AtthistimeneitherHamburgnoritsterritoryhadanymanufactureofcloth.Allwoollenstuffswereprohibited，accordingtoM.Eudel，andstillmydutywastofurnish，andIhadfurnished，50，000cloaksfortheGrandArmy.IncompliancewitharecentImperialdecreeIhadtohavemadewithoutdelay16，000coats，37，000waistcoats，andtheEmperorrequiredofme200，000pairsofboots，besidesthe40，000pairsIhadsentin.YetM.EudelsaidthattannedandworkedleatheroughtnottoenterHamburg！Ifsucharidiculousapplicationofthelawof1796hadbeenmadeitwouldhaveturnedthedecreeof21stNovember1796againstFrance，withoutfulfillingitsobject.
Thesereflections，towhichIaddedotherdetails，madetheGovernmentconcludethatIwasright，andItradedwithEnglandtothegreatadvantageofthearmies，whichwerewellclothedandshod.Whatintheworldcanbemoreridiculousthancommerciallawscarriedouttoone’sowndetriment？
Atthebeginningof1807myoccupationsatHamburgweredividedbetweenthefurnishingofsuppliesforthearmyandtheinspectionoftheemigrants，whomFouchepretendedtodreadinordertogivegreaterimportancetohisoffice.
IneverletslipanopportunityofmitigatingtherigourofFouche’sorders，which，indeed，weresometimessoabsurdthatIdidnotattempttoexecutethem.Ofthisaninstanceoccurstomyrecollection.AprinteratHamburghadbeenarrestedonthechargeofhavingprintedalibelintheGermanlanguage.Themanwasdetainedinprisonbecause，verymuchtohishonour，hewouldnotdisclosethenameofthewriterofthepamphlet.Isentforhimandquestionedhim.Hetoldme，witheveryappearanceofsincerity，thathehadneverbutonceseenthemanwhohadbroughthimthemanuscript.Iwasconvincedofthetruthofwhathesaid，andIgaveanorderforhisliberation.ToavoidirritatingthesusceptibilityoftheMinisterofPoliceIwrotetohimthefollowingfewlines：——\"Thelibelisthemostmiserablerhapsodyimaginable.Theauthor，probablywiththeviewofsellinghispamphletinHolstein，predictsthatDenmarkwillconquereveryothernationandbecomethegreatestkingdomintheworld.ThisalonewillsufficetoprovetoyouhowlittleclangerthereisinrubbishwritteninthestyleoftheApocalypse.\"
AfterthebattleofEylauIreceivedadespatchfromM.deTalleyrand，towhichwasaddedanaccountinFrenchofthatmemorablebattle，whichwasmorefataltotheconquerorthantotheotherparty，——IcannotsaytheconqueredinspeakingoftheRussians，themoreespeciallywhenI
recollecttheprecautionswhichwerethentakenthroughoutGermanytomakeknowntheFrenchbeforetheRussianversion.TheEmperorwasexceedinglyanxiousthateveryoneshouldviewthateventashehimselfviewedit.Otheraccountsthanhismighthaveproducedanunfavourableimpressioninthenorth.Ithereforehadorderstopublishthataccount.
Icaused2000copiesofittobeissued，whichweremorethansufficientforcirculationintheHanseTownsandtheirterritories.
ThereaderwillperhapscomplainthatIhavebeenalmostsilentwithrespecttothegrandmanoeuvresoftheFrencharmyfromthebattleofEylautothatofFriedland，where，atallevents，oursuccesswasindisputable.Therewasnonecessityforprintingfavourableversionsofthatevent，and，besides，itsimmenseresultsweresoonfeltthroughoutEurope.TheinterviewatTilsitisoneoftheculminatingpointsofmodernhistory，andthewatersoftheNiemenreflectedtheimageofNapoleonattheheightofhisglory.TheinterviewbetweenthetwoEmperorsatTilsit，andthemelancholysituationoftheKingofPrussia，aregenerallyknown.Iwasmadeacquaintedwithbutfewsecretdetailsrelativetothoseevents，forRapphadgonetoDantzic，anditwashewhomostreadilycommunicatedtomeallthattheEmperorsaidanddid，andallthatwaspassingaroundhim.——
——[SavorygivesthefollowingaccountoftheinterviewbetweenNapoleonandAlexanderatTilsit.
\"TheEmperorNapoleon，whosecourtesywasmanifestinallhisactions，orderedalargerafttobefloatedinthemiddleoftheriver，uponwhichwasconstructedaroomwellcoveredinandelegantlydecoratedhavingtwodoorsonoppositeaides，eachofwhichopenedintoanantechamber.TheworkcouldnothavebeenbetterexecutedinParis.Theroofwassurmountedbytwoweathercocks：onedisplayingtheeagleofRussia，andtheothertheeagleofFrance.Thetwoouterdoorswerealsosurmountedbytheeaglesofthetwocountries.
\"Theraftwaspreciselyinthemiddleoftheriver，withthetwodoorsofthesalonfacingthetwooppositebanks.
\"Thetwosovereignsappearedonthebanksoftheriver，andembarkedatthesamemomentButtheEmperorNapoleonhavingagoodboat，mannedbymarinesoftheGuard，arrivedfirstontheraft，enteredtheroom，andwenttotheoppositedoor，whichheopened，andthenstationedhimselfontheedgeoftherafttoreceivetheEmperorAlexander，whohadnotyetarrived，nothavingeachgoodrowersastheEmperorNapoleon.
\"ThetwoEmperorsmetinthemostamicableway，etleasttoallappearance.Theyremainedtogetherforaconsiderabletime，andthentookleaveofeachotherwithasfriendlyanairasthatwithwhichtheyhadmet.
\"NextdaytheEmperorofRussiaestablishedhimselfatTilsitwithabattalionofhisGuard.Ordersweregivenforevacuatingthatpartofthetownwhereheandhisbattalionweretobequartered;and，thoughwewereverymuchpressedforroom，noencroachmentonthespaceallottedtotheRussianswasthoughtof.
\"OnthedaytheEmperorAlexander，enteredTilsitthewholearmywasunderarms.TheImperialGuardwasdrawnoutintwolinesofthreedeepfromthelanding—placetotheEmperorNapoleon’squarters，andfromthencetothequartersoftheEmperorofRussia.Asaluteof100gunswasfiredthemomentAlexandersteppedashoreonthespotwheretheEmperorNapoleonwaswaitingtoreceivehim.ThelattercarriedhisattentiontohisvisitorsofarastosendfromhisquartersthefurnitureforAlexander’sbedchamber.Amongthearticlessentwasacamp—bedbelongingtotheEmperor，whichhepresentedtoAlexander，whoappearedmuchpleasedwiththegift.
\"Thismeeting;thefirstwhichhistoryrecordsofthesamekindandofequalimportance，attractedvisitorstoTilsitfrom100leaguesround.M.deTalleyrandarrived，andaftertheobservanceoftheusualceremoniesbusinessbegantobediscussed.\"（MemoirsoftheDuedeRovigo，tomeiii.p.117）.
\"When，\"saidNapoleon，\"IwasatTilsitwiththeEmperorAlexanderandtheKingofPrussia，Iwasthemostignorantofthethreeinmilitaryaffairs.Thesetwosovereigns，especiallytheKingofPrussia，werecompletely’aufait’astothenumberofbuttonsthereoughttobeinfrontofajacket，howmanybehind，andthemannerinwhichtheskirtsoughttobecut.NotatailorinthearmyknewbetterthanKingFrederickhowmanymeasuresofclothittooktomakeajacket.Infact，\"continuedhelaughing，\"Iwasnobodyincomparisonwiththem.Theycontinuallytormentedmeaboutmattersbelongingtotailors，ofwhichIwasentirelyignorant，although，inordernottoaffrontthem，Iansweredjustasgravelyasifthefateofanarmydependeduponthecutofajacket.WhenIwenttoseetheKingofPrussia，insteadofalibrary，Ifoundthathehadalargeroom，likeanarsenal，furnishedwithshelvesandpegs;onwhichwerehungfiftyorsixtyjacketsofdifferentpatterns.Everydayhechangedhisfashionandputonadifferentone.Heattachedmoreimportancetothisthanwasnecessaryforthesalvationofakingdom（O’Meara’sNapoleoninExile.）]——
I，however，learnedonecircumstancepeculiarlyworthyofremarkwhichoccurredintheEmperor’sapartmentsatTilsitthefirsttimehereceivedavisitfromtheKingofPrussia.Thatunfortunatemonarch，whowasaccompaniedbyQueenLouisa，hadtakenrefugeinamillbeyondthetown.
Thiswashissolehabitation，whilsttheEmperorsoccupiedthetwoportionsofthetown，whichisdividedbytheNiemen.ThefactIamabouttorelatereachedmeindirectlythroughthemediumofanofficesoftheImperialGuard，whowasondutyinNapoleon’sapartmentsandwasaneye—witnessofit.WhentheEmperorAlexandervisitedNapoleontheycontinuedforalongtimeinconversationonabalconybelow，whereasimmensecrowdhailedtheirmeetingwithenthusiasticshouts.Napoleoncommencedtheconversation，ashedidtheyearprecedingwiththeEmperorofAustria，byspeakingoftheuncertainfateofwar.WhilsttheywereconversingtheKingofPrussiawasannounced.TheKing’semotionwasvisible，andmayeasilybeimagined;forashostilitiesweresuspended，andhisterritoryinpossessionoftheFrench，hisonlyhopewasinthegenerosityoftheconqueror.Napoleonhimself，itissaid，appearedmovedbyhissituation，andinvitedhim，togetherwiththeQueen，todinner.OnsittingdowntotableNapoleonwithgreatgallantrytoldthebeautifulQueenthathewouldrestoretoherSilesia，aprovincewhichsheearnestlywishedshouldberetainedinthenewarrangementswhichwerenecessarilyabouttotakeplace.
