Bentivoglio，InternuncioatBrussels，whosedutyitwastosuperintendaffairsinIreland，heresyhadmadelittleprogresseveninthecities，whilethenobilityandgentrywerenearlyallCatholic。ThereweretheninIrelandabouteighthundredsecularpriests，onehundredandthirtyFranciscans，twentyJesuits，andafewBenedictinesandDominicans，ofwhomtheFranciscanswereheldinspecialesteem。ThebestofthesecularclergywerethosewhocamefromDouay，Bordeaux，Lisbon，andSalamanca。[28]Inthefollowingyear1614ArchbishopMatthewsofDublinheldaprovincialsynodatKilkennyatwhichmanyusefulregulationsweremaderegardingtheconductoftheclergy，preaching，catechising，thecelebrationofMass，theadministrationofthesacraments，therelationsbetweenthesecularandregularclergy，thereadingofcontroversialliterature，andtheobservanceandnumberoffast-daysandholidays。[29]IntheprovinceofArmaghDr。Rothe，actingunderauthorityreceivedfromPeterLombard，convokedaprovincialsynodatDrogheda1614。Itwasattendedbyvicarsfromtheseveraldiocesesandbyrepresentativesofthevariousreligiousorders，andpassedregulationssomewhatsimilartothoseenactedatKilkenny。Inbothsynodstheclergywerewarnedtoabstainfromthediscussionofstateaffairsandfromdisobediencetothecivilrulersintemporalmatters。AtDroghedathenewOathofAllegianceframedbyJamesI。wascondemnedasbeingopposedtofaithandreligion；
Catholicswerecommandednottohaverecoursetoprevaricationorwaveringinregardtoit，buttorejectitopenly，andwerewarnedagainstattendanceatdivineworshipinProtestantchurcheseventhoughtheyhadpreviouslymadeadeclarationthattheymeantonlytopayamarkofrespecttothecivilrulers。[30]AtthesameperiodtheFranciscansandDominicansfoundednewcollegesontheContinent，atDouayandLisbon，tosupplypriestsfortheirmissionsinIreland。
DuringthelateryearsofElizabeth\'sreignthedisturbedconditionofthecountrymadeitimpossibletoconveneaParliament，andaftertheaccessionofJamesI。hisadvisersfearedtosummonsuchabodylesttheymightbeunabletocontrolit。Still，theyneverlostsightoftheadvantageitwouldbetotheircausecouldtheysecureparliamentarysanctionfortheconfiscationandplantationofUlster，andforthenewmethodsemployedforthepunishmentofrecusants。
Theseforsofarhadbehindthemonlytheforceofroyalproclamations，andtheirlegalitywasopentothegravestdoubt。ThegreatobstaclethatmustbeovercomebeforeaParliamentcouldbeconvokedwasthefactthatbothintheHouseofCommonsandintheHouseofLordstheCatholicsmightfindthemselvesinamajority。Topreventsuchadirecatastropheitwasdeterminedtocreateanumberofnewparliamentaryboroughssothatmanyplaces\"thatcouldscarcelypasstherankofthepoorestvillagesinthepoorestcountryinChristendom\"wereallowedtoreturnmembers，providedonlythatitwascertaintheywouldreturnProtestants。Nineteenofthethirty-ninenewboroughsweresituatedinUlster，wheretheplantationshadgiventheEnglishandScotchsettlersapreponderance。IntheHouseofLordsthesituationwasalsocritical，butitwashopedthatbysummoningalltheProtestantbishopsandalsocertainpeersofEnglandwhohadgotgrantsofterritoryinIrelandthegovernmentcouldcountonamajority，especiallyassomeoftheCatholiclordswereminors，andassuchnotentitledtosit。FormonthstheplansforpackingtheParliamentandforpreparingaschemeofanti-Catholiclegislationwerebeingconcocted，andtheCatholiclords，knowingwellwhatwasgoingon，feltsoalarmedthattheylodgedasolemnprotestwiththekingagainsttheerectionoftownsandcorporations\"consistingofsomefewpoorandbeggarlycottages\"intoparliamentaryboroughs，againstthewholesaleexclusionofCatholicsfromofficeonaccountoftheirreligion，andconjuredtheking\"togiveorderthattheproceedingsofParliamentmaybeconductedwithmoderationandindifferency。\"Inspiteofthisprotestthenewboroughswerecreated，andtheelectionswerecarriedoutinthemosthigh-handedmanner，thesheriffshesitatingatnothingsolongastheycouldsecurethenominationofProtestantrepresentatives。
OnthedayprecedingtheopeningofParliamentfixedfor18thMay1613theCatholicLordsofthePaleaddressedaprotesttotheLordDeputy。TheyassertedthatwhileseveraloftheIrishCatholicnoblesentitledtositintheHouseofLordswerenotsummoned，EnglishandScotchlords\"alreadyparliantinotherkingdoms\"hadbeeninvitedtoattend，thatnewcorporationshadbeencreated，manyofthemsinceParliamentwassummoned，withoutanyrightortitleexcepttoassureaProtestantmajority，thatthesheriffsandreturningofficershadactedmostunfairlyduringtheelection，andthataParliamentsitting\"intheprincipalfortandcastleofthekingdom，\"surroundedby\"numbersofarmedmen，\"couldnotberegardedasafreeassembly。WhentheHouseofCommonsmetonthefollowingdaytheCatholicsproposedthatSirJohnEverard，whohadbeendismissedfromhisofficeofjudgebecauseherefusedtheoathofsupremacy，shouldbeelectedspeaker，whiletheProtestantsproposedSirJohnDaviesforthisposition。TheCatholics，knowingwellthatifthereturnsofthesheriffswereacceptedtheywouldfindthemselvesintheminority，maintainedthatthemembersagainstwhosereturnobjectionhadbeenlodgedshouldnotbeallowedtovote。Onthisbeingrefused，theytriedtopreventavotebeingtaken，andwhenthesupportersofDaviesleftthechambertotakeacount，theCatholicsinstalledSirJohnEverardinthechair。TheProtestants，claimingthattheyhadaclearmajority，onehundredandtwenty-sevenoutofapossibletwohundredandthirty-two，removedSirJohnEverardbyforce，andadoptedSirJohnDaviesasspeaker。TheCatholicsthenleftthechamber，andbothLordsandCommonersrefusedtoattendanyfurthersessionsuntiltheyshouldhavelaidtheirgrievancesbeforetheking。Inconsequenceoftheirrefusalitwasnecessarytosuspendtheparliamentarysession，andbothpartiesdirectedalltheirattentiontoanappealtotheking。
