urgedtheformationofaharbouratNewhaveninSussex；and，finally，discoursedatconsiderablelengthuponthetin，iron，linen，andwoollentrades，settingforthvariousmethodsfortheirimprovement。
Inthislastsection，afterreferringtothedepressioninthedomestictintradeCornishtinsellingsolowas70s。thecwt。，hesuggestedawayofrevivingit。WiththeCornishtinhewouldcombine”theRomancindersandiron-stoneintheForestofDean，whichmakesthebestironformostusesintheworld，andworksuptothebestadvantage，withdelightandpleasuretotheworkmen。”Hethendescribedthehistoryofhisowneffortstoimportthemanufactureoftin-platesintoEnglandsomesixteenyearsbefore，inwhichhehadbeenthwartedbyChamberlaine’spatent，asabovedescribed，——andofferedsundryqueriesastotheutilityofpatentsgenerally，which，sayshe，”havethetendencytodrivetradeoutofthekingdom。”
AppendedtothechapteronTinisanexceedinglyamusingdialoguebetweenatin-minerofCornwall，aniron-minerofDeanForest，andatravellerhimself。FromthiswegatherthatYarranton’sbusinesscontinuedtobethatofaniron-manufacturerathisworksatAshleynearBewdley。Thustheiron-minersays，”About28yearssinceMr。
YarrantonfoundoutavastquantityofRomancinders，nearthewallsofthecityofWorcester，fromwhenceheandotherscarriedawaymanythousandtonsorloadsuptheriverSevern，untotheiriron-furnaces，tobemelteddownintoiron，withamixtureoftheForestofDeaniron-stone；andwithin100yardsofthewallsofthecityofWorcestertherewasduguponeofthehearthsoftheRomanfoot-blasts，itbeingthenfirmandinorder，andwas7footdeepintheearth；andbythesideoftheworktherewasfoundapotofRomancointothequantityofapeck，someofwhichwaspresentedtoSir[Wm。]Dugdale，andpartthereofisnowintheKing’sCloset。”*
[footnote……
Dr。Nash，inhisHistoryofWorcestershire，hasthrownsomedoubtsuponthisstory；butMr。Green，inhisHistoricalAntiquitiesofthecity，hasmadeamostabledefenceofYarranton’sstatementvol。i。
9，infoot-note。
Inthesameyear1681inwhichthesecondpartof’England’sImprovement’appeared，YarrantonproceededtoDunkirkforthepurposeofmakingapersonalsurveyofthatport，thenbelongingtoEngland；
andonhisreturnhepublishedamapofthetown，harbour，andcastleonthesea，withaccompanyingletterpress，inwhichherecommended，forthesafetyofBritishtrade，thedemolitionofthefortificationsofDunkirkbeforetheywerecompleted，whichheheldwouldonlybeforthepurposeoftheirbeinggarrisonedbytheFrenchking。His’FullDiscoveryoftheFirstPresbyterianShamPlot’waspublishedinthesameyear；andfromthattimenothingfurtherisknownofAndrewYarranton。Hisnameandhiswritingshavebeenalikenearlyforgotten；and，thoughBishopWatsondeclaredofhimthathedeservedtohaveastatueerectedtohismemoryasagreatpublicbenefactor，wedonotknowthathewassomuchashonouredwithatombstone；forwehavebeenunable，aftercarefulinquiry，todiscoverwhenandwherehedied。
Yarrantonwasamanwhoseviewswerefarinadvanceofhisage。Thegenerationforwhomhelabouredandwrotewerenotripefortheirreceptionandrealization；andhisvoicesoundedamongthepeoplelikethatofonecryinginthewilderness。Butthoughhisexhortationstoindustryandhislargeplansofnationalimprovementfailedtoworkthemselvesintorealitiesinhisowntime，hebroketheground，hesowedtheseed，anditmaybethatevenatthisdayweareinsomedegreereapingtheresultsofhislabours。Atallevents，hisbooksstilllivetoshowhowwiseandsagaciousAndrewYarrantonwasbeyondhiscontemporariesastothetruemethodsofestablishinguponsolidfoundationstheindustrialprosperityofEngland。