——[LasCasesmentionsthatatthetimeofthetreatyofTilsitNapoleonwrotetotheEmpressJosephineasfollows：
\"’TheQueenofPrussiaisreallyacharmingwoman.Sheisfondofcoquettingwithme;butdonotbejealous：Iamlikeoilcloth，alongwhicheverythingofthissortelideswithoutpenetrating.Itwouldcostmetoodeartoplaythegallant’
\"OnthissubjectananecdotewasrelatedinthesalonofJosephine.
ItwassaidthattheQueenofPrussiaonedayhadabeautifulroseinherhand，whichtheEmperoraskedhertogivehim.TheQueenhesitatedforafewmoments，andthenpresentedittohim，saying，’WhyshouldIsoreadilygrantwhatyourequest，whileyouremaindeaftoallmyentreaties？’（ShealludedtothefortressofMagdeburg，whichshehadearnestlysolicited）（MemorialdeSt.
Helene）.]——
ThetreatyofpeaceconcludedatTilsitbetweenFranceandRussia，onthe7thofJuly，andratifiedtwodaysafter，producednolessstrikingachangeinthegeographicaldivisionofEuropethanhadbeeneffectedtheyearprecedingbytheTreatyofPresburg.ThetreatycontainednostipulationdishonourabletoRussia，whoseterritorywaspreservedinviolate;buthowwasPrussiatreated？Somehistorians，forthevainpleasureofflatteringbyposthumouspraisesthepretendedmoderationofNapoleon，havealmostreproachedhimforhavingsufferedsomeremnantsofthemonarchyofthegreatFredericktosurvive.Thereis，nevertheless，apointonwhichNapoleonhasbeenwrongfullycondemned，atleastwithreferencetothecampaignof1807.Ithasbeensaidthatheshouldatthatperiodhavere—establishedthekingdomofPoland;andcertainlythereiseveryreasontoregret，fortheinterestsofFranceandEurope，thatitwasnotre—established.Butwhenadesire，evenfoundedonreason，isnotcarriedintoeffect，shouldweconcludethatthewished—
forobjectoughttobeachievedindefianceofallobstacles？Atthattime，thatistosay，duringthecampaignofTilsit，insurmountableobstaclesexisted.
If，however，bytheTreatyofTilsit，thethroneofPolandwasnotrestoredtoserveasabarrierbetweenoldEuropeandtheEmpireoftheCzars，NapoleonfoundedaKingdomofWestphalia，whichhegavetotheyoung’ensignedevaisseau’whomhehadscoldedasaschoolboy，andwhomhenowmadeaKing，thathemighthaveanothercrownedprefectunderhiscontrol.TheKingdomofWestphaliawascomposedoftheStatesofHesse—
Cassel，ofapartoftheprovincestakenfromPrussiabythemoderationoftheEmperor，andoftheStatesofPaderborn，Fulda，Brunswick，andapartoftheElectorateofHanover.Napoleon，atthesametime，thoughhedidnotliketodothingsbyhalves，toavoidtouchingtheRussianandAustrianprovincesofoldPoland，plantedonthebanksoftheVistulatheGrandDuchyofWarsaw，whichhegavetotheKingofSaxony，withtheintentionofincreasingordestroyingitafterwardsashemightfindconvenient.ThusheallowedthePolestohopebetterthingsforthefuture，andensuredtohimselfpartisansinthenorthshouldthechancesoffortunecallhimthither.Alexander，whowascajoledevenmorethanhisfatherhadbeenbywhatImaycallthepoliticalcoquetryofNapoleon，consentedtoallthesearrangements，acknowledged’inglobo’
allthekingscrownedbytheEmperor，andacceptedsomeprovinceswhichhadbelongedtohisdespoiledally，theKingofPrussia，doubtlessbywayofconsolationfornothavingbeenabletogetmorerestoredtoPrussia.
ThetwoEmperorspartedthebestfriendsintheworld;buttheContinentalsystemwasstillinexistence.
CHAPTERXII.
1807.
EffectproducedatAltonabytheTreatyofTilsit——TheDukeofMecklenburg—Schwerin’sdeparturefromHamburg——EnglishsquadronintheSound——BombardmentofCopenhagen——PerfidyofEngland——RemarkofBonapartetoM.Lemercier——Prussiaerasedfromthemap——Napoleon’sreturntoParis——SuppressionoftheTribunate——ConfiscationofEnglishmerchandise——NinemillionsgainedtoFrance——M.CaulaincourtAmbassadortoRussia——RepugnanceofEnglandtotheinterventionofRussia——AffairsofPortugal——Junotappointedtocommandthearmy——
ThePrinceRegent’sdeparturefortheBrazils——TheCodeNapoleon——
IntroductionoftheFrenchlawsintoGermany——LeniencyofHamburgJuries——ThestolencloakandtheSyndicDoormann.
TheTreatyofTilsit，assoonasitwasknownatAltona，spreadconsternationamongsttheemigrants.AstotheGermanPrinces，whowereawaitingtheissueofeventseitheratAltolnaorHamburg，whentheylearnedthatadefinitivetreatyofpeacehadbeensignedbetweenFranceandRussia，andthattwodaysaftertheTreatyofTilsitthePrussianmonarchywasplacedatthemercyofNapoleon，everycourierthatarrivedthrewthemintoindescribableagitation.ItdependedontheEmperor’swillwhethertheyweretobeornottobe.TheDukeofMecklenburg—
Schwerinhadnotsucceededingettinghimselfre—establishedinhisstates，byanexceptionaldecision，liketheDukeofWeimar;butatlengthheobtainedtherestitutionofhisterritoryattherequestoftheEmperorAlexander，andonthe28thofJulyhequittedHamburgtoreturntohisDuchy.
TheDanishcharged’affairescommunicatedtomeaboutthesametimeanofficialreportfromhisGovernment.ThisreportannouncedthatonMonday，the3dofAugust，asquadronconsistingoftwelveshipsofthelineandtwelvefrigates，commandedbyAdmiralGambier，hadpassedtheSound.TherestofthesquadronwasseenintheCategat.AtthesametimetheEnglishtroopswhichwereintheislandofRugenhadreembarked.
Wecouldnotthenconceivewhatenterprisethisconsiderableforcehadbeensentupon.Butouruncertaintywassoonatanend.M.Didelot，theFrenchAmbassadoratCopenhagen，arrivedatHamburg，atnineo’clockintheeveningofthe12thofAugust.HehadbeenfortunateenoughtopassthroughtheGreatBelt，thoughinsightoftheEnglish，withoutbeingstopped.IforwardedhisreporttoParisbyanextraordinarycourier.
TheEnglishhadsent20，000menandtwenty—sevenvesselsintotheBaltic;
LordCathcartcommandedthetroops.ThecoastofZealandwasblockadedbyninetyvessels.Mr.Jackson，whohadbeensentbyEnglandtonegotiatewithDenmark，whichshefearedwouldbeinvadedbytheFrenchtroops，supportedthepropositionshewaschargedtooffertoDenmarkbyareferencetothispowerfulBritishforce.Mr.Jackson’sproposalshadfortheirobjectnothinglessthantoinducetheKingofDenmarktoplaceinthecustodyofEnglandthewholeofhisshipsandnavalstores.Theywere，itistrue，tobekeptindeposit，buttheconditioncontainedthewords，\"untiltheconclusionofageneralpeace，\"whichrenderedtheperiodoftheirrestorationuncertain.Theyweretobedetaineduntilsuchprecautionsshouldbenolongernecessary.Amenaceanditsexecutionfollowedcloseuponthisdemand.Afteranoblebutuselessresistance，andaterrificbombardment，Copenhagensurrendered，andtheDanishfleetwasdestroyed.Itwouldbedifficulttofindinhistoryamoreinfamousandrevoltinginstanceoftheabuseofpoweragainstweakness.
Sometimeafterthiseventapamphletentitled\"Germania\"appeared，whichItranslatedandsenttotheEmperor.Itwaseloquentlywritten，andexpressedtheindignationwhichtheconductofEnglandhadexcitedintheauthorasineveryoneelse.
——[\"Thatexpedition，\"saidNapoleonatSt.Helena，\"showedgreatenergyonthepartofyourMinisters：butsettingasidetheviolationofthelawsof，nationswhichyoucommitted——forinfactitwasnothingbutarobbery——Ithinkthatitwas;injurioustoyourinterests，asitmadetheDanishnationirreconcilableenemiestoyou，andinfactshutyououtofthenorthforthreeyears.WhenI
heardofitIsaid，Iamgladofit，asitwillembroilEnglandirrecoverablywiththeNorthernPowers.TheDanesbeingabletojoinmewithsixteensailofthelinewasofbutlittleconsequence.