TheCatholicssenttoLondonastheirrepresentatives，LordsGormanstonandDunboyne，SirJamesGoughandSirChristopherPlunkett，WilliamTalbotandEdwardFitzHarris，andagenerallevywasmadethroughoutthekingdomtoraisemoneytopaytheirexpenses。AgreatdealoftimewaswastedininquiriesinLondonandinIreland。JamesfounditdifficulttodecideagainsttheLordDeputy，whileatthesametimehecouldnotshuthiseyestothejusticeofseveraloftheclaimantsbroughtunderhisnoticebytheCatholics。Atonetimehepromisedtheirdelegatesthathewouldnotinterferewiththefreeexerciseoftheirreligionprovidedtheyadmitteditwasnotlawfultodeprivehimofhiscrownortoofferviolencetohisperson，butwhentheLordDeputywrotewarninghimoftheeffectthisspeechhadproducedinIreland，James，whilenotdenyingthathehadusedthewordsattributedtohim，issuedaproclamationannouncingthathewouldnevergrantreligioustoleration，andorderingallbishops，Jesuits，friars，andprieststodepartfromthekingdombeforethe30thofSeptember1614。InApril1614thekingdecidedtoannulthirteenofthereturnsimpeachedbytheCatholics，butinregardtotheothermattersofcomplainthegavejudgmentinfavouroftheLordDeputy。InapersonalinterviewwiththeCatholiclordshepointedoutthatitwashisprivilegetocreateasmanypeersandparliamentaryboroughsasheliked。\"Themorethemerrier，thefewerthebettercheer。\"Heinformedthem，too，thattheywereonlyhalfsubjectssolongastheyacknowledgedthePope，andcould，therefore，expecttohaveonlyhalfprivileges，andexpressedthehopethatbytheirfuturegoodbehaviourinParliamenttheymightmeritnotonlyhispardonbut\"hisfavourandcherishing。\"
InOctober1614Parliamentwasatlastreadytoproceedwithitsbusiness。DuringthecourseofthenegotiationsitwouldappearthattheplanofpassingnewpenallegislationagainstCatholicswasabandoned。ItwasintendedatfirsttoenactaveryseveremeasurefortheexpulsionofJesuitsandseminarypriests，andanotherframedwiththeintentionofmakingthelawsagainstCatholicsinEnglandbindinginIreland。Buttheseclauseswerestruckout，probablyasaresultofabargainbetweentheCatholiclordsandtheking。InreturnforthistolerationtheCatholiclordsagreedtosupporttheActofAttainderpassedagainstO\'NeillandO\'Donnell，togetherwiththeiraidersandabettors，andtoapproveofthewholesaleconfiscationthathadtakenplaceinUlster。InvaindidFlorenceConry，ArchbishopofTuam，callupontheCatholicmemberstostandfirmagainstsuchinjustice。Hiswarning，thatiftheyconsentedtotherobberyoftheirco-religionistsoftheNorththeirownturntoberobbedwouldsurelycome，fellupondeafears。TheirloyaltytoEnglandhadnervedthemtodrawtheirswordsagainstO\'Neill，anditnervedthemalsotoassistChichesterandDaviestocarryontheUlsterPlantations。WellmightthelatterboastinhislettertotheEarlofSomersetthattheserviceperformedbythisParliamentwas\"ofsuchimportance，asgreaterhasnotbeeneffectedinanyParliamentofIrelandthesehundredyears。For，first，thenewerectedboroughshavetakenplace，whichwillbeperpetualseminariesofProtestantburgesses，sinceitisprovidedinthechartersthattheprovostandtwelvechiefburgesses，whoaretoelectalltherest，mustalwaysbesuchaswilltaketheOathofSupremacy。Next，allthestatesofthekingdomhaveattaintedTyrone，themostnotoriousanddangeroustraitorthateverwasinIreland，whereofforeignnationswilltakenotice，becauseithasbeengivenoutthatTyronehadleftmanyfriendsbehindhim，andthatonlytheProtestantswishedhisutterruin。Besides，thisattaindersettlesthePlantationofUlster。\"[31]
Chichester，whohadplannedthePlantationofUlster，andwhohadenrichedhimselfoutofthespoilsoftheNorthernprinces，wasremovedfromofficein1615，andwassucceededbySirOliverSt。John，whocametoIrelanddeterminedtosupporttheanti-Catholiccampaign。
InashorttimemorethaneightyofthebestcitizensofDublinwereinprisonbecausetheyrefusedtheoathofsupremacy，andthroughoutthecountry，jurorswhorefusedtoconvicttheCatholicswerethemselvesheldprisoners，sothatthejailsweresoonfulltooverflowing。Immensesumswereleviedoffbothpoorandrichfornon-
attendanceatProtestantreligiousservice。IntheCountyCavan，forexample，thefinesforoneyearamountedtoabout￡8，000，[32]whilelargesumswerepaidbytheCatholicnoblemenforprotectionfromtheProtestantinquisitors。Newplantationswereundertaken，onthelinesoftheUlsterPlantation，inWexford，Longford，King\'sCounty，andLeitrim，though，nothavingbeencarriedoutsothoroughlyorsosystematicallyastheformer，theyhadnotthesamemeasureofsuccess。AllCatholicnoblemensucceedingtopropertywereobligedtotaketheoathofsupremacy，thoughapparentlytheycouldprocureexemptionfromthistestbythepaymentofafine，buttheCourtofWardstookcarethatminorsshouldbeentrustedtoProtestantguardians，andshouldbesentifpossibletoTrinityCollege。BymeanssuchastheseElizabethandJamessucceededinProtestantisingacertainnumberoftheheirstoIrishestates。Proclamationswereissuedoncemoreagainsttheclergy，bothsecularandregular，andsoviolentwasthepersecutionthattheBishopsofIrelandaddressedapetitiontotheCatholicrulersofEurope，andespeciallytotheKingofSpain，askingthemtointercedewithJamesonbehalfofhisIrishCatholicsubjects1617。[33]
ThenegotiationsforthemarriageofPrinceCharlestoaSpanishprincessmadeitnecessaryforthekingtobemoreguardedinhisreligiouspolicyinIreland。OliverSt。John，whohadshownhimselftobesuchabitterenemyoftheCatholics，wasremovedfromoffice，andLordFalklandwassentoverasDeputyin1622。Rumourswereafloatonallsidesthathispolicywastobeoneoftoleration。TheProtestantswerealarmedandattheinstallationofthenewDeputySept。1622
JamesUssher，thenProtestantBishopofMeath，takingashistext，\"Hebearethnottheswordinvain，\"preachedaviolentsermoninfavourofreligiouspersecution。PrimateHamptonwroteimmediatelytothepreacher，reprovinghimforhisimprudence，askinghimtoexplainawaywhathehadsaidaboutthesword，andadvisinghimtospendmoreofhistimeinhisowndioceseofMeath，wherematterswerefarfrombeingsatisfactory。[34]OnthereturnofCharlesfromSpainanewproclamationwasissued1624orderingall\"titularypopisharchbishops，bishops，vicars-general，abbots，priors，deans，Jesuits，friars，seminarypriests，andothersofthatsect，madeorordainedbyauthorityderivedfromtheSeeofRomeorotherforeignpartstodepartfromthekingdomwithinfortydaysunderpainofhisMajesty\'sindignationandpenalties。Ifanyofthesedaredtoremain，orifanypersonsdaredtoreceivethem，theoffendersweretobelodgedinprison，\"totheendsuchfurtherordermaybetakenfortheirpunishmentasbyusshallbethoughtfit。\"[35]
