IbelievethatmostoftheBechuananationwouldhavedonethesame。
ButIwasassuredthatthepeoplenearthecoast，withwhomthePortuguesehavetodeal，havenotsomuchregardtodurabilityThisprobablyarisesfromcalicobeingthechiefcirculatingmedium；quantitybeingthenofmoreimportancethanquality。
Duringtheperiodofmyindisposition，thebishopsentfrequentlytomakeinquiries，and，assoonasIwasabletowalk，IwenttothankhimforhiscivilitiesHiswholeconversationandconductshowedhimtobeamanofgreatbenevolenceandkindnessofheartAlludingtomybeingaProtestant，hestatedthathewasaCatholicfromconviction；
andthoughsorrytoseeothers，likemyself，followinganotherpath，heentertainednouncharitablefeelings，norwouldheeversanctionpersecutingmeasuresHecomparedthevarioussectsofChristians，intheirwaytoheaven，toanumberofindividualschoosingtopassdownthedifferentstreetsofLoandatooneofthechurches
allwouldarriveatthesamepointatlastHisgoodinfluence，bothinthecityandthecountry，isuniversallyacknowledged：
hewaspromotingtheestablishmentofschools，which，thoughformedmoreonthemonasticprinciplethanProtestantsmightapprove，willnodoubtbeablessingHewaslikewisesuccessfullyattemptingtoabolishthenon-marriagecustomofthecountry；andseveralmarriageshadtakenplaceinLoandaamongthosewho，butforhisteaching，wouldhavebeencontentwithconcubinage。
StPauldeLoandahasbeenaveryconsiderablecity，butisnowinastateofdecayItcontainsabouttwelvethousandinhabitants，mostofwhomarepeopleofcolor。*Therearevariousevidencesofitsformermagnificence，especiallytwocathedrals，oneofwhich，onceaJesuitcollege，isnowconvertedintoaworkshop；
andinpassingtheother，wesawwithsorrowanumberofoxenfeedingwithinitsstatelywallsThreefortscontinueinagoodstateofrepairManylargestonehousesaretobefound。
Thepalaceofthegovernorandgovernmentofficesarecommodiousstructures，butnearlyallthehousesofthenativeinhabitantsareofwattleanddaub。
Treesareplantedalloverthetownforthesakeofshade，andthecitypresentsanimposingappearancefromthesea。
Itisprovidedwithaneffectivepolice，andthecustom-housedepartmentisextremelywellmanagedAllpartiesagreeinrepresentingthePortugueseauthoritiesasbothpoliteandobliging；
andifeveranyinconvenienceisfeltbystrangersvisitingtheport，itmustbeconsideredthefaultofthesystem，andnotofthemen。
*Fromthecensusof1850-51wefindthepopulationofthiscityarrangedthus：830whites，only160ofwhomarefemales。
Thisisthelargestcollectionofwhitesinthecountry，forAngolaitselfcontainsonlyabout1000whites。
Thereare2400half-castesinLoanda，andonly120ofthemslaves；
andthereare9000blacks，morethan5000ofwhomareslaves。
Theharborisformedbythelow，sandyislandofLoanda，whichisinhabitedbyabout1300souls，upwardof600ofwhomareindustriousnativefishermen，whosupplythecitywithabundanceofgoodfishdailyThespacebetweenitandthemainland，onwhichthecityisbuilt，isthestationforships。
Whenahighsouthwestwindblows，thewavesoftheoceandashoverpartoftheisland，and，drivinglargequantitiesofsandbeforethem，graduallyfilluptheharborGreatquantitiesofsoilarealsowashedintherainyseasonfromtheheightsabovethecity，sothattheport，whichoncecontainedwatersufficienttofloatthelargestshipsclosetothecustom-house，isnowatlowwaterdry。
Theshipsarecompelledtoanchoraboutamilenorthoftheiroldstation。
NearlyallthewaterconsumedinLoandaisbroughtfromtheRiverBengobymeansoflaunches，theonlysupplythatthecityaffordsbeingfromsomedeepwellsofslightlybrackishwater。
Unsuccessfulattemptshavebeenmadebydifferentgovernorstofinishacanal，whichtheDutch，whileinpossessionofLoandaduringthesevenyearspreceding1648，hadbegun，tobringwaterfromtheRiverCoanzatothecity。
ThereisnotasingleEnglishmerchantatLoanda，andonlytwoAmerican。