Ihadplentyofships，andonlywantedseamen，whomyoudidnottake，andwhomIobtainedafterwards，whilebytheexpeditionyourMinistersestablishedtheircharactersasfaithless，andaspersonswithwhomnoengagements，nolawswerebinding.\"（VoicefromSt.
Helena.）]——
IhavestatedwhatweretheprincipalconsequencesoftheTreatyofTilsit;itismorethanprobablethatifthebombardmentofCopenhagenhadprecededthetreatytheEmperorwouldhaveusedPrussiaevenworsethanhedid.Hemighthaveerasedherfromthelistofnations;buthedidnotdoso，outofregardtotheEmperorAlexander.ThedestructionofPrussiawasnonewprojectwithBonaparte.IrememberanobservationofhistoM.LemercieruponthatsubjectwhenwefirstwenttoresideatMalmaison.M.LemercierhadbeenreadingtotheFirstConsulsomepoeminwhichFredericktheGreatwasspokenof.\"Youseemtoadmirehimgreatly，\"saidBonapartetoM.Lemercier;\"whatdoyoufindinhimsoastonishing？HeisnotequaltoTurenne.\"——\"General，\"repliedM.
Lemercier，\"itisnotmerelythewarriorthatIesteeminFrederick;itisimpossibletorefrainfromadmiringamanwhowasaphilosopherevenonthethrone.\"TothistheFirstConsulreplied，inahalfill—humouredtone，\"Certainly，Lemercier;butFrederick’sphilosophyshallnotpreventmefromerasinghiskingdomfromthemapofEurope.\"ThekingdomofFredericktheGreatwasnot，however，obliteratedfromthemap，becausetheEmperorofRussiawouldnotbaselyabandonafaithfulallywhohadincurredwithhimthechancesoffortune.PrussiathenbitterlyhadtolamentthetergiversationswhichhadpreventedherfromdeclaringherselfagainstFranceduringthecampaignofAusterlitz.
NapoleonreturnedtoParisabouttheendofJulyafteranabsenceoftenmonths，thelongesthehadyetmadesincehehadbeenattheheadoftheFrenchGovernment，whetherasConsulorEmperor.TheinterviewatTilsit，theEmperorAlexander’sfriendship，whichwasspokenofeverywhereintermsofexaggeration，andthepeaceestablishedontheContinent，conferredonNapoleonamoralinfluenceinpublicopinionwhichhehadnotpossessedsincehiscoronation.Constantinhishatredofdeliberativeassemblies，whichhehadoftentermedcollectionsofbabblers，ideologists，andphrasemongers，Napoleon，onhisreturntoParis，suppressedtheTribunate，whichhadbeenanannoyancetohimeversincethefirstdayofhiselevation.TheEmperor，whowas’skillfulaboveallmeninspeculatingonthefavourabledispositionofopinion，availedhimselfatthisconjunctureoftheenthusiasmproducedbyhisinterviewontheNiemen.Hethereforediscardedfromthefundamentalinstitutionsofthegovernmentthatwhichstillretainedtheshadowofapopularcharacter.ButitwasnecessarythatheshouldpossessaSenatemerelytovotemen;amuteLegislativeBodytovotemoney;thatthereshouldbenooppositionintheoneandnocriticismintheother;nocontroloverhimofanydescription;thepowerofarbitrarilydoingwhateverhepleased;anenslavedpress;——thiswaswhatNapoleonwished，andthisbeobtained.ButthemonthofMarch1814resolvedthequestionofabsolutepower！
Inthemidstofthesegreataffairs，andwhileNapoleonwasdreamingofuniversalmonarchy，Ibeheldinalessextensivespheretheinevitableconsequencesoftheambitionofasingleman.Pillageandrobberywerecarriedoninallpartsoverwhichmydiplomaticjurisdictionextended.
Rapineseemedtobelegallyauthorised，andwasperpetratedwithsuchfury，andatthesametimewithsuchignorance，thattheagentswerefrequentlyunacquaintedwiththevalueofthearticleswhichtheyseized.
Thus，forexample，theEmperororderedtheseizureatHamburg，Bremen，andLubeckofallEnglishmerchandise，whatevermightbeitsnatureororigin.ThePrinceofNeufchatel（Berthier）wrotetomefromtheEmperorthatImustprocure10，000，000francsfromtheHanseTowns.M.Daru，theIntendant—General，whosebusinessitwastocollectthissortoflevy，whichNapoleonhadlearnedtomakeinEgypt，wrotetourgemetoobtainapromptandfavourabledecision.TheunfortunatetownswhichIwasthusenjoinedtooppresshadalreadysufferedsufficiently.Ihadobtained，bymeansofnegotiation，morethanwasdemandedfortheransomoftheEnglishmerchandise，whichhadbeenseizedaccordingtoorder.BeforeI
receivedthelettersofM.DarnandthePrinceofNeufchatelIhadobtainedfromHamburg16，000，000insteadof10，000，000，besidesnearly3，000，000fromBremenandLubeck.ThusIfurnishedtheGovernmentwith9，000，000morethanhadbeenrequired，andyetIhadsomanagedthatthoseenormoussacrificeswerenotoveroppressivetothosewhomadethem.
IfixedthevalueoftheEnglishmerchandisebecauseIknewthatthehighpriceatwhichitsoldontheContinentwouldnotonlycovertheproposedransombutalsoleaveaconsiderableprofit.SuchwasthesingulareffectoftheContinentalsystemthatwhenmerchandisewasconfiscated，andwhenafterwardsthepermissiontosellitfreelywasgiven，thepricefetchedatthesalewassolargethatthelosswascovered，andevengreatadvantagegained.
PeacebeingconcludedwithRussiaitwasnecessarytomakechoiceofanAmbassador，notonlytomaintainthenewrelationsofamitybetweenNapoleonandAlexander，butlikewisetourgeonthepromisedinterventionofRussiawithEngland，——tobringaboutreconciliationandpeacebetweentheCabinetsofParisandLondon.TheEmperorconfidedthismissiontoCaulaincourt，withrespecttowhomthereexistedanunfoundedprejudicerelatingtosomecircumstanceswhichprecededthedeathoftheDucd’Enghien.ThisunfortunateandunjustimpressionhadprecededCaulaincourttoSt.Petersburg，anditwasfearedthathewouldnotexperiencethereceptionduetotheFrenchAmbassadorandtohisownpersonalqualities.Iknewatthetime，frompositiveinformation，thatafterashortexplanationwithAlexanderthatmonarchretainednosuspicionunfavourabletoourAmbassador，forwhomheconceivedandmaintainedgreatesteemandfriendship.
Caulaincourt’smissionwasnot，inallrespects，easyoffulfilment，fortheinvinciblerepugnanceandreiteratedrefusalofEnglandtoenterintonegotiationswithFrancethroughthemediumofRussiawasoneoftheremarkablecircumstancesoftheperiodofwhichIamspeaking.IknewpositivelythatEnglandwasdeterminednevertoallowNapoleontopossesshimselfofthewholeoftheContinent，——aprojectwhichheindicatedtooundisguisedlytoadmitofanydoubtrespectingit.Fortwoyearshehadindeedadvancedwithrapidstrides;butEnglandwasnotdiscouraged.Shewastoowellawareoftheirritationofthesovereignsandthediscontentofthepeoplenotbecertainthatwhenshedesiredit，herleverofgoldwouldagainraiseupandarmtheContinentagainsttheencroachingpowerofNapoleon.He，onhispart，perceivingthatallhisattemptswerefruitless，andthatEnglandwouldlistentonoproposals，devisedfreshplansforraisingupnewenemiesagainstEngland.
Itprobablyisnotforgottenthatin1801FrancecompelledPortugaltomakecommoncausewithheragainstEngland.In1807theEmperordidagainwhattheFirstConsulhaddone.ByaninexplicablefatalityJunotobtainedthecommandofthetroopswhichweremarchingagainstPortugal.
IsayagainstPortugal，forthatwasthefact，thoughFrancerepresentedherselfasaprotectortodeliverPortugalfromtheinfluenceofEngland.
Bethatasitmay，thechoicewhichtheEmperormadeofacommanderastonishedeverybody.WasJunot，acompoundofvanityandmediocrity，thefitmantobeentrustedwiththecommandofanarmyinadistantcountry，andundercircumstancesinwhichgreatpoliticalandmilitarytalentswererequisite？Formyownpart，knowingJunot’sincapacity，I
mustacknowledgethathisappointmentastonishedme.Irememberoneday，whenIwasspeakingonthesubjecttoBernadotte，heshowedmealetterhehadreceivedfromParis，inwhichitwassaidthattheEmperorhadsentJunottoPortugalonlyforthesakeofdeprivinghimofthegovernmentofParis.JunotannoyedNapoleonbyhisbadconduct，hisfolly，andhisincredibleextravagance.Hewasalikedevoidofdignity—
eitherinfeelingorconduct.ThusPortugalwastwicetheplaceofexileselectedbyConsularandImperialcaprice：first，whentheFirstConsulwishedtogetridofthefamiliarityofLannes;andnext，whentheEmperorgrewwearyofthemisconductofafavourite.
