Thechildrenareveryprettyandattractive，andtheirfacesgivepromiseofanintelligencewhichislackinginthoseoftheadults。
Theyaremuchloved，andarecaressingaswellascaressed。TheinfantsofthemountainAinoshaveseedsofmilletputintotheirmouthsassoonastheyareborn，andthoseofthecoastAinosamorselofsalt-fish；andwhateverbethehourofbirth，“custom“
requiresthattheyshallnotbefeduntilanighthaspassed。Theyarenotweaneduntiltheyareatleastthreeyearsold。Boysarepreferredtogirls，butbotharehighlyvalued，andachildlesswifemaybedivorced。
Childrendonotreceivenamestilltheyarefourorfiveyearsold，andthenthefatherchoosesanamebywhichhischildisafterwardsknown。Youngchildrenwhentheytravelareeithercarriedontheirmothers’backsinanet，orinthebackoftheloosegarment；butinbothcasestheweightismainlysupportedbyabroadbandwhichpassesroundthewoman’sforehead。Whenmencarrythemtheyholdthemintheirarms。Thehairofveryyoungchildrenisshaven，andfromaboutfivetofifteentheboysweareitheralargetonsureortuftsabovetheears，whilethegirlsareallowedtogrowhairallovertheirheads。
Implicitandpromptobedienceisrequiredfrominfancy；andfromaveryearlyagethechildrenareutilisedbybeingmadetofetchandcarryandgoonmessages。Ihaveseenchildrenapparentlynotmorethantwoyearsoldsentforwood；andevenatthisagetheyaresothoroughlytrainedintheobservancesofetiquettethatbabiesjustabletowalknevertoddleintooroutofthishousewithoutformalsalutationstoeachpersonwithinit，themotheraloneexcepted。
Theydon’twearanyclothingtilltheyaresevenoreightyearsold，andarethendressedliketheirelders。Theirmannerstotheirparentsareveryaffectionate。Evento-day，inthechief’sawe-inspiringpresence，onedearlittlenudecreature，whohadbeensittingquietlyfortwohoursstaringintothefirewithherbigbrowneyes，rushedtomeethermotherwhensheentered，andthrewherarmsroundher，towhichthewomanrespondedbyalookoftruematernaltendernessandakiss。Theselittlecreatures，intheabsoluteunconsciousnessofinnocence，withtheirbeautifulfaces，olive-tintedbodies，——allthedarker，sadtosay，fromdirt，——theirperfectdocility，andabsenceofpryingcuriosity，areverybewitching。Theyallwearsilverorpewterornamentstiedroundtheirnecksbyawispofbluecotton。
Apparentlytheordinaryinfantilemaladies，suchaswhooping-coughandmeasles，donotafflicttheAinosfatally；butthechildrensufferfromacutaneousaffection，whichwearsoffastheyreachtheageoftenorelevenyears，aswellasfromseveretoothachewiththeirfirstteeth。
AinoClothing——HolidayDress——DomesticArchitecture——HouseholdGods——JapaneseCurios——TheNecessariesofLife——ClaySoup——ArrowPoison——Arrow-Traps——FemaleOccupations——BarkCloth——TheArtofWeaving。
Ainoclothing，forsavages，isexceptionallygood。Inthewinteritconsistsofone，two，ormorecoatsofskins，withhoodsofthesame，towhichthemenaddrudemoccasinswhentheygoouthunting。
Insummertheywearkimonos，orloosecoats，madeofclothwovenfromthesplitbarkofaforesttree。Thisisadurableandbeautifulfabricinvariousshadesofnaturalbuff，andsomewhatresembleswhatisknowntofancyworkersas“Panamacanvas。“Underthisaskinorbark-clothvestmayormaynotbeworn。Themenwearthesecoatsreachingalittlebelowtheknees，foldedoverfromrighttoleft，andconfinedatthewaistbyanarrowgirdleofthesamecloth，towhichisattachedarude，dagger-shapedknife，withacarvedandengravedwoodenhandleandsheath。Smokingisbynomeansageneralpractice；consequentlythepipeandtobacco-boxarenot，aswiththeJapanese，apartofordinarymaleattire。
Tightly-fittingleggings，eitherofbark-clothorskin，arewornbybothsexes，butneithershoesnorsandals。Thecoatwornbythewomenreacheshalf-waybetweenthekneesandankles，andisquitelooseandwithoutagirdle。Itisfastenedthewholewayuptothecollar-bone；andnotonlyistheAinowomancompletelycovered，butshewillnotchangeonegarmentforanotherexceptaloneorinthedark。LatelyaJapanesewomanatSarufutotookanAinowomanintoherhouse，andinsistedonhertakingabath，whichsheabsolutelyrefusedtodotillthebath-househadbeenmadequiteprivatebymeansofscreens。OntheJapanesewomangoingbackalittlelatertoseewhathadbecomeofher，shefoundhersittinginthewaterinherclothes；andonbeingremonstratedwith，shesaidthatthegodswouldbeangryiftheysawherwithoutclothes！
Manyofthegarmentsforholidayoccasionsareexceedinglyhandsome，beingdecoratedwith“geometrical“patterns，inwhichthe“Greekfret“takespart，incoarsebluecotton，braidedmostdexterouslywithscarletandwhitethread。Someofthehandsomesttakehalfayeartomake。Themasculinedressiscompletedbyanapronofoblongshapedecoratedinthesameelaboratemanner。