Thisisthemoreremarkable，asnearlyallthecommerceiscarriedonbymeansofEnglishcalicobroughthitherviaLisbon。
SeveralEnglishhousesattemptedtoestablishatradeabout1845，andacceptedbillsonRiodeJaneiroinpaymentfortheirgoods，buttheincreasedactivityofourcruisershadsuchaneffectuponthemercantilehousesofthatcitythatmostofthemfailed。
TheEnglishmerchantslostall，andLoandagotabadnameinthecommercialworldinconsequence。
Oneofthearrangementsofthecustom-housemayhavehadsomeinfluenceinpreventingEnglishtradeShipscomingheremustbeconsignedtosomeoneonthespot；theconsigneereceivesonehundreddollarspermast，andhegenerallymakesagreatdealmoreforhimselfbyputtingapercentageonboatsandmenhiredforloadingandunloading，andoneveryitemthatpassesthroughhishandsTheportchargesarealsorenderedheavybytwentydollarsbeingchargedasaperquisiteofthesecretaryofgovernment，withafeeforthechiefphysician，somethingforthehospital，custom-houseofficers，guards，etc。，etcBut，withallthesedrawbacks，theAmericanscarryonabriskandprofitabletradeincalico，biscuit，flour，butter，etc。，etc。
ThePortuguesehomegovernmenthasnotgenerallyreceivedthecreditforsincerityinsuppressingtheslave-tradewhichIconceivetobeitsdue。
In1839，myfriendMrGabrielsaw37slave-shipslyinginthisharbor，waitingfortheircargoes，undertheprotectionofthegunsoftheforts。
Atthattimeslavershadtowaitmanymonthsatatimeforahumanfreight，andacertainsumperheadwaspaidtothegovernmentforallthatwereexportedThedutiesderivedfromtheexportationofslavesfarexceededthosefromothercommerce，and，byagreeingtothesuppressionofthisprofitabletraffic，thegovernmentactuallysacrificedthechiefpartoftheexportrevenueSincethatperiod，however，therevenuefromlawfulcommercehasverymuchexceededthatonslaves。
TheintentionsofthehomePortuguesegovernment，howevergood，cannotbefullycarriedoutunderthepresentsystemThepayoftheofficersissoverysmallthattheyarenearlyallobligedtoengageintrade；
and，owingtothelucrativenatureoftheslave-trade，thetemptationtoengageinitissopowerful，thatthephilanthropicstatesmenofLisbonneedhardlyexpecttohavetheirhumaneandenlightenedviewscarriedout。
Thelaw，forinstance，latelypromulgatedfortheabolitionofthecarriersystemcarregadoresisbutoneofseveralequallyhumaneenactmentsagainstthismodeofcompulsorylabor，butthereisverylittleprobabilityofthebenevolentintentionsoftheLegislaturebeingcarriedintoeffect。
Loandaisregardedsomewhatasapenalsettlement，andthosewholeavetheirnativelandforthiscountrydosowiththehopeofgettingrichinafewyears，andthenreturninghomeTheyhavethusnomotiveforseekingthepermanentwelfareofthecountry。
ThePortugueselawpreventingthesubjectsofanyothernationfromholdinglandedpropertyunlesstheybecomenaturalized，thecountryhasneithertheadvantageofnativenorforeignenterprise，andremainsverymuchinthesamestateasouralliesfounditin1575。
NearlyalltheEuropeansoldierssentoutareconvicts，and，contrarytowhatmightbeexpectedfrommenintheirposition，behaveremarkablywellAfewriotshaveoccurred，butnothingatallsoseriousashavetakenplaceinourownpenalsettlements。
ItisaremarkablefactthatthewholeofthearmsofLoandaareeverynightinthehandsofthosewhohavebeenconvicts。
Variousreasonsforthismildbehaviorareassignedbytheofficers，butnoneofthese，whenviewedinconnectionwithourownexperienceinAustralia，appeartobevalidReligionseemstohavenoconnectionwiththechangePerhapstheclimatemayhavesomeinfluenceinsubduingtheirturbulentdisposition，fortheinhabitantsgenerallyareatimidrace；
theyarenothalfsobraveasourCaffresThepeopleofAmbrizranawaylikeaflockofsheep，andallowedthePortuguesetotakepossessionoftheircopperminesandcountrywithoutstrikingablow。