TheinvasionofPortugalpresentednodifficulty.Itwasanarmedpromenadeandnotawar;buthowmanyeventswereconnectedwiththeoccupationofthatcountry！ThePrinceRegentofPortugal，unwillingtoactdishonourablytoEngland，towhichhewasalliedbytreaties;andunabletoopposethewholepowerofNapoleon，embarkedforBrazil，declaringthatalldefencewasuseless.AtthesametimeherecommendedhissubjectstoreceivetheFrenchtroopsinafriendlymanner，andsaidthatheconsignedtoProvidencetheconsequencesofaninvasionwhichwaswithoutamotive.HewasansweredintheEmperor’snamethat，PortugalbeingtheallyofEngland，wewereonlycarryingonhostilitiesagainst，thelattercountrybyinvadinghisdominions.
ItwasinthemonthofNovemberthatthecodeofFrenchjurisprudence，uponwhichthemostlearnedlegislatorshadindefatigablylaboured，wasestablishedasthelawoftheState，underthetitleoftheCodeNapoleon.DoubtlessthislegislativemonumentwillredoundtoNapoleon’shonourinhistory;butwasittobesupposedthatthesamelawswouldbeequallyapplicablethroughoutsovastanextentasthatcomprisedwithintheFrenchEmpire？Impossibleasthiswas，assoonastheCodeNapoleonwaypromulgatedIreceivedorderstoestablishitintheHanseTowns.
——[ThisgreatcodeofCivilLawwasdrawnupunderNapoleon’sordersandpersonalsuperintendence.MuchhadbeenpreparedundertheConvention，andthechiefmeritsofitwereduetothelaboursofsuchmenasTronchet;Partatis，BigotdePreameneu，Maleville，Cambaceres，etc.ButitwasdebatedunderandbyNapoleon，whotookalivelyinterestinit.Itwasfirstcalledthe\"CodeCivil，\"butis1807wasnamed\"CodeNapoleon，\"oreventually\"LesCinqCodesdeNapoleon.Whencompletedin1810itincludedfiveCodes——theCodeCivil，decreedMarch1803;CodedeProcedureCivile，decreedApril1806;CodedeCommerce，decreedSeptember1807;Coded’InstructionCriminelle，decreedNovember1808;andtheCodePenal，decreedFebruary1810.IthadtoberetainedbytheBourbons，anditsprincipleshaveworkedandareslowlyworkingtheirwayintothelawofeverynation.Napoleonwasjustlyproudofthiswork.TheIntroductionoftheCodeintotheconqueredcountrieswas，asBourriennesays，madetooquickly.Puymaigre，whowasemployedintheadministrationofHamburgafterBourrienneleft，says，\"IshallalwaysremembertheastonishmentoftheHamburgerswhentheywereinvadedbythiscloudofFrenchofficials，who，undereveryform，maderesearchesistheirhouses，andwhocametoapplythemultiplieddemandsofthefiscalsystem.LikeProteus，theadministrationcouldtakeanyshape.Toonlyspeakofmydepartment，whichcertainlywasnottheleastodiousone，foritwasopposedtothehabitsoftheHamburgersandannoyedalltheindustries，noideacanbeformedofthedespairoftheinhabitants，subjectedtoperpetualvisits，andexposedtobechargedwithcontraventionsofthelaw，ofwhichtheyknewnothing.
\"Rememberingtheirformerlaws，theyusedtooffertomeetachargeoffraudbytheproofoftheiroath，andcouldnotimaginethatsuchaguaranteecouldberepulsed.Whentheywereindependenttheypaidalmostnothing，andsuchwasthenationalspirit，thatinurgentcaseswhenmoneywaswantedthesenatetaxedeverycitizenscertainproportionofhisincome，thetenthortwentieth.Adonatorpresidedovertherecoveryofthistax，whichwasdoneinaverystrangemanner.Abox，coveredwithacarpet，receivedtheofferingofeverycitizen，withoutanypersonverifyingthesum，andonlyonthesimplemoralguaranteeofthehonestyofthedebtor，whohimselfjudgedthesumheoughttopay.Whenthereceiptwasfinishedthesenatealwaysobtainedmorethanithadcalculatedon.\"（Puymaigre，pp，181.）]——
ThelongandfrequentconversationsIhadonthissubjectwiththeSenatorsandthemostablelawyersofthecountrysoonconvincedmeoftheimmensedifficultyIshouldhavetoencounter，andthedangerofsuddenlyalteringhabitsandcustomswhichhadbeenfirmlyestablishedbytime.
Thejurysystemgavetolerablesatisfaction;buttheseverepunishmentsassignedtocertainoffencesbytheCodeweredisapprovedof.Henceresultedthefrequentandseriousabuseofmenbeingacquittedwhoseguiltwasevidenttothejury，whopronouncedthemnotguiltyratherthancondemnthemtoapunishmentwhichwasthoughttoosevere.Besides，theirleniencyhadanotherground，whichwas，thatthepeoplebeingignorantofthenewlawwerenotawareofthepenaltiesattachedtoparticularoffences.IrememberthatamanwhowasaccusedofstealingacloakatHamburgjustifiedhimselfonthegroundthathecommittedtheoffenceinafitofintoxication.M.VonEiningen，oneofthejury，insistedthattheprisonerwasnotguilty，because，ashesaid，theSyndicDoormann，whendiningwithhimoneday，havingdrunkmorewinethanusual，tookawayhiscloak.ThisdefenceperBacchowascompletelysuccessful.AnargumentfoundedonthesimilaritybetweentheconductoftheSyndicandtheaccused，couldnotbuttriumph，otherwisethelittledebauchoftheformerwouldhavebeencondemnedinthepersonofthelatter.Thistrial，whichterminatedsowhimsically，neverthelessprovesthatthebestandthegravestinstitutionsmaybecomeobjectsofridiculewhensuddenlyintroducedintoacountrywhosehabitsarenotpreparedtoreceivethem.
TheRomansverywiselyreservedintheCapitolaplaceforthegodsofthenationstheyconquered.Theywishedtoannexprovincesandkingdomstotheirempire.Napoleon，onthecontrary，wishedtomakehisempireencroachuponotherstates，andtorealisetheimpossibleUtopiaoftendifferentnations，allhavingdifferentcustomsandlanguages，unitedintoasingleState.Couldjustice，thatsafeguardofhumanrights，bedulyadministeredintheHanseTownswhenthosetownswereconvertedintoFrenchdepartments？InthesenewdepartmentsmanyjudgeshadbeenappointedwhodidnotunderstandawordofGerman，andwhohadnoknowledgeoflaw.ThepresidentsofthetribunalsofLilbeck，Stade，Bremerlehe，andMindenweresoutterlyignorantoftheGermanlanguagethatitwasnecessarytoexplaintothemallthepleadingsinthecouncil—chamber.Wasitnotabsurdtoestablishsuchajudicialsystem，andaboveall，toappointsuchmeninacountrysoimportanttoFranceasHamburgandtheHanseTowns？AddtothistheimpertinenceofsomefavouriteswhoweresentfromParistoserveofficialandlegalapprenticeshipsintheconqueredprovinces，anditmaybeeasilyconceivedwhatwastheattachmentofthepeopletoNapoleontheGreat.
CHAPTERXIII.
1807—1808.
DisturbedstateofSpain——Godoy，PrinceofthePeace——ReciprocalaccusationsbetweentheKingofSpainandhisson——FalsepromiseofNapoleon——DissatisfactionoccasionedbythepresenceoftheFrenchtroops——AbdicationofCharlesIV.——ThePrinceofthePeacemadeprisoner——MuratatMadrid——Importantnewstransmittedbyacommercialletter——Murat’sambition——HisprotectionofGodoy——
CharlesIV，denieshisvoluntaryabdication——ThecrownofSpaindestinedforJoseph——GeneraldisapprobationofNapoleon’sconduct——
TheBourboncauseapparentlylost——LouisXVIII.afterhisdeparturefromFrance——AsComtedeProvenceatCoblentz——HeseeksrefugeinTurinandVerona——DeathofLouisXVII——LouisXVIII.refusedanasyluminAustria，Saxony，andPrussia——HisresidenceatMittanandWarsaw——AlexanderandLouisXVIII——TheKing’sdeparturefromMilanandarrivalatYarmouth——DeterminationoftheKingofEngland——M.
Lemercier’sprophecytoBonaparte——Fouche’sinquiriesrespectingComtedeRechteren——NotefromJosephine——NewdemandsontheHanseTowns——Ordertoraise3000sailorsinHamburg.
ThedisordersofSpain，whichcommencedaboutthecloseoftheyear1807，inashorttimeassumedamostcomplicatedaspect.ThoughfarfromthetheatreofeventsIobtainedanintimateknowledgeofalltheimportantfactsconnectedwiththeextraordinarytransactionsinthePeninsula.
However，asthispointofhistoryisoneofthemostgenerally，thoughI
cannotsaythebest，known，Ishallomitinmynotesandmemorandamanythingswhichwouldbebutrepetitionstothereadingportionofthepublic.ItisaremarkablefactthatBonaparte，whobyturnscasthiseyesonalltheStatesofEurope，neverdirectedhisattentiontoSpainaslongashisgreatnesswasconfinedtomereprojects.WheneverhespokeofhisfuturedestinyhealludedtoItaly，Germany，theEast，andthedestructionoftheEnglishpower;butnevertoSpain.Consequently，whenheheardofthefirstsymptomsofdisorderinthePeninsulahepaidbutlittleattentiontothebusiness，andsometimeelapsedbeforehetookanypartineventswhichsubsequentlyhadsogreataninfluenceonhisfate.