AfullaccountofthepositionoftheCatholicsofIrelandisgiveninaletterwrittenfromDublinin1623。CatholicminorswerecompelledtoaccepttheoathofsupremacybeforetheycouldgetlettersoffreedomfromtheCourtofWardsestablished1617；allmayors，magistrates，officials，etc。，ofcorporatetownswerecommandedtotaketheoathunderpenaltyofhavingtheirtownsdisenfranchised；
priestswerearrestedandkeptinprison；laymenwerepunishedbysentencesofexcommunicationandbyfinesfornon-attendanceatProtestantworship；theyweresummonedbeforetheconsistorialcourtsforhavinghadtheirchildrenbaptisedbythepriestsandwerepunishedwiththegreatestindignities；CatholicswereforbiddentoteachschoolandCatholicparentswereforbiddentosendtheirchildrenabroad；theCatholicinhabitantsofDroghedawereindictedbeforeaProtestantjury，andhavingbeenfoundguiltyofrecusancy，theystoodindangerofhavingalltheirpropertyforfeited；inLouththejurieswereorderedtodrawupalistofRecusants；whenthreeCatholicjurorsrefusedtheywerethrownintoprisonandobligedtogivesecuritytoappearbeforetheDublinStarChamber；andinCavanproceedingsofasimilarkindweretaken。[36]
AmongstthedistinguishedbishopsoftheIrishChurchatthisperiodwerePeterLombard，ArchbishopofArmagh1601-25，anativeofWaterford，whostudiedatOxfordandLouvain，wasappointedaprofessoratthelatterseatoflearning，tookaveryprominentpartinthe/CongregatiodeAuxiliis/，publishedsometheologicaltreatisestogetherwithanecclesiasticalhistoryofIreland，entitled，/DeRegnoHiberniae，Sanctoruminsula，Commentarius/，[37]butwhoonaccountofthedangerofstirringupstillgreaterpersecutionnevervisitedhisdiocese；EugeneMatthewsorMacMahon，BishopofClogher1609andArchbishopofDublin1611whodidsplendidworkfortheIrishChurchbythedecreespassedintheprovincialsynodatKilkenny1614aswellasbyhissuccessfuleffortsforthefoundationofthePastoralCollegeatLouvain；DavidO\'Kearney，appointedtoCashel1603assuccessortothemartyredArchbishopO\'Hurley，whothoughhuntedfromplacetoplacecontinuedtofillthedutiesofhisofficetillabouttheyear1618，whenhewenttoRome；andFlorenceConry，ArchbishopofTuam，aFranciscan，whoservedwiththearmyoftheNorthernPrinces，andwhowasspeciallydetestedbytheEnglishgovernmentonaccountofhisloyaldefenceofO\'Neill。NotbeingallowedtoreturntoIreland，hedevotedhimselftothestudyoftheology，andwastheauthorofseveralveryimportantworks，someofwhichwerenot，however，freefromthesuspicionofsomethingakintoJansenism。ByfarthemostusefulbookhecomposedwashiscelebratedIrishCatechismpublishedatLouvainin1626。[38]
DuringtheopeningyearsofthereignofCharlesI。1625-49thepersecutionwasmuchlessviolent，andasCharleswasmarriedtoaFrenchCatholicprincessandashehadpromisedsolemnlynottoenforcethelawsagainstCatholics，itwashopedthatatlonglasttheymightexpecttoleration。ThedistinguishedFranciscanThomasFleming，sonoftheBaronofSlane，whohadreceivedhiseducationintheIrishFranciscanCollegeatLouvain，wasappointedArchbishopofDublin1623，andarrivedinIrelandtwoyearslater。HewasabletoreportthattheconductoftheCatholicsnotonlyinDublinbutthroughoutIrelandwasworthyofeverypraise，andtopointtothefactthatmanywhomadethepilgrimagetoSt。Patrick\'sPurgatoryinLoughDergwereobligedtoreturnwithoutsatisfyingtheirpiousdesiresbecausetheislandwassocrowdedthattherewasnoroomforthemtoland。ChapelswereopenedinsomeofthelesspretentiousstreetsinDublin；communitiesofreligiousorderstookupfixedresidencesinthecapital；andtheJesuitssummonedhomesomeoftheirablestteacherstomanaCatholicUniversitywhichtheyopenedinBackLane1627。Thegovernmentstoodinneedofmoneytoequipandsupportanewarmy，thenconsiderednecessaryonaccountofthethreateningattitudeofFrance，andinordertoobtainfundsalargebodybothoftheProtestantandCatholicnobilitywereinvitedtocometoDublinfordiscussion。Theywereofferedcertainconcessionsor\"Graces\"inreturnforasubsidy，andtoplacatetheCatholicpeersitwassaidthatthefinesfornon-attendanceatchurchwouldnotbelevied，andthattheymightexpecttacittoleration。
TheverymentionoftolerationfilledtheProtestantbishopswithalarm，and，consideringthefactthattheyweredependentuponcoercionforwhatevercongregationstheyhad，theirrageisnotunintelligible。JamesUssher，whohadbecomeProtestantPrimateofArmagh，convokedanassemblyofthebishops。Theydeclaredthat:\"ThereligionofthePapistsissuperstitiousandidolatrous，theirchurchinrespectofboth，apostatical。Togivethem，therefore，atoleration，ortoconsentthattheymayfreelyexercisetheirreligion，andprofesstheirfaithanddoctrineisagrievoussin，andthatintworespects。Foritistomakeourselvesaccessory，notonlytotheirsuperstitions，idolatries，andheresies，andinaword，toalltheabominationsofPopery；butalso，whichisaconsequentoftheformer，totheperditionoftheseducedpeople，whichperishinthedelugeofCatholicapostacy。Tograntthemtoleration，inrespectofanymoneytobegiven，orcontributiontobemadebythem，istosetreligiontosale，andwithit，thesoulsofthepeople，whomChristourSaviourhathredeemedwithHismostpreciousblood。\"[39]TheIrishdeputiesarrivedinLondontoseekaconfirmationofthe\"Graces\"attheverytimethatthethirdParliamentofCharles1627waspetitioninghimtoputinforcethelawsagainsttheRecusants。ThemembersoftheEnglishHouseofCommonscomplainedthatreligiouscommunitiesofmenandwomenhadbeensetupinDublinandinseveralofthelargercities，thatIrelandwasswarmingwithJesuits，friars，andpriests，thatthepeoplewhoattendedformerlytheProtestantservicehadceasedtoattend，thatinDublintherewerethirteenmass-