Ifwemusthaveconvictsettlements，attentiontotheclimatemightbeofadvantageintheselectionHereevenbullsaremuchtamerthanwithusInevermetwithaferociousoneinthiscountry，andthePortugueseusethemgenerallyforriding；anoxisseldomseen。
TheobjectswhichIhadinviewinopeningupthecountry，asstatedinafewnotesofmyjourney，publishedinthenewspapersofAngola，socommendedthemselvestothegeneralgovernmentandmerchantsofLoanda，that，attheinstanceofhisexcellencythebishop，ahandsomepresentforSekeletuwasgrantedbytheBoardofPublicWorksJuntadaFazendaPublicaItconsistedofacolonel’scompleteuniformandahorseforthechief，andsuitsofclothingforallthemenwhoaccompaniedmeThemerchantsalsomadeapresent，bypublicsubscription，ofhandsomespecimensofalltheirarticlesoftrade，andtwodonkeys，forthepurposeofintroducingthebreedintohiscountry，astsetsecannotkillthisbeastofburdenThesepresentswereaccompaniedbylettersfromthebishopandmerchants；andIwaskindlyfavoredwithlettersofrecommendationtothePortugueseauthoritiesinEasternAfrica。
Itookwithmeagoodstockofcottoncloth，freshsuppliesofammunitionandbeads，andgaveeachofmymenamusket。
Asmycompanionshadamassedconsiderablequantitiesofgoods，theywereunabletocarrymine，butthebishopfurnishedmewithtwentycarriers，andsentforwardorderstoallthecommandantsofthedistrictsthroughwhichweweretopasstorendermeeveryassistanceintheirpowerBeingnowsuppliedwithagoodnewtentmadebymyfriendsonboardthePhilomel，weleftLoandaonthe20thofSeptember，1854，andpassedroundbyseatothemouthoftheRiverBengo。
Ascendingthisriver，wewentthroughthedistrictinwhichstandtheruinsoftheconventofStAntonio；thenceintoIcolloiBengo，whichcontainsapopulationof6530blacks，172mulattoes，and11whites，andissonamedfromhavingbeentheresidenceofaformernativeking。
Theproportionofslavesisonly3。38percentoftheinhabitants。
Thecommandantofthisplace，LaurenceJoseMarquis，isafrankoldsoldierandamosthospitableman；heisoneofthefewwhosecuretheuniversalapprobationoftheirfellow-menforstern，unflinchinghonesty，andhasrisenfromtherankstobeamajorinthearmy。
Wewereaccompaniedthusfarbyourgeneroushost，EdmundGabriel，Esq。，who，byhisunweariedattentionstomyself，andliberalityinsupportingmymen，hadbecomeendearedtoallourheartsMymenwerestronglyimpressedwithasenseofhisgoodness，andoftenspokeofhimintermsofadmirationallthewaytoLinyanti。
Whileherewevisitedalargesugarmanufactorybelongingtoalady，DonnaAnnadaSousaTheflatalluviallandsonthebanksoftheSenzaorBengoarewelladaptedforraisingsugar-cane，andthisladyhadasurprisingnumberofslaves，butsomehowtheestablishmentwasfarfrombeinginaflourishingconditionItpresentedsuchacontrasttothefree-laborestablishmentsoftheMauritius，whichIhavesinceseen，where，withnotonetenthofthenumberofhands，orsuchgoodsoil，amanofcolorhad，inoneyear，cleared5000Poundsbyasinglecrop，thatIquotethefact，inhopesitmaymeettheeyeofDonnaAnna。
Thewateroftheriverismuddy，anditisobservedthatsuchrivershavemanymoremosquitoesthanthosewhichhaveclearwater。
Itwasremarkedtousherethattheseinsectsaremuchmorenumerousattheperiodofnewmoonthanatothertimes；atanyrate，wewereallthankfultogetawayfromtheSenzaanditsinsectplagues。
Thewholeofthispartofthecountryiscomposedofmarlytufa，containingthesamekindofshellsasthoseatpresentaliveintheseas。
Asweadvancedeastwardandascendedthehigherlands，wefounderuptivetrap，whichhadtiltedupimmensemassesofmicaandsandstoneschists。
Themicaschistalmostalwaysdippedtowardtheinteriorofthecountry，formingthosemountainrangesofwhichwehavealreadyspokenasgivingahighlandcharactertothedistrictofGolungoAlto。
Thetraphasfrequentlyrunthroughthegorgesmadeintheupheavedrocks，andatthepointsofjunctionbetweentheigneousandolderrockstherearelargequantitiesofstronglymagneticironore。