GodoyreignedinSpainunderthenameoftheimbecileCharlesIV.Hewasanobjectofexecrationtoallwhowerenothiscreatures;andeventhosewhosefatedependeduponhimviewedhimwiththemostprofoundcontempt.
Thehatredofapeopleisalmostalwaysthejustrewardoffavourites.
Whatsentiments，therefore，musthavebeeninspiredbyamanwho，totheknowledgeofallSpain，owedthefavourofthekingonlytothefavoursofthequeen！
——[ManuelGodoy，originallyaprivateintheguards，becametheparamourofCharlesIV.’sQueen;thenagrandee;andthenthesupremeruleroftheState.——Editorof1836edition.]——
Godoy’sascendancyovertheroyalfamilywasboundless;hispowerwasabsolute：thetreasures，ofAmericawereathiscommand，andhemadethemostinfamoususeofthem.Inshort，hehadmadetheCourtofMadridoneofthoseplacestowhichtheindignantmuseofJuvenalconductsthemotherofBritanicus.ThereisnodoubtthatGodoywasoneoftheprincipalcausesofallthemisfortuneswhichhaveoverwhelmedSpainundersomanyvariousforms.
ThehatredoftheSpaniardsagainstthePrinceofthePeacewasgeneral.
ThishatredwassharedbythePrincetheAsturias，——[AfterwardsFerdinandVII.]——whoopenlydeclaredhimselftheenemyofGodoy.ThelatteralliedhimselfwithFrance，fromwhichhehopedtoobtainpowerfulprotectionagainsthisenemies.ThisalliancegaverisetogreatdissatisfactioninSpain，andcausedFrancetoberegardedwithanunfavourableeye.ThePrinceoftheAsturiaswasencouragedandsupportedbythecomplaintsoftheSpaniards，whowishedtoseetheoverthrowofGodoy’spower.CharlesIV.，onhispart，regardedalloppositiontothePrinceofthePeaceasdirectedagainsthimself，andinNovember1807heaccusedhissonofwishingtodethronehim.
TheKingofSpaindidnotconfinehimselftoverbalcomplaints.He，orratherthePrinceofthePeace，actinginhisname，arrestedthewarmestpartisansofthePrinceoftheAsturias.Thelatter，understandingthesentimentsofhisfather，wrotetoNapoleon，solicitinghissupport.
Thusthefatherandson，atopenwar，wereappealingoneagainstanotherforthesupportofhimwhowishedonlytogetridofthemboth，andtoputoneofhisbrothersintheirplace，thathemighthaveonejuniormoreinthecollegeofEuropeankings：but，asIhavealreadymentioned，thisnewambitionwasnotpremeditated;andifhegavethethroneofSpaintohisbrotherJosephitwasonlyontherefusalofhisbrotherLouis（KingofHolland）toacceptit.
TheEmperorhadpromisedtosupportCharlesIVagainsthisson;and，notwishingtotakepartinthesefamilyquarrels，hehadnotansweredthefirstlettersofthePrinceoftheAsturias.ButfindingthattheintriguesofMadridweretakingaseriousturn，hecommencedprovisionallybysendingtroopstoSpain.Thisgaveoffencetothepeople，whowereaversetotheinterferenceofFrance.IntheprovincesthroughwhichtheFrenchtroopspasseditwasaskedwhatwastheobject：
oftheinvasion.SomeattributedittothePrinceofthePeace，otherstothePrinceoftheAsturias;butitexcitedgeneralindignation，andtroublesbrokeoutatMadridaccompaniedbyalltheviolencepeculiartotheSpanishcharacter.
InthesefearfulcircumstancesGodoyproposedthatCharlesIV.shouldremovetoSeville，wherehewouldbethebetterenabledtovisitthefactiouswithpunishment.ApropositionfromGodoytohismasterwas，infact，acommand，andCharlesIV.accordinglyresolvedtodepart.ThepeoplenowlookeduponGodoyasatraitor.Aninsurrectionbrokeout，thepalacewas，surrounded，andthe，PrinceofthePeacewasonthepointofbeingmassacredinanupperapartment，wherehehadtakenrefuge.
——[Frenchtroopshadappearedinagainsomemonthsbefore，ontheirwaytoPortugal，theconquestofwhichcountrybyJunotwastobeaidedbyGodoyandaSpanishforceof27，000men，accordingtoatreaty（moredisgracefultotheCourtofSpainthantoBonaparte）
whichhadbeenratifiedatFontainebleauonthe27thofOctober1807.CharlesIV.waslittlebetterthananidiot，andGodoyandtheFrenchmadehimbelievethatBonaparteworldgivepart，orthewholeofPortugal，toSpain.AtthetimeofJunot’smarchonLisbonareserveof40，000FrenchtroopswereassembledatBayonne——
aprettyclearindication，thoughthefactiousinfatuatedCourtofMadridwouldnotseeit，thatBonaparteintendedtoseizethewholeofthePeninsula.——Editorof1838edition.]——
OneofthemobhadthepresenceofmindtoinvokeinhisfavourthenameofthePrinceoftheAsturias：thissavedhislife.
CharlesIV.didnotpreservehiscrown;hewaseasilyintimidated，andadvantagewastakenofamomentofalarmtodemandthatabdicationwhichhehadnotspirittorefuse.Hesurrendereduphisrightstohisson，andthuswasoverthrowntheinsolentpowerofthePrinceofthePeace;
thefavouritewasmadeprisoner，andtheSpaniards，who，likeallignorantpeople，areeasilyexcited，manifestedtheirjoyontheoccasionwithbarbarousenthusiasm.MeanwhiletheunfortunateKing，whohadescapedfromimaginaryratherthanrealdangers，and\"whowasatfirstcontentwithhavingexchangedtherightofreigningfortherightofliving，nosoonerfoundhimselfinsafetythanhechanged，hismind.
HewrotetotheEmperorprotestingagainsthisabdication，andappealed.
tohimasthearbiterofhisfuturefate.
DuringtheseinternaldissensionstheFrencharmywascontinuingitsmarchtowardsthePyrenees.Thosebarrierswerespeedilycrossed，andMuratenteredMadridinthebeginningofApril1808.BeforeIreceivedanydespatchfromourGovernmentIlearnedthatMurat’spresenceinMadrid，farfromproducingagoodeffect，hadonlyincreasedthedisorder.IobtainedthisinformationfromamerchantofLubeckwhocametoHamburgonpurposetoshowmealetterhehadreceivedfromhiscorrespondentinMadrid.InthisletterSpainwassaidtobeapreywhichMuratwishedtoappropriatetohimself;andallthatafterwardscametomyknowledgeservedonlytoprovetheaccuracyofthewriter’sinformation.ItwasperfectlytruethatMuratwishedtoconquerSpainforhimself，anditisnotastonishingthattheinhabitantsofMadridshouldhaveunderstoodhisdesigns，forhecarriedhisindiscretionsofarasopenlytoexpresshiswishtobecomeKingofSpain.TheEmperorwasinformedofthis，andgavehimtounderstand，inverysignificantterms，thatthethroneofSpainwasnotdestinedforhim，butthatheshouldnotbeforgotteninthedisposalofothercrowns.
However，Napoleon’sremonstranceswerenotsufficienttorestraintheimprudenceofMurat;andifhedidnotgainthecrownofSpainforhimselfhepowerfullycontributedtomakeCharlesIV.loseit.Thatmonarch，whomoldhabitsattachedtothePrinceofthePeace，solicitedtheEmperortoliberatehisfavourite，allegingthatheandhisfamilywouldbecontenttoliveinanyplaceofsecurityprovidedGodoywerewiththem.TheunfortunateCharlesseemedtobethoroughlydisgustedwithgreatness.
BoththeKingandQueensoearnestlyimploredGodoy’sliberationthatMurat，whosevanitywasflatteredbytheseroyalsolicitations，tookthePrinceofthePeaceunderhisprotection;butheatthesametimedeclaredthat，inspiteoftheabdicationofCharlesIV.，hewouldacknowledgenonebutthatPrinceasKingofSpainuntilheshouldreceivecontrary，ordersfromtheEmperor.ThisdeclarationplacedMuratinformaloppositiontotheSpanishpeople，who，throughtheirhatredofGodoy，embracedthecauseoftheheirofthethrone;inwhosefavourCharlesIV.hadabdicated.
IthasbeenremarkedthatNapoleonstoodinaperplexingsituationinthisconflictbetweentheKingandhisson.Thisisnotcorrect.KingCharles，thoughheafterwardssaidthathisabdicationhadbeenforcedfromhimbyviolenceandthreats，hadneverthelesstenderedit.BythisactFerdinandwasKing，butCharlesdeclareditwasdoneagainsthiswill，andheretracted.TheEmperor’srecognitionwaswanting，andhe，couldgiveorwithholditashepleased.