houses，andthatPapistswereallowedtoactasarmyofficers，andPapistswerebeingtrainedassoldiers。\"[40]InthesecircumstancestheCatholicmembersofthedeputationconsentedtoabandontheirclaimsforfulltoleration，thoughitwasunderstoodthatthefinesleviedonaccountofabsencefromProtestantservicewouldnotbeenforced，buttheywerepromisedthatCatholiclawyerswouldbeallowedtopractisewithoutbeingobligedtotaketheoathofsupremacy。Inreturnforthepromised\"Graces，\"whichweretoberatifiedimmediatelyinParliament，theIrishnoblespromisedtopayasumof￡120，000forthesupportofthenewarmy。
ThepromisedParliamentwasnotheld，norwerethe\"Graces\"concededeithertotheIrishgenerallyortotheCatholics。Still，therewasnoactivepersecutionforsometime。TheprovincialoftheCarmelitesinDublinwasabletoreporttothePropaganda1629that\"alltheecclesiasticsnowpubliclyperformtheirsacredfunctions，andpreparesuitableplacesforofferingtheholysacrifice，andthatwithopendoors；theynowpreachtothepeople，sayMass，anddischargealltheirotherdutieswithoutbeingmolestedbyanyone。\"TheCarmelites，hewrote，\"hadalargechurch，butnotsufficienttocontainone-sixthofthecongregation；thepeopleflockedincrowdstoConfession，andHolyCommunion；theFranciscans，Dominicans，Capuchins，andJesuitswerehardatwork；andtheparishesweresuppliedwithparishpriestswhoresidedintheirdistrictsandweresupportedbythevoluntaryofferingsofthepeople。\"[41]Fromareportoftheyear1627，itisclearthattheDominicanshadoverfiftypriestsoftheirOrderinIreland，togetherwithseveralnovicesandstudents。[42]
ButalreadytheenemiesoftheCatholicreligionwereatwork，and，asaresult，aproclamationwasissuedbyLordFalklandin1629
commandingthatallmonasteries，convents，colleges，andreligioushousesshouldbedissolved，thatallreligiousandpriestsshouldceasetoteachortoperformanyreligiousserviceinanypublicchapelororatory，ortoteachinanyplacewhatsoeverinthekingdom，andthatallownersofreligioushousesandschoolsshouldapplythemtootheruseswithoutdelay1629。AtfirstnonoticewastakenofthisproclamationinDublinorinanyofthecitiesofIreland。Ussherwrotetocomplainofthe\"unreverendmanner\"inwhichtheproclamationwasmadeinDrogheda。\"Itwasdoneinscornfulandcontemptuoussort，adrunkensoldierbeingfirstsetuptoreadit，andthenadrunkensergeantofthetown，makingthesametoseemlikeaMay-game。\"Thepriestsandfriarsmerelyclosedthefrontdoorsofthechurches，hesaid，butthepeopleflockedtothechurchesasusualbyprivatepassages。[43]LordFalklanddoesnotseemtohavemadeanydeterminedefforttocarryouttheroyalproclamationinDublin，butunfortunatelyhewasrecalledin1629，andintheintervalfromhisdeparturetillthearrivalofSirThomasWentworth1632Loftus，ViscountofEly，andLordCorkwereappointedasLordsJustices。
Immediatelythepersecutionbegan。TheProtestantArchbishopofDublin，accompaniedbyabodyofsoldiers，madearaidupontheCarmeliteChurchinCookStreetwhileMasswasbeingcelebratedonSt。
Stephen\'sDay，destroyedthealtarandstatues，andseizedtwoofthepriests；butthepeoplesetuponthearchbishopandthesoldiers，andrescuedtheprisoners。Thetroopswerecalledoutatonce，andseveraloftheDublinaldermenwerelodgedinprison。Mostofthechurcheswereseized，andtheJesuitUniversitywasgivenovertoTrinityCollege。AttacksofasimilarkindweremadeonthehousesandchurchesoftheregularclergyinCork，Waterford，Limerick，andinvariousotherpartsofthecountry。AnorderwasissuedbytheLordsJusticesthatSt。Patrick\'sPurgatorytogether\"withSt。Patrick\'sbedandallthevaults，cells，andallotherhousesandbuildingsshouldbedemolished，andthatthesuperstitiousstonesandmaterialshouldbecastintothelough。\"CatholicdeputieshastenedtoLondontolaytheirgrievancesbeforetheking，but，thoughhewasnotunwillingtohelpthem，hefounditdifficulttodomuchforthemonaccountofthestronganti-CatholicfeelinginEngland。QueenHenriettaMariadidappealtothenewDeputytorestoreSt。Patrick\'sPurgatory，but，asitwassituated\"inthemidstofthegreatScottishPlantation，\"hefearedtograntherrequestatthetime。LordCorkreportedthat\"hehadsetuptwohousesofcorrectionindissolvedfriaries，inwhichthebeggarlyyouthsaretaughttrades。\"ButsoonthekingandWentworthgrewalarmedaboutthestormthatthejusticeswerecreatinginIreland。TheCatholiclordsthreatenedthatunlessanendwereputtothepersecution，whichwascontrarytothe\"Graces\"thathadbeenpromised，theywouldrefusetopaythesubsidytheyhadpromised，andlettersweresentbothbythekingandWentworththrowingtheblameonLoftusandLordCork，andreprovingthemforwhattheyhaddone。[44]
In1632SirThomasWentworth，afterwardsEarlofStrafford，arrivedinIrelandasLordDeputy。Hewasastrongman，intenselydevotedtotheking，anddeterminedtoreduceallpartiesinIrelandtosubjection。
InreligionhewasaHighChurchmanoftheschoolofLaud，andopposedtotheScotchPresbyteriansoftheNorthofIslandalmostasmuchastotheIrishCatholics。FromthebeginninghewasdeterminedtoraisetherevenuesofthecrowninIreland，toestablishastrongstandingarmy，andtosecurethefuturepeaceofthecountrybycarryingoutaschemeofplantationsinConnaughtandMunsteralongthelinesfollowedbytheadvisersofJamesI。incaseofUlster。OneofhisfirstactsafterhisarrivalinIrelandwastocommissionDr。JohnBramhall，afterwardsProtestantBishopofDerryandPrimate，toholdaninquiryintothestateoftheProtestantChurch。Thelatter，afterhavingmadesomeinvestigations，informedArchbishopLaudthathefounditdifficulttosay\"whetherthechurchesweremoreruinousandsordidorthepeopleirreverentinDublin，\"thatoneparochialchurchinDublinhadbeenconvertedintoastable，anotherhadbecomeanobleman\'smansion，whileathirdwasbeingusedasatennis-court，ofwhichthevicaractedaskeeper。ThevaultsofChrist\'sChurchhadbeenleasedtoPapists\"astipplingroomsforbeer，wine，andtobacco，\"sothatthecongregationstoodindangerofbeingpoisonedbythefumes，andthetablefortheadministrationofHolyCommunionwasmade\"anordinaryseatformaidsandapprentices。\"\"Theinferiorsortsofministerswerebelowalldegreesofcontempt，inrespectoftheirpovertyandtheirignorance，\"anditwastoldhimthatonebishopheldthreeandtwentybeneficeswithcareofsouls。[45]
