”Whatwiththepatentbeinginourway，”saysYarranton，”andtherichestofourpartnersbeingafraidtooffendgreatmeninpower，whohadtheireyeuponus，itcausedthethingtocool，andthemakingofthetin-plateswasneitherproceededinbyus，norpossiblycouldbebyhimthathadthepatent；becauseneitherhethathaththepatent，northosethathavecountenancedhim，canmakeoneplatefitforuse。”Yarranton’slabourswerethuslosttotheEnglishpublicforatime；andwecontinuedtoimportallourtin-platesfromGermanyuntilaboutsixtyyearslater，whenatin-platemanufactorywasestablishedbyCapelHanburyatPontypoolinMonmouthshire，whereithassincecontinuedtobesuccessfullycarriedon。WecanonlybrieflyrefertothesubsequenthistoryofAndrewYarranton。ShortlyafterhisjourneyintoSaxony，heproceededtoHollandtoexaminetheinlandnavigationsoftheDutch，toinspecttheirlinenandothermanufactures，andtoinquireintothecausesofthethenextraordinaryprosperityofthatcountrycomparedwithEngland。Industrywasinaverylanguishingstateathome。”Peopleconfesstheyaresick，”saidYarranton，”thattradeisinaconsumption，andthewholenationlanguishes。”HethereforedeterminedtoascertainwhethersomethingusefulmightnotbelearntfromtheexampleofHolland。TheDutchwerethenthehardestworkingandthemostthrivingpeopleinEurope。Theyweremanufacturersandcarriersfortheworld。Theirfleetsfloatedoneveryknownsea；andtheirherring-bussesswarmedalongourcoastsasfarnorthastheHebrides。TheDutchsuppliedourmarketswithfishcaughtwithinsightofourownshores，whileourcoastingpopulationstoodidlylookingon。Yarrantonregardedthisstateofthingsasmostdiscreditable，andheurgedtheestablishmentofvariousbranchesofhomeindustryasthebestwayofout-doingtheDutchwithoutfightingthem。
Whereverhetravelledabroad，inGermanyorinHolland，hesawindustryattendedbywealthandcomfort，andidlenessbypovertyandmisery。Thesamepursuits，heheld，wouldproveasbeneficialtoEnglandastheywereabundantlyprovedtohavebeentoHolland。Thehealthylifeofworkwasgoodforall——forindividualsasforthewholenation；andifwewouldout-dotheDutch，heheldthatwemustout-dotheminindustry。Butallmustbedonehonestlyandbyfairmeans。”CommonHonesty，”saidYarranton，”isasnecessaryandneedfulinkingdomsandcommonwealthsthatdependuponTrade，asdisciplineisinanarmy；andwherethereiswantofcommonHonestyinakingdomorcommonwealth，fromthenceTradeshalldepart。ForastheHonestyofallgovernmentsis，soshallbetheirRiches；andastheirHonour，Honesty，andRichesare，sowillbetheirStrength；andastheirHonour，Honesty，Riches，andStrengthare，sowillbetheirTrade。
Thesearefivesistersthatgohandinhand，andmustnotbeparted。”
Admirablesentiments，whichareastruenowastheyweretwohundredyearsago，whenYarrantonurgedthemupontheattentionoftheEnglishpublic。
OnhisreturnfromHolland，heaccordinglysetonfootvariousschemesofpublicutility。HestirredupamovementfortheencouragementoftheBritishfisheries。HemadeseveraljourneysintoIrelandforthepurposeofplantingnewmanufacturesthere。HesurveyedtheRiverSladewiththeobjectofrenderingitnavigable，andproposedaplanforimprovingtheharbourofDublin。HealsosurveyedtheDeeinEnglandwithaviewtoitsbeingconnectedwiththeSevern。Chamberssaysthatonthedeclineofhispopularityin1677，hewastakenbyLordClarendontoSalisburytosurveytheRiverAvon，andfindouthowthatrivermightbemadenavigable，andalsowhetherasafeharbourforshipscouldbemadeatChristchurch；andthathavingfoundwherehethoughtsafeanchoragemightbeobtained，hisLordshipproceededtoactuponYarranton’srecommendations。*
[footnote……
JOHNCHAMBERS，BiographicalIllustrationsofWorcestershire。London，1820。