Thesehandsomesavages，withtheirpowerfulphysique，lookremarkablywellintheirbestclothes。Ihavenotseenaboyorgirlaboveninewhoisnotthoroughlyclothed。The“jewels“ofthewomenarelarge，hoopearringsofsilverorpewter，withattachmentsofaclassicalpattern，andsilverneckornaments，andafewhavebrassbraceletssolderedupontheirarms。Thewomenhaveaperfectpassionforeveryhueofred，andIhavemadefriendswiththembydividingamongthemalargeturkey-redsilkhandkerchief，stripsofwhicharealreadybeingutilisedfortheornamentingofcoats。
Thehousesinthefivevillagesuphereareverygood。SotheyareatHorobets，butatShiraoi，wheretheaboriginessufferfromthecloseproximityofseveralgrogshops，theyareinferior。TheydifferinmanywaysfromanythatIhavebeforeseen，approachingmostnearlytothegrasshousesofthenativesofHawaii。Customdoesnotappeartopermiteitherofvarietyorinnovations；inallthestyleisthesame，andthedifferenceconsistsinthesizeandplenishings。Thedwellingsseemill-fittedforarigorousclimate，butthesamethingmaybesaidofthoseoftheJapanese。Intheirhouses，asintheirfaces，theAinosaremoreEuropeanthantheirconquerors，astheypossessdoorways，windows，centralfireplaces，likethoseoftheHighlandersofScotland，andraisedsleeping-
Theusualappearanceisthatofasmallhousebuiltonattheendofalargerone。Thesmallhouseisthevestibuleorante-room，andisenteredbyalowdoorwayscreenedbyaheavymatofreeds。
Itcontainsthelargewoodenmortarandpestlewithtwoends，usedforpoundingmillet，awoodenreceptacleformillet，netsorhuntinggear，andsomebundlesofreedsforrepairingrooforwalls。Thisroomnevercontainsawindow。Fromitthelargeroomisenteredbyadoorway，overwhichaheavyreed-mat，boundwithhide，invariablyhangs。ThisroominBenri’scaseis35feetlongby25feetbroad，anotheris45feetsquare，thesmallestmeasures20feetby15。Onentering，oneismuchimpressedbythegreatheightandsteepnessoftheroof，altogetheroutofproportiontotheheightofthewalls。
Theframeofthehouseisofposts，4feet10incheshigh，placed4
feetapart，andslopingslightlyinwards。Theheightofthewallsisapparentlyregulatedbythatofthereeds，ofwhichonlyonelengthisused，andwhichneverexceed4feet10inches。Thepostsarescoopedatthetop，andheavypoles，restingonthescoops，arelaidalongthemtoformthetopofthewall。Thepostsareagainconnectedtwicebyslighterpolestiedonhorizontally。Thewallisdouble；theouterpartbeingformedofreedstiedveryneatlytotheframeworkinsmall，regularbundles，theinnerlayerorwallbeingmadeofreedsattachedsingly。Fromthetopofthepole，whichissecuredtothetopoftheposts，theframeworkoftheroofrisestoaheightoftwenty-twofeet，made，liketherest，ofpolestiedtoaheavyandroughly-hewnridge-beam。Atoneendundertheridge-beamthereisalargetriangularaperturefortheexitofsmoke。Twoverystout，roughly-hewnbeamscrossthewidthofthehouse，restingonthepostsofthewall，andonpropsletintothefloor，andanumberofpolesarelaidatthesameheight，bymeansofwhichasecondaryroofformedofmatscanbeatonceextemporised，butthisisonlyusedforguests。Thesepolesanswerthesamepurposeasshelves。Verygreatcareisbestowedupontheoutsideoftheroof，whichisamarvelofneatnessandprettiness，andhastheappearanceofaseriesoffrillsbeingthatchedinridges。Theridge-poleisverythicklycovered，andthethatchboththereandatthecornersiselaboratelylacedwithapatterninstrongpeeledtwigs。Thepoles，which，formuchoftheroom，runfromwalltowall，compelonetostoop，toavoidfracturingone’sskull，andbringingdownspears，bowsandarrows，arrow-
traps，andotherprimitiveproperty。Theroofandraftersareblackandshinyfromwoodsmoke。Immediatelyunderthem，atoneendandoneside，aresmall，squarewindows，whichareclosedatnightbywoodenshutters，whichduringtheday-timehangbyropes。
NothingisagreaterinsulttoanAinothantolookinathiswindow。
Ontheleftofthedoorwayisinvariablyafixedwoodenplatform，eighteenincheshigh，andcoveredwithasinglemat，whichisthesleeping-place。Thepillowsaresmallstiffbolsters，coveredwithornamentalmatting。Ifthefamilybelargethereareseveralofthesesleepingplatforms。Apolerunshorizontallyatafittingdistanceabovetheoutsideedgeofeach，overwhichmatsarethrowntoconcealthesleepersfromtherestoftheroom。Theinsidehalfofthesematsisplain，buttheoutside，whichisseenfromtheroom，hasadiamondpatternwovenintoitindullredsandbrowns。
Thewholeflooriscoveredwithaverycoarsereed-mat，withintersticeshalfaninchwide。Thefireplace，whichissixfeetlong，isoblong。Aboveit，onaveryblackandelaborateframework，hangsaveryblackandshinymat，whosesuperfluoussootformsthebasisofthestainusedintattooing，andwhoseapparentpurposeistopreventthesmokeascending，andtodiffuseitequallythroughouttheroom。Fromthisframeworkdependsthegreatcooking-pot，whichplaysamostimportantpartinAinoeconomy。