Wentworthlostnotimeintryingtoraisemoneyforthearmy，butmanyofthelords，bothCatholicandProtestant，weresoannoyedattherefusaltoconfirmthe\"Graces\"andatthedelayincallingtheParliamentthathadbeenpromised，thatWentworthwasforcedtomakesomeconcession。Parliamentwasconvokedtomeetin1634，andtheLordDeputynominatedhisownsupportersintheboroughs，soastocounter-
balancetherepresentationfromthecounties，whichrepresentationhecouldnotinallcasescontrol。TheCatholicswerestrongintheLowerHouseparticularly，butcarewastakenthattheyshouldbeinaminority。Themainquestionwasthegrantingofsubsidies，butseveraloftheProtestantsandalltheCatholicsdemandedthatthe\"Graces\"
shouldfirstbeconfirmed。BothProtestantandCatholiclandownerswereinterestedinsafeguardingthetitlestotheirpropertybyhavingitenactedthatsixtyyears\'possessionshouldberegardedasasufficientproofofownership。AssuchanenactmentwouldhaveupsetallWentworth\'splansforawholesaleplantation，hesucceededinresistingsuchameasure，andpartlybythreats，partlybyunderhanddealingswithparticularindividualsheobtainedagrantofgeneroussubsidieswithoutanyconfirmationofthe\"Graces。\"InApril1635
Parliamentwasdissolved，andalmostimmediatelytheLordDeputymadepreparationsforactingunderthecommissionforinquiringintodefectivetitlesgrantedtohimbytheking。\"AlltheProtestantsareforplantations，\"hewrote，\"andalltheothersareagainstthem。IftheCatholicjuriesrefusetofindaverdictinfavouroftheking，thenrecoursemustbehadtoParliament，whereaProtestantmajorityisassured。\"PortionsofTipperary，Clare，andKilkennyweresecuredwithoutmuchdifficulty，butnothinglessthanthewholeofConnaughtwouldsatisfytheDeputy。Roscommonwasthefirstcountyselected，andtheCommissioners，includingtheLordDeputy，arrivedinBoyletoholdtheinquiryJuly1635。Thejury，havingbeeninformedbyWentworththat，whethertheyfoundinhisfavourornot，thekingwasdeterminedtoasserthisclaimstotheircounty，andthattheironlyhopeofmercywastheirpromptobedience，deliveredtherequiredverdict。
SligoandMayoalsomadetheirsubmission。InGalway，however，thejuryfoundagainsttheking。Inconsequenceofthisthesheriffwasfined￡1，000andplacedunderbailtoappearbeforetheStarChamber，andthejurymenwerethreatenedwithseverepunishment。Theywerefined￡4，000eachandorderedtobeimprisonedtilltheyshouldpaythefullamount。InthiswaythewholeofConnaught，withtheexceptionofLeitrimwhichwasplantedalready，togetherwithagreatpartofClare，Tipperary，andKilkennywasconfiscatedtothecrown。
ButWentworthpostponedtheplantationofConnaughttoamorefavourableperiod，andbeforeanysuchperiodarrivedhehadlostbothhisofficeandhishead。ThedangertoCharlesI。fromtheScotchCovenanterswasalreadyapparent，andCharlesurgedhisDeputytoraiseanarmyinIreland。Duringtheyears1639and1640theworkoftrainingthearmy，manyoftheofficersofwhichandmostofthesoldiers，wereCatholics，waspushedforward，butthetriumphoftheScotsandtheexecutionoftheEarlofStraffordinApril1641madeitimpossibletouseitforthepurposeforwhichitwasdesigned。ActingontheinstigationoftheEnglishParliament，CharlessentanorderthattheIrishtroopsshouldbedisbanded，andaddedthathehadlicensedcertainofficerstotransporteightthousandtroopstotheaidofanyofthesovereignsofEuropefriendlytoEngland。ForonereasonoranotherveryfewofthesoldiersleftIreland，asboththeirownleadersandthekingknewwellthattheirserviceswouldbesoonrequiredathome。ParliamenthadmetinIrelandinMarch1640，[46]
and，havingvotedseveralsubsidiestoaidtheking，itadjourned。
Whenitmetagainin1641theCatholicswereactuallyinthemajority，andseemeddeterminedtoholdtheirown。Thekingwrotetoconfirmthe\"Graces，\"andtosuggestthatabillshouldbeintroducedtoconfirmdefectivetitlesinTipperary，Clare，andConnaught，buttheobstructivetacticsoftheEarlofOrmond，andtheunfavourableattitudeoftheLordsJustices，SirWilliamParsonsandSirWilliamBorlase，towardsCatholicclaims，preventedanythingbeingdone。
Parliamentwasadjournedtillthe9thNovember，butbeforethatdatearrivedtheissueshadbeentransferredtoanotherandadifferentcourt。[47]
From1632till1640，thoughtheDeputywasdoinghisbesttorobalargeportionoftheCatholicownersoftheirpropertyonthegroundofdefectivetitles，andthoughinmanydistrictstheProtestantbishopsandministerscreatedconsiderabledifficultiesfortheirCatholicneighbours，stillthereligiouspersecutionwascarriedoutonlyinahalf-heartedmanner。ThekingwasshrewdenoughtorecognisetheimportantpartthatmightbeplayedbytheIrishCatholicsinthecivilstrugglethatheforesaw，andhewasanxiousnottoantagonisetheirleaders。ThisperiodofcomparativecalmwasprovidentialfortheChurchinIreland，byenablingittoorganiseitsforcesandtopreparefortheterribledaysthatweresoontocome。InaccordancewiththeadvicegivenbyArchbishopLombardyearsbefore，RomedecidedtofillseveraloftheSeesthathadbeenleftvacant。HughMacCaghwell/Cavellus/，adistinguishedIrishFranciscan，whohadbeeninstrumentalinfoundingtheCollegeofSt。AnthonyatLouvain，andwhosetheologicalworkscausedhimtoberegardedbyhiscontemporariesastheablesttheologianoftheScotishschoolinEurope，wasappointedArchbishopofArmagh1626，buthediedinRomeafewweeksafterhisconsecration。LessthantwoyearslateritwasdecidedtotransferHughO\'ReillyfromKilmoretotheprimatialSee1628。ThomasFleminghadbeenappointedtoDublinin1623，anddespitetheeffortsofhisenemieshesucceededineludingthevigilanceofthosewhowishedtodrivehimfromIreland。MalachyO\'Queely，whohadactedforyearsasvicar-apostolicofhisnativedioceseofKillaloe，wasappointedtoTuam1630insuccessiontoFlorenceConry，andThomasWalsh，anativeofWaterford，waspromotedtotheSeeofCashel1626。AmongstthedistinguishedecclesiasticswhowerepromotedtoIrishdiocesesduringthereignofJamesI。andCharles，werethelearnedDavidRotheOssory，1618，RocheMacGeoghan/RoccusdeCruce/，whohaddonesomuchfortherestorationoftheDominicanhousesinIrelandKildare，1629，andHeberMacMahonDown，1642，Clogher，1643。