InthisstateofthingsNapoleonarrivedatBayonne.ThitherFerdinandwasalsoinvitedtogo，underpretenceofarrangingwiththeEmperorthedifferencesbetweenhisfatherandhimself.Itwassometimebeforehecouldformhisdetermination，butatlengthhisill—advisedfriendsprevailedonhimtosetoff，andhewascaughtinthesnare.Whathappenedtohim，aswellastohisfather，whorepairedtoBayonnewithhisinseparablefriendthePrinceofthePeaceiswellknown.Napoleon，whohadundertakentobearbiterbetweenthefatherandson，thoughtthebestwayofsettlingthedifferencewastogivethedisputedthronetohisbrotherJoseph，thusverifyingthefableofthe\"TwoLawyersandtheOyster.\"TheinsurrectioninMadridonthe2dofMayacceleratedthefateofFerdinand，whowasaccusedofbeingtheauthorofit;atleastthissuspicionfellonhisfriendsandadherents.
CharlesIV.，itwassaid，wouldnotreturntoSpain，andsolicitedanasyluminFrance.HesignedarenunciationofhisrightstothecrownofSpain，whichrenunciationwasalsosignedbytheInfantas.
Napoleonnowissuedadecree，appointing\"hisdearlybelovedbrotherJosephNapoleon，KingofNaplesandSicily，tothecrownsofSpainandtheIndies.\"Byasubsequentdecree，15thofJuly，heappointed\"hisdearly—belovedcousin，JoachimMurat，GrandDukeofBerg，tothethroneofNaplesandSicily，whichremainedvacantbytheaccessionofJosephNapoleontothekingdomsofSpainandtheIndies.\"BoththesedocumentsaresignedNapoleon，andcountersignedbytheMinisterSecretaryofState，Maret.
ThePrinceRoyalofSweden，whowasatHamburgatthistime，andtheMinistersofalltheEuropeanpower，loudlycondemnedtheconductofNapoleonwithrespecttoSpain.IcannotsaywhetherornotM.deTalleyrandadvisedtheEmperornottoattempttheoverthrowofabranchofthehouseofBourbon;hisgoodsenseandelevatedviewsmightcertainlyhavesuggestedthatadvice.Butthegeneralopinionwasthat，hadheretainedtheportfolioofforeignaffairs，theSpanishrevolutionwouldhaveterminatedwithmoredecorumandgoodfaiththanwasexhibitedinthetragi—comedyactedatMadridandBayonne.
AftertheTreatyofTilsitandthebondsoffriendshipwhichseemedlikelytoproduceapermanentunionbetweentheEmperorsofFranceandRussia，thecauseoftheBourbonsmusthavebeenconsideredirretrievablylost.Indeed，theironlyhopeconsistedintheimprudenceandfollyofhimwhohadusurpedtheirthrone，andthathopetheycherished.IwillhererelatewhatIhadtheopportunityoflearningrespectingtheconductofLouisXVIII.afterhisdeparturefromFrance;thiswillnaturallybringmetotheendofNovember1807，atwhichtimeIreadintheAbeilleduNordpublishedonthe9thofthesamemonth，thattheComtedeLilleandtheDued’AngoulemehadsetoffforEngland.
TheComtedeProvence，asLouis’titlethenwent，leftParisonthe21stofJune1791.HeconstantlyexpressedhiswishofkeepingasnearaspossibletothefrontiersofFrance.HeatfirsttookuphisabodeatCoblentz，andIknewfromgoodauthoritythatalltheemigrantsdidnotregardhimwithafavourableeye.Theycouldnotpardonthewise.
principleshehadprofessedataperiodwhentherewasyettimetoprevent，byreasonableconcession，themisfortuneswhichimprudentirritationbroughtuponFrance.Whentheemigrants，afterthecampaignof1792，passedtheRhine，theComtedeProvenceresidedinthelittletownofHamontheLippe，whereheremaineduntilhewaspersuadedthatthepeopleofToulonhadcalledhimtoProvence.Ashecouldnot，ofcourse，passthroughFrance，MonsieurrepairedtotheCourtofhisfather—in—law，theKingofSardinia，hopingtoembarkatGenoa，andfromthencetoreachthecoastofProvence.ButtheevacuationofToulon，wherethenameofBonapartewasforthefirsttimesoundedbythebreathoffame，havingtakenplacebeforehewasabletoleaveTurin，Monsieurremainedtherefourmonths，attheexpirationofwhichtimehisfather—
in—lawintimatedtohimtheimpossibilityofhisremaininglongerintheSardinianStates.HewasafterwardspermittedtoresideatVerona，whereheheardofLouisXVI.’sdeath.AfterremainingtwoyearsinthatcitytheSenateofVeniceforbadehispresenceintheVenetianStates.ThusforcedtoquitItalytheComterepairedtothearmyofConde.
ThecoldandtimidpolicyoftheAustrianCabinetaffordednoasylumtotheComtedeProvence，andhewasobligedtopassthroughGermany;yet，asLouisXVIII.repeatedoverandoveragain，eversincetheRestoration，\"HeneverintendedtoshedFrenchbloodinGermanyforthesakeofservingforeigninterests.\"Monsieurhad，indeed，toomuchpenetrationnottoseethathiscausewasamerepretextforthepowersatwarwithFrance.TheyfeltbutlittleforthemisfortunesofthePrince，andmerelywishedtoveiltheirambitionandtheirhatredofFranceunderthefalsepretenceofzealfortheHouseofBourbon.
WhentheDauphindied，LouisXVIII.tookthetitleofKingofFrance，andwenttoPrussia，whereheobtainedanasylum.
——[Hisbrother，CharlesX.，theyoungestofthethreegrandsonsofLouisXV.（LouisXVI.，LouisXVIII.CharlesX.），theComted’Artois，afterwardsCharlesX.emigratedin1789，andwenttoTurinandMantasfor1789and1790.In1791and1792helivedatCoblenta，Worms，Brussels，Vienna，andatTurin.From1792to1812
helivedatHamontheLippeatWestphaliaatLondon，andformostofthetimeatHolyrood，Edinburgh.DuringthistimehevisitedRussiaandGermany，andshowedhimselfonthecoastofFrance.In1818hewenttoGermany，andin1814enteredFranceinrearoftheallies.Inriskinghispersoninthedaringschemesofthefollowerswhoweregivingtheirlivesforthecauseofhisfamilyhedisplayedacircumspectionwhichwascharacterisedbythemwithnaturalwarmth.
\"Sire，thecowardiceofyourbrotherhasruinedall;\"soCharetteissaidtohavewrittentoLouisXVIII.]——
ButthepretendertothecrownofFrancehadnotyetdrainedhiscupofmisfortune.Afterthe18thFructidortheDirectoryrequiredtheKingofPrussiatosendawayLouisXVIII.，andtheCabinetofBerlin，itmustbegranted，wasnotinasituationtoopposethedesireoftheFrenchGovernment，whosewisheswerecommands.InvainLouisXVIII.soughtanasylumintheKingofSaxony’sStates.ThereonlyremainedRussiathatdurstofferalastrefugetothedescendantofLouisXIV.PaulI.，whowasalwaysinextremes，andwhoatthattimeentertainedaviolentfeelingofhatredtowardsFrance，earnestlyofferedLouisXVIII.，aresidenceatMittau.Hetreatedhimwiththehonoursofasovereign，andloadedhimwithmarksofattentionandrespect.ThreeyearshadscarcelypassedwhenPaulwasseizedwithmadenthusiasmforthemanwhotwelveyearslater，ravagedhisancientcapital，andLouisXVIII.foundhimselfexpelledfromthatPrince’sterritorywithaharshnessequaltothekindnesswithwhichhehadatfirstbeenreceived.
Itwasduring，histhree，years’residenceatMittauthatLouisXVIII.，whowasthenknownbythetitleofComtedeLille，wrotetotheFirstConsulthoseletterswhichhavebeenreferredtointheseMemoirs.
Prussia，beingagainsolicited，atlengthconsentedthatLouisXVIII.
shouldresideatWarsaw;butontheaccessionofNapoleontotheEmpirethePrincequittedthatresidenceinordertoconsultrespectinghisnewsituationwiththeonlysovereignwhohadnotdesertedhiminhismisfortune，viz.theKingofSweden.TheymetatColmar，andfromthatcitywasdatedtheprotestwhichIhavealreadynoticed.LouisXVIII.
didnotstaylongintheStatesoftheKingofSweden.RussiawasnowonthepointofjoininghereagleswiththoseofAustriatoopposetheneweaglesofimperialFrance.AlexanderofferedtotheComtedeLilletheasylumwhichPaulhadgrantedtohimandafterwardswithdrawn.LouisXVIII.acceptedtheoffer，butafterthepeaceofTilsit，fearinglestAlexandermightimitatethesecondactofhisfatheraswellasthefirst，heplainlysawthathemustgiveupallintentionofresidingontheContinent;anditwasthenthatIreadinthe’AbeilleduNord’thearticlebeforealludedto.Thereis，however，onefactuponwhichImustinsist，becauseIknowittobetrue，viz.thatitwasofhisownfreewillthatLouisXVIII.quittedMittau;andifhewasafraidthatAlexanderwouldimitatehisfather’sconductthatfearwaswithoutfoundation.Thetruthis，thatAlexanderwasignorantevenoftheKing’sintentiontogoawayuntilheheardfromBaronvonDriesen，GovernorofMittau，thathehadactuallydeparted.HavingnowstatedthetruthonthispointIhavetocorrectanothererror，ifindeeditbeonlyanerror，intowhichsomewritershavefallen.IthasbeenfalselyallegedthattheKingleftMittauforthepurposeoffomentingfreshtroublesinFrance.ThefriendsofLouisXVIII.，whoadvisedhimtoleaveMittau，hadgreathopesfromthelastwar.TheycherishedstillgreaterhopesfromthenewwarswhichBonaparte’sambitioncouldnotfailtoexcite，buttheywerenotsoill—informedrespectingtheinternalconditionofFranceastoexpectthatdisturbanceswouldarisethere，oreventobelieveinthepossibilityoffomentingthem.ThepearwasnotyetripeforLouisXVIII.