AnotherofhisgrandschemeswastheestablishmentofthelinenmanufactureinthecentralcountiesofEngland，which，heshowed，werewelladaptedforthegrowthofflax；andhecalculatedthatifsuccessattendedhisefforts，atleasttwomillionsofmoneythensentoutofthecountryforthepurchaseofforeignlinenwouldberetainedathome，besidesincreasingthevalueofthelandonwhichtheflaxwasgrown，andgivingremunerativeemploymenttoourownpeople，thenemigratingforwantofwork。”NothingbutSlothorEnvy，”hesaid，”canpossiblyhindermylaboursfrombeingcrownedwiththewishedforsuccess；ourhabitualfondnessfortheonehathalreadybroughtustothebrinkofruin，andourpronenesstotheotherhathalmostdiscouragedallpiousendeavourstopromoteourfuturehappiness。”
In1677hepublishedthefirstpartofhisEngland’sImprovementbySeaandLand——averyremarkablebook，fullofsagaciousinsightasrespectedthefuturecommercialandmanufacturinggreatnessofEngland。Mr。DovesaysofthisbookthatYarranton”chalksoutinitthefuturecourseofBritainwithasfreeahandasifsecond-sighthadrevealedtohimthoseexpansionsofherindustrialcareerwhichneverfailtosurpriseus，evenwhenwebeholdthemrealized。”
Besideshisextensiveplansformakingharboursandimprovinginternalnavigationwiththeobjectofcreatingnewchannelsfordomesticindustry，hisschemesforextendingtheironandthewoollentrades，establishingthelinenmanufacture，andcultivatingthehomefisheries，wefindhimthrowingoutvariousvaluablesuggestionswithreferencetothemeansoffacilitatingcommercialtransactions，someofwinchhaveonlybeencarriedoutinourownday。Oneofhisgrandestideaswastheestablishmentofapublicbank，thecreditofwhich，baseduponthesecurityoffreeholdland，*
[footnote……
Yarranton’sLandBankwasactuallyprojectedin1695，andreceivedthesanctionofParliament；thoughtheBankofEnglandfoundedintheprecedingyearpetitionedagainstit，andtheschemewasdropped。
shouldenableitspaper”togointradeequalwithreadymoney。”A
bankofthissortformedoneoftheprincipalmeansbywhichtheDutchhadbeenenabledtoextendtheircommercialtransactions，andYarrantonaccordinglyurgeditsintroductionintoEngland。Partofhisschemeconsistedofavoluntaryregisterofrealproperty，forthepurposeofeffectingsimplicityoftitle，andobtainingrelieffromtheexcessivechargesforlaw，*
[footnote……
Itisinterestingtonoteinpassing，thatpartofYarranton’sschemehasrecentlybeencarriedintoeffectbytheAct25and26Vict。c。
53passedin1862fortheRegistrationofRealEstate。
aswellasenablingmoneytobereadilyraisedforcommercialpurposesonsecurityofthelandregistered。
Hepointedoutverygraphicallythestraitstowhichamanisputwhoispossessedofrealpropertyenough，butinatimeofpressureisunabletoturnhimselfroundforwantofreadycash。”Then，”sayshe，”allhiscreditorscrowdtohimaspigsdothroughaholetoabeanandpeaserick。””Isitnotasadthing，”heasks，”thatagoldsmith’sboyinLombardStreet，whogivesnotesforthemonieshandedhimbythemerchants，shouldtakeupmoremoniesuponhisnotesinonedaythantwolords，fourknights，andeightesquiresintwelvemonthsuponalltheirpersonalsecurities?Weare，asitwere，cuttingoffourlegsandarmstoseewhowillfeedthetrunk。Butwecannotexpectthisfromanyofourneighboursabroad，whoseinterestdependsuponourloss。”
Hethereforeproposedhisregistryofpropertyasareadymeansofraisingacreditforpurposesoftrade。Thus，hesays，”IcanbothinEnglandandWalesregistermywedding，myburial，andmychristening，andapoorparishclerkisentrustedwiththekeepingofthebook；
andthatwhichisregisteredthereisheldgoodbyourlaw。ButI
cannotregistermylands，tobehonest，topayeverymanhisown，topreventthosesadthingsthatattendfamiliesforwantthereof，andtohavethegreatbenefitandadvantagethatwouldcomethereby。A