Asaresultofthelongpersecutionandoftheabsenceofbishopsfromsomanydiocesesacertainamountofdisorganisationmightbedetectedinseveraldepartments，andtoremedythisprovincialsynodswereheldtolaydownnewregulations，andtoadjustthepositionoftheChurchtothealteredcircumstancesofthecountry。AsynodwasheldatKilkenny1627whichwasattendedbybishopsfromLeinsterandMunster；anotherveryimportantone，thedecreesofwhichwereconfirmedbytheHolySee，washeldfortheprovinceofTuamin1632，andathirdattendedbytheLeinsterbishopswasheldintheCountyKilkennyin1640。[48]TheIrishcollegesontheContinentcontinuedtopourableandzealousyoungpriestsintothecountry，whilethecollegesfortheeducationoftheFranciscans，Dominicans，andJesuitssuppliednewrecruitstoreplenishtheranksofthereligiousorders。TheCapuchinfoundedIrishcollegesontheContinent，atLille，Antwerp，andatSedan，andsoearnestlydidtheyworkinIrelandthataspecialletterinpraiseoftheCapuchinswasforwardedtoRomebyanumberoftheBishopsin1642。Theresultsofthisrenewedactivityweresoonapparentineverypartofthecountry。
Thus，forexample，inareportpresented1631fromthedioceseofElphin，thenruledbyBishopBoetiusEgan，itcanbeseenthatalthoughallthechurches，includingthecathedral，hadbeendestroyedortakenpossessionofbytheProtestants，therewereatthetimefortypriestsatworkinthediocese；thedecreesoftheCouncilofTrenthadbeenpromulgated；theparisheshadbeenre-arranged，andthelearningoftheparishpriestsappointedhadbeentestedbyexamination；regularsynods，visitations，andconferencesoftheclergywerebeingheld，andstepshadbeentakentoensurethatthepeopleshouldbeinstructedfullyintheirreligion。[49]
IntheParliamentof1641theCatholicswereinthemajority，andtheyinsistedthatthe\"Graces\"mustbeconfirmed。Thekinggrantedtheirdemands，andthebillwasactuallyonitswaytoIrelandwhentheLordsJustices，ParsonsandBorlase，whoadministeredthegovernmentofthecountryproroguedthesession。TheywishedfornosettlementwiththeCatholicslestasettlementmightputanendtotheirhopesofaplantation，andtheEarlofOrmondtriedalsotoblockthepassageofthebillinthehopeofsavingthekingfromtheodiumwhichhewouldincurinEnglandandScotlandbygrantingtolerationtotheIrishCatholics。TheCatholicnoblemenofIreland，whetherIrishorAnglo-Irish，hadgoodreasontocomplain。TheyhadseentheCatholicsdrivenoutofthegoodlandsofUlstertomakewayforEnglishandScottishplanters，andtheywellknewthatthedangerofsimilartransactionsinConnaught，Munster，andLeinsterhadnotpassedawaywiththedeathofStrafford。TheyhadseentheoperationoftheCourtofWards，andtheycouldnotfailtorealisethatasaresultofitsworkthelandownersofIrelandwouldsoonbedispossessedorProtestantised。TheyknewsomethingoftheProtestantInquisitioncourtsasrunbytheministersandbishops，ofthepersecutionoftheirclergy，thefeesandfinesleviedontheunfortunateCatholicpeasantry，andofthestillgraverdangerthatlaybeforethemincasetheCovenantersandthePuritansweretooverthrowCharlesI。，ortosucceedinforcinghimtoaccepttheirpolicy。Weretheytoremainpassive，theybelieved，theycouldhavenohopeofredressorevenofsafety，andhencemanyofthemmadeuptheirmindsthatthetimefornegotiationshadpassed，andthattheycouldrelyonlyonforce。Neveragainweretheylikelytogetsuchafavourableopportunity。Englandwastornbyinternaldissensions；thedisbandedIrishsoldiers，whohadbeentrainedforserviceagainsttheScots，werestillinthecountry；andwithsomanydistinguishedIrishmenscatteredthroughthecountriesofEuropetherewasgoodhopethattheymightgetassistancefromtheirco-religionistsontheContinent。ThedistinguishedWaterfordFranciscan，FatherLukeWadding，whohadfoundedtheCollegeofSt。IsidoreinRomeandhadtakensuchaprominentpartinthefoundationoftheIrishCollege，wasinRomereadytopleadthecauseofhiscountrymenatthePapalCourt。HisfameasascholarwasknownthroughoutEurope，andhisactivesupportcouldnotfailtoproduceitseffectinEurope，andparticularlyinSpainwherehewasesteemedsohighlybyPhilipIV。
OwenRoeO\'Neill，whohadachievedaremarkabledistinctioninthearmyofSpainbyhisgallantdefenceofArrasagainsttheFrench，ColonelPreston，uncleofLordGormanston，andahostofothers，whohadlearnedtheartofwarinFrance，Spain，andtheNetherlands，werewillingtoreturntoIrelandandtoplacetheirswordsatthedisposaloftheircountry。
Earlyin1641[50]RoryO\'More，whowascloselyconnectedwithboththeIrishandtheAnglo-Irishnobles，suggestedtoLordMaguireofEnniskillentheideaofanappealtoarms，andhintedatthepossibilityofaunionbetweentheIrishnoblesandtheLordsofthePale。InashorttimemostoftheimportantleadersoftheNorth，SirPhelimO\'Neill，TurloghO\'Neill，LordMaguire，HughMacMahon，ArthurMacGennisofDown，PhilipandMilesO\'ReillyofCavanhadcometoanunderstanding。ThewarwastobegininUlsteronthenightofthe23rdOctober1641，andonthesamenightanattemptwasmadetoseizeDublinCastle。ThelatterportionoftheprogrammecouldnotbecarriedoutowingtotheactionofaninformerwhobetrayedMaguireandHughMacMahontotheLordsJustices；butattheappointedtimetheIrishCatholicsofUlsterrosealmosttoaman，andinaveryshorttimemostofthestrongplacesintheprovincewereintheirhands。Insuchamovementitwasalmostimpossiblefortheleaderstopreventsomeexcesses，particularlyasmanyofthemenwhotookpartinithadbeendrivenfromtheirlandstomakewayforthePlanters，andhadsufferedterriblyfromtheharshnessandcrueltytowhichtheyandtheirfamilieshadbeensubjected。Naturallytheyseizedtheirownagain，andinsomecasestheymayhaveusedmoreviolencethanthesituationrequired，butitisnowadmittedbyimpartialhistorians[51]
thatthewildstoriesofawholesalemassacreofProtestantsarewithoutanymoresolidfoundationthanthefactthattheProtestantswereforthemostpartdrivenoutofUlsterinmuchthesamewayastheCatholicshadbeendriventothemountainsthirtyyearsbefore。