Onthe29thofNovemberthecontentsofaletterwhichhadarrivedfromLondonbywayofSwedenwerecommunicatedtome.Thisletterwasdatedthe3dofNovember，andcontainedsomeparticularsrespectingtheComtedeLille’sarrivalinEngland.ThatPrincehadarrivedatYarmouthonthe31stofOctober1807，anditwasstatedthattheKingwasobligedtowaitsometimeintheportuntilcertaindifficultiesrespectinghislandingandthecontinuanceofhisjourneyshouldberemoved.ItmoreoverappearedfromthisletterthattheKingofEnglandthoughtpropertorefusetheComtedeLillepermissiontogotoLondonoritsneighbourhood.ThepalaceofHolyroodinEdinburghwasassignedashisplaceofresidence;andMr.Ross，secretarytoMr.Canning，conveyedthedeterminationoftheKingofEnglandtoLouisXVIII.，atYarmouth.
TheprecautionoftheEnglishMinistryinnotpermittingtherefugeeKingtogonearLondonappearedtomeremarkable，consideringtherelativepositionoftheGovernmentsofFranceandEngland，andIregardeditasacorroborationofwhatthePrinceWittgensteinhadtoldmerespectingMr.
Canning’sinclinationforanamicablearrangement.ButthemomentwasapproachingwhentheaffairsofSpainweretoraiseaninvincibleobstacletopeace，tocomplicatemorethanevertheinterestsofthepowersofEurope，andopentoNapoleonthatvastcareerofambitionwhichprovedhisruin.Hedidnotallowthehopesoftheemigrantstoremainchimerical，andtheyear1814witnessedtherealizationofthepropheticremarkmadebyM.Lemereier，inaconversationwithBonaparteafewdaysbeforethefoundationoftheEmpire：\"IfyougetintothebedoftheBourbons，General，youwillnotlieinittenyear.\"Napoleonoccupieditfornineyearsandninemonths.
Fouche，thegrandinvestigatorofthesecretsofEurope，didnotfail，onthefirstreportoftheagitationsinSpain，toaddresstomequestiononquestionrespectingtheComtedeRechteren，theSpanishMinisteratHamburg，who，however，hadleftthatcity，withthepermissionofhisCourt，fourmonthsafterIhadenteredonmyfunctions.Thiswasgoingbackveryfartoseekinformationrespectingtheaffairsoftheday.AttheverymomentwhenItransmittedareplytoFouchewhichwasnotcalculatedtopleasehim，becauseitaffordednogroundforsuspicionastothepersonalconductofM.deRechteren，IreceivedfromtheamiableJosephineanewmarkofherremembrance.Shesentmethefollowingnote：
\"M.Milon，whoisnowinHamburg，wishesme，mydearBourrienne，torequestthatyouwilluseyourinterestinhisfavour.Ifeelthemorepleasureinmakingthisrequestasitaffordsmeanopportunityofrenewingtheassuranceofmyregardforyou.\"
Josephine’sletterwasdatedfromFontainebleau，whithertheEmperorusedtomakejourneysinimitationoftheoldCourtofFrance.Duringtheseexcursionshesometimespartookofthepleasuresofthechase，butmerelyforthesakeofrevivinganoldcustom，forinthatexercisehefoundaslittleamusementasMontaignedidinthegameofchess，AtFontainebleau，aseverywhereelse，hismindwasengagedwiththemeansofaugmentinghisgreatness，but，unfortunately，theexactionsheimposedondistantcountrieswerecalculatedtoalienatetheaffectionsofthepeople.Thus，forexample，Ireceivedanorderemanatingfromhim，andtransmittedtomebyM.Daru，theIntendant—Generalofthearmy，thatthepayofalltheFrenchtroopsstationedintheHanseTownsshouldbedefrayedbythesetowns.IlamentedthenecessityofmakingsuchacommunicationtotheSenatesofBremen，Lubeck，andHamburg;butmydutycompelledmetodoso，andIhadlongbeenaccustomedtofulfildutiesevenmorepainfulthanthis.ItriedeverypossiblemeanswiththethreeStates，notcollectivelybutseparately，toinducethemtocomplywiththemeasure，inthehopethattheassentofonewouldhelpmetoobtainthatofthetwoothers.But，asifthey，hadbeenallagreed，Ionlyreceivedevasiveexpressionsofregret.
KnowingasIdid，andImaysaybetterthananyoneelse，thehopesanddesignsofBonaparterespectingthenorthofGermany，itwasnotwithoutpain，norevenwithoutalarm，thatIsawhimdoingeverythingcalculatedtoconvertintoenemiestheinhabitantsofacountrywhichwouldalwayshaveremainedquiethaditonlybeenpermittedtopreserveitsneutrality.AmongtheordersIreceivedwereoftenmanywhichcouldonlyhavebeentheresultoftheprofoundestignorance.Forexample，Iwasonedaydirectedtopress3000seamenintheHanseTowns.Threethousandseamenoutofapopulationof200，000！Itwasasabsurdastothinkofraising500，000sailorsinFrance.Thisprojectbeingimpossible，itwasofcoursenotexecuted;butIhadsomedifficultyinpersuadingtheEmperorthatasixthofthenumberdemandedwastheutmosttheHanseTownscouldsupply.Fivehundredseamenwereaccordinglyfurnished，buttomakeupthatnumberitwasnecessarytoincludemanymenwhoweretotallyunfitforwarservice.
CHAPTER——XIV.
1808.
DepartureofthePrinceofPonte—Corvo——Predictionandsuperstition——StoppageoflettersaddressedtotheSpanishtroops——LaRomanaandRomanillos——Illegiblenotifications——EagernessoftheGermanPrincestojointheConfederationoftheRhine——AttackuponmeonaccountofM.Hue——Bernadotte’ssuccessorinHamburg——ExactionsandtyrannicalconductofGeneralDupas——DisturbanceinHamburg——Platesbrokeninafitofrage——MylettertoBernadotte——Hisreply——Bernadotte’sreturntoHamburg，anddepartureofDupasforLubeck——Nobleconductofthe’aidedecamp’Barrel.
Inthespringof1808acircumstanceoccurredwhichgave，memuchuneasiness;itwasthedepartureofBernadotte，PrinceofPonte—Corvo，whoreceivedorderstorepairtoCopenhagen.HeleftHamburgonthe8thofMarch，ashewastoreachhisdestinationonthe14thofthesamemonth.TheDanishcharged’affairesalsoreceivedorderstojointhePrince，anddischargethefunctionsofKing’scommissary.ItwasduringhisgovernmentatHamburgandhisstayinJutlandthatBernadotteunconsciouslypavedhiswaytothethroneofSweden.Irecollectthathehadalsohispresagesandhispredestinations.Inshort，hebelievedinastrology，andIshallneverforgettheserioustoneinwhichheonedaysaidtome，\"Wouldyoubelieve，mydearfriend，thatitwaspredictedatParisthatIshouldbeaKing，butthatImustcrosstheseatoreachmythrone？\"Icouldnothelpsmilingwithhimatthisweaknessofmind，fromwhichBonapartewasnotfarremoved.ItcertainlywasnotanysupernaturalinfluencewhichelevatedBernadottetosovereignrank.
Thatelevationwassolelyduetohisexcellentcharacter.Hehadnoothertalismanthanthewisdomofhisgovernment，andthepromptitudewhichhealways，showedtoopposeunjustmeasures.Thisitwasthatunitedallopinionsinhisfavour.
ThebadstateoftheroadsinthenorthprolongedBernadotte’sjourneyoneday.Hesetoutonthe8thofMarch;hewasexpectedtoarriveatCopenhagenonthel4th，butdidnotreachtheretillthe15th.HearrivedpreciselytwohoursbeforethedeathofChristian，KingofDenmark，aneventwithwhichhemademeacquaintedbyletterwrittentwodaysafterhisarrival.
Onthe6thofAprilfollowingIreceivedasecondletterfromBernadotte，inwhichhedesiredmetoordertheGrandDucalpostmastertokeepbackalllettersaddressedtotheSpanishtroops，whohadbeenplacedunderhiscommand，andofwhichthecorpsofRomanaformedpart.Thepostmasterwasorderedtokeepthelettersuntilhereceivedorderstoforwardthemtotheirdestinations.Bernadotteconsideredthisstepindispensable，topreventtheintrigueswhichhefearedmightbesetonfootinordertoshakethefidelityoftheSpaniardshecommanded.IsawfromhisdespatchthathefearedtheplottingofRomanillos，who，however，wasnotapersontocausemuchapprehension.Romanilloswasascommonplaceamanascouldwellbeconceived;andhisspeeches，aswellashiswritings，weretooinnocenttocreateanyinfluenceonpublicopinion.