registerwillquickentrade，andthelandregisteredwillbeequalascashinaman’shands，andthecreditthereofwillgoanddointradewhatreadymoneynowdoth。”Hisideawastoraisemoney，whennecessary，onthelandregistered，bygivingsecuritythereonafteraformwhichbesuggested。Hewould，infact，havemadeland，asgoldnowis，thebasisofanextendedcurrency；andherightlyheldthatthevalueoflandasasecuritymustalwaysbeunexceptionable，andsuperiortoanymetallicbasisthatcouldpossiblybedevised。
Thisindefatigablemancontinuedtourgehisvariousdesignsupontheattentionofthepublicuntilhewasfaradvancedinyears。Heprofessedthathewasmovedtodosoandwebelievehimsolelybyanardentloveforhiscountry，”whosefutureflourishing，”saidhe，”istheonlyrewardIeverhopetoseeofallmylabours。”Yarranton，however，receivedbutlittlethanksforhispersistency，whileheencounteredmanyrebuffs。Thepublicforthemostpartturnedadeafeartohisentreaties；andhiswritingsprovedofcomparativelysmallavail，atleastduringhisownlifetime。Heexperiencedthelotofmanypatriots，eventhepurest——thesuspicionanddetractionofhiscontemporaries。Hisoldpoliticalenemiesdonotseemtohaveforgottenhim，ofwhichwehavetheevidenceincertainrare”broadsides”stillextant，twittinghimwiththefailureofhisschemes，andeventrumpingupfalsechargesofdisloyaltyagainsthim。*
[footnote……
Oneoftheseisentitled’ACoffee-houseDialogue，oraDiscoursebetweenCaptainY——andaYoungBarristeroftheMiddleTemple；withsomeReflectionsupontheBillagainsttheD。ofY。’Inthisbroadside，of31/2pagesfolio，publishedabout1679，YarrantonismadetofavourtheDukeofYork’sexclusionfromthethrone，notonlybecausehewasapapist，butforgraverreasonsthanhedareexpress。
Anotherscurrilouspamphlet，entitled’AWordWithoutDoors，’wasalsoaimedathim。Yarranton，orhisfriends，repliedtothefirstattackinafoliooftwopages，entitled’TheCoffee-houseDialogueExaminedandRefuted，bysomeNeighboursintheCountry，well-wisherstotheKingdom’sinterest。’Thecontroversywasfollowedupby’AContinuationoftheCoffee-houseDialogue，’inwhichthechiefinterlocutorhitsYarrantonratherhardforthemiscarriageofhis”improvements。””Iknow，”sayshe，”whenandwhereyouundertookforasmallchargetomakearivernavigable，andithascosttheproprietorsaboutsixtimesasmuch，andisnotyeteffective；norcananymanrationallypredictwhenitwillbe。Iknowsinceyouleftityoursonundertookit，andthiswintershamefullylefthisundertaking。”Yarrantonsfriendsimmediatelyrepliedinafour-pagefolio，entitled’England’sImprovementsJustified；andtheAuthorthereof，CaptainY。，vindicatedfromtheScandalsinapapercalledaCoffee-houseDialogue；withsomeAnimadversionsuponthePopishDesignsthereincontained。’ThewritersayshewriteswithouttheprivityorsanctionofYarranton，butdeclaresthedialoguetobeaforgery，andthattheallegedconferencenevertookplace。”Hisinnocence，whenheheardofit，onlyprovokedasmile，withthisanswer，Spretavilescunt，falsehoodsmustperish，andaresoonestdestroyedbycontempt；sothatheneedsnofurthervindication。ThewriterthenproceedsatsomelengthtovindicatetheCaptain’sfamousworkandthepropositionscontainedinit。
In1681hepublishedthesecondpartof’England’sImprovement，’*
[footnote……
Thisworkespeciallywiththeplatesisexcessivelyrare。ThereisacopyofitinperfectconditionintheGrenvilleLibrary，BritishMuseum。
inwhichhegaveasummaryaccountofitsthenlimitedgrowthsandmanufactures，pointingoutthatEnglandandIrelandweretheonlynorthernkingdomsremainingunimproved；here-urgedthebenefitsandnecessityofavoluntaryregisterofrealproperty；pointedoutamethodofimprovingtheRoyalNavy，lesseningthegrowingpowerofFrance，andestablishinghomefisheries；proposedthesecuringandfortifyingofTangier；describedaplanforpreventingfiresinLondon，andreducingthechargeformaintainingtheTrainedBands；