Mostofthefewwhowerekilledwereprobablystruckdownwhileattemptingtodefendtheirhomes，andinnocaseisthereevidencetoprovethattheleaderscountenancedunnecessaryviolenceormurder。IfthehistorianwishestolookfororganisedlawlessnessandmurderhecanfinditmuchmoreeasilyinthecampaignoftheinfamousSirCharlesCooteorintheraidscarriedoutbytheforcesoftheScotchCovenantersoftheNorth。TheCatholicLordsofthePalehastenedtoDublinCastletooffertheirservicesagainsttheNorthernrebels，buttheywerereceivedsodiscourteouslybytheLordsJusticesthattheyrecognisedtheabsolutenecessityofjoiningwiththeCatholicsofUlster。InannouncingtheirdefectiontheLordsJusticespositivelygloatedoverthesplendidprospectofhavingtheprovinceofLeinsterplantedwithEnglishsettlersDec。1641。[52]TheactionoftheEnglishParliamentindecreeingthatforthefuturethereshouldbenotolerationallowedtoIrishCatholicsDec。1641andinputtingupforsaletwomillionfivehundredthousandacresoffertilelandinIreland，theproceedstobeexpendedinawarofextermination，strengthenedthehandsoftheIrishleaders，andhelpedtobringoverthewavererstotheirside。
TheCatholicclergyhadsympathisedwiththemovementfromthebeginning，buttheyhadexertedthemselvesparticularlyinmoderatingthefuryoftheircountrymen，andinprotectingtheProtestants，bothlaymenandclerics，fromunnecessaryviolence。[53]But，astherewasadangerthatthemovementwouldbreakupandthattheIrishforceswouldbedivided，itwasnecessaryforthebishopstotakeaction。
ReligionwasnearlytheonlybondthatwaslikelytounitetheIrishandtheAnglo-Irishnobles，andtheChurchwastheonlyinstitutionthatcouldgivethemovementunityandpermanency。AmeetingofthebishopsandvicarsoftheNorthernprovincewasheldatKellsMay1642underthepresidencyofDr。HughO\'Reilly，ArchbishopofArmagh。
Theyprescribedathreedays\'fast，thepublicrecitationoftheRosaryandtheLitanies，andageneralCommunionforthesuccessofthewar，issuedasentenceofexcommunicationagainstmurderers，mutilators，thieves，robbers，etc。，togetherwithalltheiraidersandabettors，denouncedtheCatholicIrishmenwhorefusedtomakecommoncausewiththeircountrymen，andorderedallbishops，vicars-general，parishpriests，andheadsofreligioushousestosparenopainstoraisefundsimmediatelyforthesupportofthesoldiers。[54]InMay1642anationalsynodwasheldatKilkenny。ItwasattendedbythePrimateofArmagh，theArchbishopsofTuamandCashel，bymostofthebishopseitherpersonallyorbyprocurators，andbyrepresentativesofthereligiousordersandofthesecularclergy。TheydeclaredthatthewarwasbeingwagedforthedefenceoftheCatholicreligion，forthepreservationoftherightsandprerogativesoftheking，forthejustandlawfulimmunities，liberties，andrightsofIreland，fortheprotectionofthelives，fortunes，goods，andpossessionsoftheCatholicsofIreland，andthatitwasajustwarinwhichallCatholicsshouldjoin。Theycondemnedmurder，robbery，andviolence，advisedalltheircountrymentolayasideracialandprovincialdifferences，tookmeasuresfortherestorationofthecathedralsandchurchestotheirowners，exhortedall，bothclergyandlaymen，topreserveunity，andcalledupontheprieststoofferupMassatleastonceaweekforthesuccessofthewar。[55]
Duringtheyear1642thewarhadspreadintoallpartsofIreland，andmostoftheprominentnobles，withtheexceptionoftheEarlofClanrickard，hadtakenthefield。OwenRowO\'NeillandColonelPrestonhadarrivedwithsomeoftheIrishveteransfromtheContinent，andhadbroughtwiththemsuppliesofarmsandammunition。UrbanVIII。hadforwardedatouchingletteraddressedtotheclergyandpeopleofIrelandFeb。1642andhadcontrivedtosendlargesuppliesofweaponsandpowder。AgeneralassemblyofIrishCatholicswascalledtomeetatKilkennyinOctober1642。Therewerepresent，elevenspiritualpeers，fourteenlaypeers，andtwohundredandtwenty-sixrepresentativesfromthecitiesandcountiesofIreland，underthepresidencyofLordMountgarrett。Generalswereappointedtoleadtheforcesinthedifferentprovinces，asunfortunatelyowingtothejealousybetweentheAnglo-IrishandtheIrishnoblesOwenRoeO\'Neillcouldnotbeappointedcommanderofthenationalarmy。ArrangementsweremadeforsendingambassadorstotheprincipalcourtsofEurope，fortheestablishmentofaprinting-press，forraisingmoney，andforthepromotionofeducation。TheIrishFranciscansofLouvainwereaskedtotransfertheirpressandlibrarytoIrelandtohelpinthecreationofagreatschoolofIrishlearning。FatherLukeWaddingwasappointedtheIrishrepresentativeatthePapalCourt，andagentsweredispatchedtoFrance，Spain，theNetherlands，andtoseveraloftheGermanStates。UrbanVIII。，yieldingtotheentreatiesoftheIrishambassadorgavegenerousassistance，andwrotetonearlyalltheCatholicrulersofEuroperecommendingthemtoassisttheirco-religionistsinIreland。
In1643thewell-knownOratorian，FatherFrancescoScarampi，landedinWexfordastheaccreditedagentofthePope，bringingwithhimsuppliesofmoneyandarms。Hardly，however，hadhearrived，whenhediscoveredthatthoughtheIrisharmieshadmetwithconsiderablesuccessbothagainsttheRoyalistforcesinDublinandtheScotchCovenantersintheNorth，negotiationshadbeenopenedupforanextendedtruce。TheAnglo-IrishnobleshadneverbeenenthusiasticforthewarasanIrishwar。Theyfoughtmerelytopreservetheirestatesandtosecureacertaindegreeoflibertyofworship，butintheirheartstheyweremoreanxiousaboutthecauseofthekingthanaboutthecauseofIreland。TheMarquisofOrmond，whomthekinghadcreatedhisLordLieutenantinIreland，hadmanyfriendsamongsttheLordsofthePale，andbymeansofhisagentshesucceededinbringingaboutacessationSept。1643。TheIrishCatholicsweretosendagentstothekingforafulldiscussionoftheirgrievances，andweretohelphimwithsupplies。AnxioustosecurethehelpoftheIrishCatholics，andfearingtogiveahandletohisparliamentaryopponentsbygrantingreligioustoleration，Charleswasinaverydifficultposition，andtomakemattersworseOrmondwasdeterminednottoyieldtothedemandsoftheCatholics。Hewaspreparedtomakeaconditionalpromisethatthelawsagainstthemwouldnotbeenforced，butbeyondthathewasresolvednottogo。