InadditiontothefunctionswithwhichtheEmperoratfirstinvestedme，IhadtodischargethedutiesofFrenchConsul—GeneralatHamburg，andinthatcharacterIwasobligedtopresenttotheMinisterforForeignAffairsaverysingularrequest，viz.thatthejudicialnotifications，whichasConsul—GeneralIhadtomakeknowntothepeopleofHamburg，mightbewritteninamorelegiblehand.Manyofthesenotificationshadbeendisregardedonaccountoftheimpossibilityofreadingthem：WithrespecttooneofthemitwasdeclaredthatitwasimpossibletodiscoverwhetherthewritingwasGerman，French，orChinese.
Ishallnotrecordalltheactsofspoliationcommittedbysecond—rateambitiousaspirantswhohopedtocomeinfortheirshareinthedivisionoftheContinent：TheEmperor’slieutenantsregardedEuropeasatwelfthcake，butnoneofthemventuredtodisputethebestbitwithNapoleon.LongwouldbethelitanywereItoenregisterallthefraudandtreacherywhichtheycommitted，eithertoaugmenttheirfortunesortowinthefavourofthechiefwhowishedtohavekingsforhissubjects.
Thefactis，thatallthePrincesofGermanydisplayedthegreatesteagernesstorangethemselvesundertheprotectionofNapoleon，by，joiningtheConfederationoftheRhine.IreceivedfromthosePrincesseveralletterswhichservedtoproveatoncetheinfluenceofNapoleoninGermanyandthefacilitywithwhichmenbendbeneaththeyokeofanewpower.ImustsaythatamongtheemigrantswhoremainedfaithfultotheircausethereweresomewhoevincedmorefirmnessofcharacterthantheforeignPrinces.Imaymention，forexample，M.Hue，the’valetdechambre’ofLouisXVI.IdonotintendtodenythehighregardI
entertainedforthatfaithfulservantofthemartyredKing;buttheattentionswhichIcongratulatemyselfonhavingshowntoanexcellentmanshouldnothavesubjectedmetofalseimputations.
Ihavereadthefollowingstatementinapublication：
\"M.HueretiredtoHamburg，wherehepassednine，monthsinperfectobscurity.HeafterwardswenttoHolland，providedwithapassportfromBourrienne，whowasNapoleon’sMinister，thoughindisgrace，andwho，foreseeingwhatwastohappen，soughttoingratiatehimselfinthefavouroftheBourbons.\"
Theabovepassagecontainsafalsehoodinalmosteveryline.M.HuewishedtoresideinHamburg，buthedidnotwishtoconcealhimself.
Iinvitedhimtovisitme，andassuredhimthathemightremaininHamburgwithoutapprehension，providedheactedprudently.HewishedtogotoHolland，andItookuponmyselftogivehimapassport.IleftM.
Hueinthefreemanagementofhisbusiness，thenatureofwhichIknewverywell，andwhichwasveryhonourable;hewasdeputedtopaythepensionswhichLouisXVIII.grantedtotheemigrants.Asformyself，I
hadtenderedmyresignationofprivatesecretarytoBonaparte;andevenadmittingIwasindisgraceinthatcharacter，IwasnotsoasMinisterandConsul—GeneralatHamburg.Mysituation，whichwasoflittleconsequenceatthetimeIwasappointedtoit，waslateronrenderedexceedinglyimportantbycircumstances.Itwas，infact，asortofwatch—toweroftheGovernment，whenceallthemovementsofnorthernGermanywereobserved;andduringmyresidenceintheHanseTownsI
continuallyexperiencedthetruthofwhatBonapartesaidtomeatmyfarewellaudience——\"Yoursisaplaceindependentandapart.\"
ItisabsurdtosaythatthekindnessIshowedtoM.HuewasanattempttoingratiatemyselfwiththeBourbons.Myattentionstohimweredictatedsolelybyhumanity，unaccompaniedbyanyafterthought.Napoleonhadgivenmehisconfidence，andbymitigatingtheverityofhisordersIservedhimbetterthantheywhoexecutedtheminawaywhichcouldnotfailtorendertheFrenchGovernmentodious.IfIamaccusedofextendingeverypossibleindulgencetotheunfortunateemigrants，Ipleadguilty;and，farfromwishingtodefendmyselfagainstthecharge，I
considerithonourabletome.ButIdefyanyoneofthemtosaythatI
betrayedintheirfavourtheinterestswithwhichIwasentrusted.TheywhourgedBonapartetousurpthecrownofFranceserved，thoughperhapsunconsciously，thecauseoftheBourbons.I，onthecontrary，usedallmyendeavourstodissuadehimfromthatmeasure，whichIclearlysawmust，intheend，leadtotherestoration，thoughIdonotpretendthatI
wassufficientlyclear—sightedtoguessthatNapoleon’sfallwassonearathand.ThekindnessIshowedtoM.Hueandhiscompanionsinmisfortunewaspromptedbyhumanity，andnotbymeanspeculation.
AswellmightitbesaidthatBernadotte，who，likemyself，neglectednoopportunityofsofteningtherigouroftheordershewasdeputedtoexecute，wasbythismeansworkinghiswaytothethroneofSweden.
BernadottehadproceededtoDenmarktotakethecommandoftheSpanishandFrenchtroopswhohadbeenremovedfromtheHanseTownstooccupythatkingdom，whichwasthenthreatenedbytheEnglish.Hisdeparturewasagreatlosstome，forwehadalwaysagreedrespectingthemeasurestobeadopted，andIfelthisabsencethemoresensiblywhenIwasenabledtomakeacomparisonbetweenhimandhissuccessor.ItispainfultometodetailthemisconductofthosewhoinjuredtheFrenchnameinGermany，butinfulfilmentofthetaskIhaveundertaken，Iamboundtotellthetruth.
InApril1808GeneralDupascametotakethecommandofHamburg，butonlyundertheordersofBernadotte，whoretainedthesupremecommandoftheFrenchtroopsintheHanseTowns.BytheappointmentofGeneralDupastheEmperorcruellythwartedthewishesandhopesoftheinhabitantsofLowerSaxony.ThatGeneralsaidofthepeopleofHamburg，\"AslongasI
seethosedrivingintheircarriagesIcangetmoneyfromthem.\"
Itis，however，onlyjusttoadd，thathisdreadfulexactionswerenotmadeonhisownaccount，butforthebenefitofanothermantowhomheowedhisall，andtowhomhehadinsomemeasuredevotedhisexistence.
IwillstatesomeparticularsrespectingthewayinwhichthegeneralswhocommandedtheFrenchtroopsatHamburgweremaintained.TheSenateofHamburggrantedtotheMarshalsthirtyfriederichsadayfortheexpensesoftheirtableexclusiveofthehotelinwhichtheywerelodgedbythecity.Thegeneralsofdivisionhadonlytwentyfriederichs.
GeneralDupaswishedtobeprovidedforonthesamefootingastheMarshals.TheSenatehaving，withreason，rejectedthisdemand，Dupasrequiredthatheshouldbedailyservedwithabreakfastandadinnerofthirtycovers.Thiswasaninconceivableburden，andDupascostthecitymorethananyofhispredecessors.
Isawanaccountofhisexpenses，whichduringthetwenty—oneweeksheremainedatHamburgamountedto122，000marks，orabout183，000francs.
NonebutthemostexquisitewinesweredrunkatthetableofDupas.Evenhisservantsweretreatedwithchampagne，andthechoicestfruitswerebroughtfromthefinehothousesofBerlin.Theinhabitantswereirritatedatthisextravagance，andDupasaccordinglyexperiencedtheresistanceoftheSenate.
Amongothervexationstherewasonetowhichthepeoplecouldnotreadilysubmit.InHamburg，whichhadformerlybeenafortifiedtown，thecustomwaspreservedofclosingthegatesatnightfall.OnSundaystheywereclosedthree—quartersofanhourlater，toavoidinterruptingtheamusementsofthepeople.
WhileGeneralDupaswasGovernorofHamburganeventoccurredwhichoccasionedconsiderableirritationinthepublicmind，andmighthavebeenattendedbyfatalconsequences.FromsomewhimorothertheGeneralorderedthegatestobeclosedatsevenintheevening，andconsequentlywhileitwasbroaddaylight，foritwasinthemiddleofspring;noexceptionwasmadeinfavourofSunday，andonthatdayagreatnumberoftheinhabitantswhohadbeenwalkingintheoutskirtsofthecitypresentedthemselvesatthegateofAltonaforadmittance.Totheirsurprisetheyfoundthegateclosed，thoughitwasagreaterthoroughfarethananyothergateinHamburg.Thenumberofpersons，requiringadmittanceincreased，andaconsiderablecrowdsooncollected.AfteruselessentreatieshadbeenaddressedtothechiefofficerofthepostthepeopleweredeterminedtosendtotheCommandantforthekeys.TheCommandantarrived，accompaniedbytheGeneral.Whentheyappeareditwassupposedtheyhadcomeforthepurposeofopeningthegates，andtheywereaccordinglysalutedwithageneralhurrah！whichthroughoutalmostallthenorthistheusualcryforexpressingpopularsatisfaction.