andanothertohaveaddedtothatdexterityanacquiredscienceofwherehecanoffend，orbeoffendedbyhisadversary，ineverypossiblepostureorguard：theabilityoftheformerwouldbetotheabilityofthelatter，asprudencetosapience；bothuseful，butthelatterinfallible。Buttheythat，trustingonlytotheauthorityofbooks，followtheblindblindly，arelikehimthat，trustingtothefalserulesofamasteroffence，venturespresumptuouslyuponanadversarythateitherkillsordisgraceshim。
Thesignsofsciencearesomecertainandinfallible；some，uncertain。Certain，whenhethatpretendeththescienceofanythingcanteachthesame；thatistosay，demonstratethetruththereofperspicuouslytoanother：uncertain，whenonlysomeparticulareventsanswertohispretence，anduponmanyoccasionsprovesoashesaystheymust。Signsofprudencearealluncertain；becausetoobservebyexperience，andrememberallcircumstancesthatmayalterthesuccess，isimpossible。Butinanybusiness，whereofamanhasnotinfalliblesciencetoproceedby，toforsakehisownnaturaljudgment，andbeguidedbygeneralsentencesreadinauthors，andsubjecttomanyexceptions，isasignoffolly，andgenerallyscornedbythenameofpedantry。AndevenofthosementhemselvesthatincouncilsoftheCommonwealthlovetoshowtheirreadingofpoliticsandhistory，veryfewdoitintheirdomesticaffairswheretheirparticularinterestisconcerned，havingprudenceenoughfortheirprivateaffairs；butinpublictheystudymorethereputationoftheirownwitthanthesuccessofanother’sbusiness。
OFTHEINTERIORBEGINNINGSOFVOLUNTARYMOTIONS，COMMONLYCALLEDTHEPASSIONS；
ANDTHESPEECHESBYWHICHTHEYAREEXPRESSED
THEREbeinanimalstwosortsofmotionspeculiartothem：Onecalledvital，beguningeneration，andcontinuedwithoutinterruptionthroughtheirwholelife；suchasarethecourseoftheblood，thepulse，thebreathing，theconcoction，nutrition，excretion，etc。；towhichmotionsthereneedsnohelpofimagination：theotherisanimalmotion，otherwisecalledvoluntarymotion；astogo，tospeak，tomoveanyofourlimbs，insuchmannerasisfirstfanciedinourminds。Thatsenseismotionintheorgansandinteriorpartsofman’sbody，causedbytheactionofthethingswesee，hear，etc。，andthatfancyisbuttherelicsofthesamemotion，remainingaftersense，hasbeenalreadysaidinthefirstandsecondchapters。Andbecausegoing，speaking，andthelikevoluntarymotionsdependalwaysuponaprecedentthoughtofwhither，whichway，andwhat，itisevidentthattheimaginationisthefirstinternalbeginningofallvoluntarymotion。Andalthoughunstudiedmendonotconceiveanymotionatalltobethere，wherethethingmovedisinvisible，orthespaceitismovedinis，fortheshortnessofit，insensible；
yetthatdothnothinderbutthatsuchmotionsare。Forletaspacebeneversolittle，thatwhichismovedoveragreaterspace，whereofthatlittleoneispart，mustfirstbemovedoverthat。Thesesmallbeginningsofmotionwithinthebodyofman，beforetheyappearinwalking，speaking，striking，andothervisibleactions，arecommonlycalledendeavour。
Thisendeavour，whenitistowardsomethingwhichcausesit，iscalledappetite，ordesire，thelatterbeingthegeneralname，andtheotheroftentimesrestrainedtosignifythedesireoffood，namelyhungerandthirst。Andwhentheendeavourisfromwardsomething，itisgenerallycalledaversion。ThesewordsappetiteandaversionwehavefromtheLatins；andtheybothofthemsignifythemotions，oneofapproaching，theotherofretiring。SoalsodotheGreekwordsforthesame，whichareormeandaphorme。ForNatureitselfdoesoftenpressuponmenthosetruthswhichafterwards，whentheylookforsomewhatbeyondNature，theystumbleat。FortheSchoolsfindinmereappetitetogo，ormove，noactualmotionatall；butbecausesomemotiontheymustacknowledge，theycallitmetaphoricalmotion，whichisbutanabsurdspeech；forthoughwordsmaybecalledmetaphorical，bodiesandmotionscannot。
Thatwhichmendesiretheyaresaidtolove，andtohatethosethingsforwhichtheyhaveaversion。Sothatdesireandlovearethesamething；savethatbydesire，wesignifytheabsenceoftheobject；
bylove，mostcommonlythepresenceofthesame。Soalsobyaversion，wesignifytheabsence；andbyhate，thepresenceoftheobject。
Ofappetitesandaversions，somearebornwithmen；asappetiteoffood，appetiteofexcretion，andexonerationwhichmayalsoandmoreproperlybecalledaversions，fromsomewhattheyfeelintheirbodies，andsomeotherappetites，notmany。Therest，whichareappetitesofparticularthings，proceedfromexperienceandtrialoftheireffectsuponthemselvesorothermen。Forofthingsweknownotatall，orbelievenottobe，wecanhavenofurtherdesirethantotasteandtry。Butaversionwehaveforthings，notonlywhichweknowhavehurtus，butalsothatwedonotknowwhethertheywillhurtus，ornot。
Thosethingswhichweneitherdesirenorhate，wearesaidtocontemn：contemptbeingnothingelsebutanimmobilityorcontumacyoftheheartinresistingtheactionofcertainthings；andproceedingfromthattheheartisalreadymovedotherwise，byothermorepotentobjects，orfromwantofexperienceofthem。