CHAPTERV。
COALBROOKDALEIRONWORKS——THEDARBYSANDREYNOLDSES。”Thetriumphoftheindustrialartswilladvancethecauseofcivilizationmorerapidlythanitswarmestadvocatescouldhavehoped，andcontributetothepermanentprosperityandstrengthofthecountryfarmovethanthemostsplendidvictoriesofsuccessfulwar——C。BABBAGE，TheExpositionof1851。
DudDudley’sinventionofsmeltingironwithcokemadeofpit-coalwas，likemanyothers，bornbeforeitstime。Itwasneitherappreciatedbytheiron-mastersnorbytheworkmen。Allschemesforsmeltingorewithanyotherfuelthancharcoalmadefromwoodwereregardedwithincredulity。AsforDudley’sMetallumMartis，asitcontainednospecification，itrevealednosecret；andwhenitsauthordied，hissecret，whateveritmightbe，diedwithhim。Otherimprovementsweredoubtlessnecessarybeforetheinventioncouldbeturnedtousefulaccount。Thus，untilamorepowerfulblowing-furacehadbeencontrived，theproductionofpit-coalironmustnecessarilyhavebeenlimited。Dudleyhimselfdoesnotseemtohavebeenabletomakemoreonanaveragethanfivetonsa-week，andseventonsattheoutside。Norwastheironsogoodasthatmadebycharcoal；foritisadmittedtohavebeenespeciallyliabletodeteriorationbythesulphureousfumesofthecoalintheprocessofmanufacture。
Dr。Plot，inhis’HistoryofStaffordshire，’speaksofanexperimentmadebyoneDr。Blewstone，aHighGerman，as”thelasteffort”madeinthatcountytosmeltiron-orewithpit-coal。Heissaidtohave”builthisfurnaceatWednesbury，soingeniouslycontrivedthatonlytheflameofthecoalshouldcometotheore，withseveralotherconveniences，thatmanywereofopinionhewouldsucceedinit。Butexperience，thatgreatbafflerofspeculation，showeditwouldnotbe；thesulphureousvitriolicsteamsthatissuefromthepyrites，whichfrequently，ifnotalways，accompaniespit-coal，ascendingwiththeflame，andpoisoningtheoresufficientlytomakeitrendermuchworseironthanthatmadewithcharcoal，thoughnotperhapssomuchworseasthebodyofthecoalitselfwouldpossiblydo。”*
[footnote……
Dr。PLOT，NaturalHistoryofStaffordshire，2nded。1686，p。128。
Dr。Plotdoesnotgivetheyearinwhichthis”lasteffort”wasmade；
butaswefindthatoneDr。FredericdeBlewstonobtainedapatentfromCharlesII。onthe25thOctober，1677，for”anewandeffectualwayofmeltingdown，forging，extracting，andreducingofironandallmetalsandmineralswithpit-coalandsea-coal，aswellandeffectuallyaseverhathyetbeendonebycharcoal，andwithmuchlesscharge；”andasDr。Plot’sHistory，inwhichhemakesmentionoftheexperimentanditsfailure，waspublishedin1686，itisobviousthatthetrialmusthavebeenmadebetweenthoseyears。
Asthedemandforironsteadilyincreasedwiththeincreasingpopulationofthecountry，andasthesupplyoftimberforsmeltingpurposeswasdiminishingfromyeartoyear，Englandwascompelledtorelymoreandmoreuponforeigncountriesforitssupplyofmanufacturediron。ThenumberofEnglishforgesrapidlydwindled，andtheamountofthehomeproductionbecameinsignificantincomparisonwithwhatwasimportedfromabroad。Yarranton，writingin1676，speaksof”themanyiron-workslaiddowninKent，Sussex，Surrey，andinthenorthofEngland，becausetheironofSweadland，Flanders，andSpain，cominginsocheap，itcannotbemadetoprofithere。”Thereweremanypersons，indeed，whoheldthatitwasbetterweshouldbesuppliedwithironfromSpainthanmakeitathome，inconsequenceofthegreatwasteofwoodinvolvedbythemanufacture；butagainstthisviewYarrantonstronglycontended，andheld，whatisastruenowasitwasthen，thatthemanufactureofironwasthekeystoneofEngland’sindustrialprosperity。Healsoapprehendedgreatdangertothecountryfromwantofironineventofthecontingencyofaforeignwar。”Whenthegreatestpartoftheiron-worksareasleep，”
