrefusedtochange。Thereformers，checkedintheironwardmarch，wouldnotgivein。
Theysoughttoimposebyforceadictatorshipwhichspeedilymademenregretthesystemabolished，andfinallyledtoitsreturn。
ItistoberemarkedthatalthoughtheenthusiasmofthefirstdaysdidnotlastintherevolutionaryAssemblies，itsurvivedverymuchlongerinthearmies，andconstitutedtheirchiefstrength。Totellthetruth，thearmiesoftheRevolutionwererepublicanlongbeforeFrancebecameso，andremainedrepublicanlongafterFrancehadceasedtobeso。
Thevariationsofcharacterconsideredinthischapter，beingconditionedbycertaincommonaspirationsandidenticalchangesofenvironment，finallybecameconcreteinasmallnumberoffairlyhomogeneousmentalities。Speakingonlyofthemorecharacteristic，wemayreferthemtofourtypes：theJacobin，mystic，revolutionary，andcriminalmentalities。
CHAPTERII
THEMYSTICMENTALITYANDTHEJACOBINMENTALITY
1。ClassificationofMentalitiespredominantinTimeofRevolution。
Theclassificationswithoutwhichthestudyofthesciencesisimpossiblemustnecessarilyestablishthediscontinuousinthecontinuous，andforthatreasonaretoacertainextentartificial。Buttheyarenecessary，sincethecontinuousisonlyaccessibleintheformofthediscontinuous。
Tocreatebroaddistinctionsbetweenthevariousmentalitiesobservableintimeofrevolution，asweareabouttodo，isobviouslytoseparateelementswhichencroachupononeanother，whicharefusedorsuperimposed。Wemustresignourselvestolosingalittleinexactitudeinordertogaininlucidity。Thefundamentaltypesenumeratedattheendoftheprecedingchapter，andwhichweareabouttodescribe，synthetisegroupswhichwouldescapeanalysiswerewetoattempttostudytheminalltheircomplexity。
Wehaveshownthatmanisinfluencedbydifferentlogics，whichundernormalconditionsexistinjuxtaposition，withoutmutuallyinfluencingoneanother。Undertheactionofvariouseventstheyenterintomutualconflict，andtheirreducibledifferenceswhichdividethemarevisiblymanifested，involvingconsiderableindividualandsocialupheavals。
Mysticlogic，whichweshallpresentlyconsiderasitappearsintheJacobinmind，playsaveryimportantpart。Butitisnotaloneinitsaction。Theotherformsoflogic——affectivelogic，collectivelogic，andrationallogic——maypredominateaccordingtocircumstances。
2。TheMysticMentality。
Leavingasideforthemomenttheinfluenceofaffective，rational，andcollectivelogic，wewilloccupyourselvessolelywiththeconsiderablepartplayedbythemysticelementswhichhaveprevailedinsomanyrevolutions，andnotablyintheFrenchRevolution。
Thechiefcharacteristicofthemystictemperamentconsistsintheattributionofamysteriouspowertosuperiorbeingsorforces，whichareincarnatedintheformofidols，fetiches，words，orformulae。
Themysticspiritisatthebottomofallthereligiousandmostpoliticalbeliefs。Theselatterwouldoftenvanishcouldwedeprivethemofthemysticelementswhicharetheirchiefsupport。
Graftedonthesentimentsandpassionateimpulseswhichitdirects，mysticlogicconstitutesthemightofthegreatpopularmovements。Menwhowouldbebynomeansreadytoallowthemselvestobekilledforthebestofreasonswillreadilysacrificetheirlivestoamysticidealwhichhasbecomeanobjectofadoration。
TheprinciplesoftheRevolutionspeedilyinspiredawaveofmysticenthusiasmanalogoustothoseprovokedbythevariousreligiousbeliefswhichhadprecededit。Alltheydidwastochangetheorientationofamentalancestrywhichthecenturieshadsolidified。
SothereisnothingastonishinginthesavagezealofthemenoftheConvention。TheirmysticmentalitywasthesameasthatoftheProtestantsatthetimeoftheReformation。TheprincipalheroesoftheTerror——Couthon，Saint—Just，Robespierre，&c。——wereApostles。LikePolyeuctes，destroyingthealtarsofthefalsegodstopropagatehisfaith，theydreamedofconvertingtheglobe。Theirenthusiasmspilleditselfovertheearth。
Persuadedthattheirmagnificentformulaeweresufficienttooverturnthrones，theydidnothesitatetodeclarewaruponkings。Andasastrongfaithisalwayssuperiortoadoubtfulfaith，theyvictoriouslyfacedallEurope。
ThemysticspiritoftheleadersoftheRevolutionwasbetrayedintheleastdetailsoftheirpubliclife。Robespierre，convincedthathewassupportedbytheAlmighty，assuredhishearersinaspeechthattheSupremeBeinghad``decreedtheRepublicsincethebeginningoftime。’’InhisqualityofHighPontiffofaStatereligionhemadetheConventionvoteadecreedeclaringthat``theFrenchPeoplerecognisestheexistenceoftheSupremeBeingandtheimmortalityofthesoul。’’AtthefestivalofthisSupremeBeing，seatedonakindofthrone，hepreachedalengthysermon。