Andbecausetheconstitutionofaman’sbodyisincontinualmutation，itisimpossiblethatallthesamethingsshouldalwayscauseinhimthesameappetitesandaversions：muchlesscanallmenconsentinthedesireofalmostanyoneandthesameobject。
Butwhatsoeveristheobjectofanyman’sappetiteordesire，thatisitwhichheforhispartcallethgood；andtheobjectofhishateandaversion，evil；andofhiscontempt，vileandinconsiderable。
Forthesewordsofgood，evil，andcontemptibleareeverusedwithrelationtothepersonthatuseththem：therebeingnothingsimplyandabsolutelyso；noranycommonruleofgoodandeviltobetakenfromthenatureoftheobjectsthemselves；butfromthepersonoftheman，wherethereisnoCommonwealth；or，inaCommonwealth，fromthepersonthatrepresentethit；orfromanarbitratororjudge，whommendisagreeingshallbyconsentsetupandmakehissentencetherulethereof。
TheLatintonguehastwowordswhosesignificationsapproachtothoseofgoodandevil，butarenotpreciselythesame；andthosearepulchrumandturpe。Whereoftheformersignifiesthatwhichbysomeapparentsignspromisethgood；andthelatter，thatwhichpromisethevil。Butinourtonguewehavenotsogeneralnamestoexpressthemby。Butforpulchrumwesayinsomethings，fair；inothers，beautiful，orhandsome，orgallant，orhonourable，orcomely，oramiable：andforturpe；foul，deformed，ugly，base，nauseous，andthelike，asthesubjectshallrequire；allwhichwords，intheirproperplaces，signifynothingelsebutthemien，orcountenance，thatpromisethgoodandevil。Sothatofgoodtherebethreekinds：goodinthepromise，thatispulchrum；goodineffect，astheenddesired，whichiscalledjucundum，delightful；andgoodasthemeans，whichiscalledutile，profitable；andasmanyofevil：forevilinpromiseisthattheycallturpe；evilineffectandendismolestum，unpleasant，troublesome；andevilinthemeans，inutile，unprofitable，hurtful。
Asinsensethatwhichisreallywithinusis，asIhavesaidbefore，onlymotion，causedbytheactionofexternalobjectsbutinappearance；tothesight，lightandcolour；totheear，sound；tothenostril，odour，etc。：so，whentheactionofthesameobjectiscontinuedfromtheeyes，ears，andotherorganstotheheart，therealeffectthereisnothingbutmotion，orendeavour；whichconsistethinappetiteoraversiontoorfromtheobjectmoving。Buttheappearanceorsenseofthatmotionisthatweeithercalldelightortroubleofmind。
Thismotion，whichiscalledappetite，andfortheappearanceofitdelightandpleasure，seemethtobeacorroborationofvitalmotion，andahelpthereunto；andthereforesuchthingsascauseddelightwerenotimproperlycalledjucundaajuvando，fromhelpingorfortifying；andthecontrary，molesta，offensive，fromhinderingandtroublingthemotionvital。
Pleasuretherefore，ordelight，istheappearanceorsenseofgood；andmolestationordispleasure，theappearanceorsenseofevil。
Andconsequentlyallappetite，desire，andloveisaccompaniedwithsomedelightmoreorless；andallhatredandaversionwithmoreorlessdispleasureandoffence。
Ofpleasures，ordelights，somearisefromthesenseofanobjectpresent；andthosemaybecalledpleasuresofsensethewordsensual，asitisusedbythoseonlythatcondemnthem，havingnoplacetilltherebelaws。Ofthiskindareallonerationsandexonerationsofthebody；asalsoallthatispleasant，inthesight，hearing，smell，taste，ortouch。Othersarisefromtheexpectationthatproceedsfromforesightoftheendorconsequenceofthings，whetherthosethingsinthesensepleaseordisplease：andthesearepleasuresofthemindofhimthatdrawethinthoseconsequences，andaregenerallycalledjoy。Inthelikemanner，displeasuresaresomeinthesense，andcalledpain；others，intheexpectationofconsequences，andarecalledgrief。
Thesesimplepassionscalledappetite，desire，love，aversion，hate，joy，andgriefhavetheirnamesfordiverseconsiderationsdiversified。Atfirst，whentheyonesucceedanother，theyarediverselycalledfromtheopinionmenhaveofthelikelihoodofattainingwhattheydesire。Secondly，fromtheobjectlovedorhated。Thirdly，fromtheconsiderationofmanyofthemtogether。
Fourthly，fromthealterationorsuccessionitself。
Forappetitewithanopinionofattainingiscalledhope。
Thesame，withoutsuchopinion，despair。
Aversion，withopinionofhurtfromtheobject，fear。
Thesame，withhopeofavoidingthathurtbyresistence，courage。
Suddencourage，anger。
Constanthope，confidenceofourselves。
Constantdespair，diffidenceofourselves。
Angerforgreathurtdonetoanother，whenweconceivethesametobedonebyinjury，indignation。
Desireofgoodtoanother，benevolence，goodwill，charity。Iftomangenerally，goodnature。
Desireofriches，covetousness：anameusedalwaysinsignificationofblame，becausemencontendingforthemaredispleasedwithoneanother’sattainingthem；thoughthedesireinitselfbetobeblamed，orallowed，accordingtothemeansbywhichthoserichesaresought。
Desireofoffice，orprecedence，ambition：anameusedalsointheworsesense，forthereasonbeforementioned。
Desireofthingsthatconducebutalittletoourends，andfearofthingsthatarebutoflittlehindrance，pusillanimity。