saidhe，”ifthereshouldbeoccasionforgreatquantitiesofgunsandbullets，andothersortsofironcommodities，forapresentunexpectedwar，andtheSoundhappentobelockedup，andsopreventironcomingtous，trulyweshouldthenbeinafinecase！”
Notwithstandingtheseapprehendednationalperilsarisingfromthewantofiron，nostepsseemtohavebeentakentosupplythedeficiency，eitherbyplantingwoodsonalargescale，asrecommendedbyYarranton，orbyothermethods；andtheproduceofEnglishironcontinuedsteadilytodecline。In1720-30therewerefoundonlytenfurnacesremaininginblastinthewholeForestofDean，wheretheiron-smeltersweresatisfiedwithworkingupmerelythecindersleftbytheRomans。Awriterofthetimestatesthatwethenboughtbetweentwoandthreehundredthousandpounds’worthofforeignironyearly，andthatEnglandwasthebestcustomerinEuropeforSwedishandRussianiron。*
[footnote……
JOSHUAGEE，TheTradeandNavigationofGreatBritainconsidered，1731。
Bythemiddleoftheeighteenthcenturythehomemanufacturehadsomuchfallenoff，thatthetotalproductionofGreatBritainissupposedtohaveamountedtonotmorethan18，000tonsayear；
four-fifthsoftheironusedinthecountrybeingimportedfromSweden。*
[footnote……
WhenabillwasintroducedintoParliamentin1750withtheobjectofencouragingtheimportationofironfromourAmericancolonies，theSheffieldtannerspetitionedagainstit，onthegroundthat，ifitpassed，Englishironwouldbeundersold；manyforgeswouldconsequentlybediscontinued；inwhichcasethetimberusedforfuelwouldremainuncut，andthetannerswouldtherebybedeprivedofbarkforthepurposesoftheirtrade！
Themorethattheremainingironmastersbecamestraitenedforwantofwood，themoretheywerecompelledtoresorttocindersandcokemadefromcoalasasubstitute。Anditwasfoundthatundercertaincircumstancesthisfuelansweredthepurposealmostaswellascharcoalofwood。Thecokewasmadebyburningthecoalinheapsintheopenair，anditwasusuallymixedwithcoalandpeatintheprocessofsmeltingtheore。Coalbyitselfwasusedbythecountrysmithsforforgingwhenevertheycouldprocureitfortheirsmithyfires；andinthemidlandcountiestheyhaditbroughttothem，sometimesfromgreatdistances，slunginbagsacrosshorses’
backs，——forthestateoftheroadswasthensoexecrableasnottoadmitofitsbeingledforanyconsiderabledistanceincarts。Atlengthwearriveataperiodwhencoalseemstohavecomeintogeneraluse，andwhennecessityledtoitsregularemploymentbothinsmeltingtheoreandinmanufacturingthemetal。AndthisbringsustotheestablishmentoftheCoalbrookdaleworks，wherethesmeltingofironbymeansofcokeandcoalwasfirstadoptedonalargescaleastheregularmethodofmanufacture。
AbrahamDarby，thefirstofasuccessionofironmanufacturerswhoborethesamename，wasthesonofafarmerresidingatWrensnest，nearDudley。Heservedanapprenticeshiptoamakerofmalt-kilnsnearBirmingham，afterwhichhemarriedandremovedtoBristolin1700，tobeginbusinessonhisownaccount。Industryisofallpoliticsandreligions：thusDudleywasaRoyalistandaChurchman，YarrantonwasaParliamentarianandaPresbyterian，andAbrahamDarbywasaQuaker。AtBristolhewasjoinedbythreepartnersofthesamepersuasion，whoprovidedthenecessarycapitaltoenablehimtosetupworksatBaptistMills，nearthatcity，wherehecarriedonthebusinessofmalt-millmaking，towhichheafterwardsaddedbrassandironfounding。