TheJacobinClub，directedbyRobespierre，finallyassumedallthefunctionsofacouncil。ThereMaximilienproclaimed``theideaofaGreatBeingwhowatchesoveroppressedinnocenceandwhopunishestriumphantcrime。’’
AllthehereticswhocriticisedtheJacobinorthodoxywereexcommunicated——thatis，weresenttotheRevolutionaryTribunal，whichtheyleftonlyforthescaffold。
ThemysticmentalityofwhichRobespierrewasthemostcelebratedrepresentativedidnotdiewithhim。MenofidenticalmentalityaretobefoundamongtheFrenchpoliticiansofto—day。Theoldreligiousbeliefsnolongerruletheirminds，buttheyarethecreaturesofpoliticalcreedswhichtheywouldverysoonforceonothers，asdidRobespierre，iftheyhadthechanceofsodoing。
Alwaysreadytokillifkillingwouldspreadtheirfaith，themysticsofallageshaveemployedthesamemeansofpersuasionassoonastheyhavebecomethemasters。
ItisthereforequitenaturalthatRobespierreshouldstillhavemanyadmirers。Mindsmouldedlikehisaretobemetwithintheirthousands。Hisconceptionswerenotguillotinedwithhim。
Oldashumanity，theywillonlydisappearwiththelastbeliever。
Thismysticaspectofallrevolutionshasescapedthemajorityofthehistorians。Theywillpersistforalongtimeyetintryingtoexplainbymeansofrationallogicahostofphenomenawhichhavenothingtodowithreason。IhavealreadycitedapassagefromthehistoryofMM。LavisseandRambaud，inwhichtheReformationisexplainedas``theresultofthefreeindividualreflectionssuggestedtosimplefolkbyanextremelypiousconscience，andaboldandcourageousreason。’’
Suchmovementsarenevercomprehendedbythosewhoimaginethattheiroriginisrational。Politicalorreligious，thebeliefswhichhavemovedtheworldpossessacommonoriginandfollowthesamelaws。Theyareformed，notbythereason，butmoreoftencontrarytoreason。Buddhism，Christianity，Islamism，theReformation，sorcery，Jacobinism，socialism，spiritualism，&c。，seemverydifferentformsofbelief，buttheyhave，I
repeat，identicalmysticandaffectivebases，andobeyformsoflogicwhichhavenoaffinitywithrationallogic。Theirmightresidespreciselyinthefactthatreasonhasaslittlepowertocreatethemastotransformthem。
Themysticmentalityofourmodernpoliticalapostlesisstronglymarkedinanarticledealingwithoneofourrecentministers，whichIcitefromaleadingjournal：
``OnemayaskintowhatcategorydoesM。A————fall？Couldwesay，forinstance，thathebelongstothegroupofunbelievers？
Farfromit！CertainlyM。A————hasnotadoptedanypositivefaith；certainlyhecursesRomeandGeneva，rejectingallthetraditionaldogmasandalltheknownChurches。ButifhemakesacleansweepitisinordertofoundhisownChurchonthegroundsocleared，aChurchmoredogmaticthanalltherest；andhisowninquisition，whosebrutalintolerancewouldhavenoreasontoenvythemostnotoriousofTorquemadas。
```Wecannot，’hesays，`allowsuchathingasscholasticneutrality。Wedemandlayinstructioninallitsplenitude，andareconsequentlytheenemiesofeducationalliberty。’Ifhedoesnotsuggesterectingthestakeandthepyre，itisonlyonaccountoftheevolutionofmanners，whichheisforcedtotakeintoaccounttoacertainextent，whetherhewillorno。But，notbeingabletocommitmentothetorture，heinvokestheseculararmtocondemntheirdoctrinestodeath。Thisisexactlythepointofviewofthegreatinquisitors。Itisthesameattackuponthought。Thisfreethinkerhassofreeaspiritthateveryphilosophyhedoesnotacceptappearstohim，notonlyridiculousandgrotesque，butcriminal。Heflattershimselfthathealoneisinpossessionoftheabsolutetruth。Ofthisheissoentirelysurethateveryonewhocontradictshimseemstohimanexecrablemonsterandapublicenemy。Hedoesnotsuspectforamomentthatafterallhispersonalviewsareonlyhypotheses，andthatheisallthemorelaughableforclaimingaDivinerightforthempreciselybecausetheydenydivinity。Or，atleast，theyprofesstodoso；buttheyre—establishitinanothershape，whichimmediatelymakesoneregrettheold。M。A————isasectaryofthegoddessReason，ofwhomhehasmadeaMoloch，anoppressivedeityhungryforsacrifice。Nomorelibertyofthoughtforanyoneexceptforhimselfandhisfriends；suchisthefreethoughtofM。A————。Theoutlookistrulyattractive。
Butperhapstoomanyidolshavebeencastdownduringthelastfewcenturiesformentobowbeforethisone。’’