AfterlongandfruitlessnegotiationswithOrmondthewarwasrenewed1644。RepresentativesfromFranceandSpainhadarrivedinKilkenny，anditwasthoughtthatifthePopecouldbeinducedtosendanunciosuchameasurewouldstrengthenthehandsoftheIrishambassadorsontheContinent。AttherequestofSirRichardBellings，SecretarytotheSupremeCouncil，InnocentX。consentedtosendGiovanniBattistaRinucciniashisrepresentativetoIreland1645。ThelatterlandedatKenmareinOctober，andproceededalmostimmediatelytoKilkenny。
InthemeantimeCharlesI。wasbeinghardpressedinEngland，andashecouldhavenohopeofinducingOrmondtoagreetosuchtermsaswouldsatisfytheCatholicsofIreland，hecommissionedtheEarlofGlamorgan，himselfaCatholic，andcloselyconnectedwithsomeoftheIrishfamiliesbymarriage，togotoKilkennyandtoprocureassistancefromtheCatholicConfederationatallcosts。ShortlyafterhisarrivalheconcludedatreatyinthenameofthekingAug。1645
inwhichheguaranteed\"thefreeandpublicexerciseoftheRomanCatholicreligion。\"AllchurchespossessedbytheIrishCatholicsatanytimesinceOctober1641weretobeleftintheirhands，and\"allchurchesinIrelandotherthansuchasarenowactuallyenjoyedbyhisMajesty\'sProtestantsubjects\"weretobegivenbacktotheCatholics。
AlljurisdictionclaimedbyProtestantbishopsorministersoverIrishCatholicswastobeabolished，andalltemporalities，possessedbytheCatholicclergysinceOctober1641，weretoberetainedbythem，two-
thirdsoftheincome，however，tobepaidtothekingduringthecontinuanceofthewar。CharleshadalreadyaddressedalettertothenunciopromisingtocarryoutwhatevertermsGlamorganwouldconcede，andaddingthehopethatthoughthiswasthefirstletterhehadeverwrittentoanyministerofthePopeitwouldnotbethelast。[56]Thetermsweretobekeptasecret，butinOctober1645ArchbishopO\'QueelyofTuamwaskillednearSligoinaskirmishbetweentheConfederateandParliamentaryforces，andacopyofthetreatywhichhehadinhispossessionfellintothehandsoftheenemy。AssoonasitwaspublisheditcreatedagreatsensationinEngland，andCharlesimmediatelyrepudiatedit。GlamorganwasarrestedinDublinbyOrmond，butwasreleasedafterafewweeks，andreturnedcoollytoKilkennytoconductfurthernegotiations。
SincehisarrivalinKilkenny1645thenunciowasanxioustobreakoffnegotiationswithOrmond，andtodevotealltheenergiesofthecountrytotheprosecutionofthewar。ButtheAnglo-IrishofthePalewerebentuponacceptinganytermsthatOrmondmightoffer；andsoontheSupremeCouncilwasdividedintotwosections，onefavouringthenuncio，theothersupportingOrmond。NegotiationshadbeenopeneddirectlywithRomebyQueenHenriettathroughheragentSirKenelmDigby。InreturnforpromisesofmenandmoneythelattersignedatreatyevenmuchmorefavourabletotheIrishCatholicsthanthatwhichhadbeenconcludedwithGlamorgan1645，butastheoriginalofthistreatyhadnotcometohand，andasitwasfearedthattherewaslittlehopeofitsbeingputinforce，theSupremeCouncilpatchedupanagreementwithOrmondMarch1646。AlthoughthelatterhadgotafreehandfromthekinghegrantedverylittletotheCatholics。TheoathofsupremacywastobeabolishedinthenextParliament，asweretobealsoallstatutorypenaltiesanddisabilities；\"hisMajesty\'sCatholicsubjectsweretoberecommendedtohisMajesty\'sfavourforfurtherconcessions；\"alleducationaldisabilitiesofCatholicsweretoberemoved，andalloffices，civilandmilitary，weretobethrownopentothem。Eventhistreatywaskeptasecret，butinthemeantimetheConfederationshouldsendtroopstotheassistanceoftheking。
ButbeforethetroopscouldbesentCharleswasdriventotakerefugewiththeScotsatNewcastleMay1646，fromwhichplacehewroteforbiddingOrmond\"toproceedfurtherintreatywiththerebelsortomakeanyconditionswiththem。\"[57]
NotwithstandingRinuccini\'searnestentreatiesthemajorityoftheSupremeCouncilinsistedonacceptingOrmond\'sterms。TheConfederationhadbeensoweakenedbydissensionsthatGeneralMonrothoughthecouldmarchsouthandcaptureKilkenny，butatBenburbhefoundhiswaybarredbytheforcesofO\'Neill，andhewasobligedtoretreattoColeraine，havingleftagreatportionofhisarmydeadonthefield，andhisstandards，guns，andsuppliesinthehandsofO\'Neill5June1646。ThenewsofthegreatvictorywasbroughttothenuncioatLimerick，wherethecapturedbannerswerecarriedinprocessionthroughthestreetsanddepositedinthecathedral。GeneralPrestonhadalsoscoredsomesuccessesinConnaught，sothatonceagainthetideseemedtohaveturnedinfavouroftheConfederates。
Rinucciniwasmorethaneverdeterminedtorefusehalfmeasures，suchaswerebeingofferedbythetermsofOrmond\'streaty。HesummonedameetingofthebishopsinWaterfordAug。1646，andafterlongdiscussionitwasagreedthatthosewhoacceptedOrmond\'stermswereguiltyofperjury，becausetheyhadtherebybrokenthetermsoftheoathofconfederation。Accordingtothisoaththemembershadpledgedthemselvestobecontentwithnothinglessthanthefreeandpublicexerciseoftheirreligion，whileOrmondleftnearlyeverythingtothegood-willoftheking，fromwhomnothingcouldbeexpectedconsideringthestateofaffairsinEngland。InspiteofallremonstrancestheSupremeCouncilpublishedthePeaceinKilkenny，buttheirmessengerswererefusedadmittanceintoseveralofthecitiesoftheSouth。
OrmondwasinvitedtoKilkenny，wherehereceivedaroyalreceptionfromhisfriends。ButO\'NeillmarchedsouthandcompelledOrmondtobeatahastyretreattowardsDublin。RinucinnireturnedtoKilkenny，andsomeoftheprominentadherentsofOrmondwerearrested。AnewSupremeCouncilwaschosen，andO\'NeillandPrestonwerecommissionedtomarchonDublin，but，thoughtheybroughttheirarmiesclosetothecity，yet，owingtounderhandcommunicationscarriedonbetweenOrmond\'sagent，theEarlofClanrickard，andPreston，andthejealousybetweenthegenerals，theattackwasnotmade。
AnewGeneralAssemblyhadbeenelectedandmetatKilkenny10Jan。
1647。AfteralongdiscussiontheOrmondPeacewascondemned，andanewformofoathwasdrawnuptobetakenbyalltheConfederates。
Ormond，whocouldhavedonesomuchforhismasterhadheobeyedhisinstructionsandmadesomesatisfactoryofferstotheIrishCatholics，surrenderedDublinintothehandsoftheParliamentarians，andfledtoFrance。TomakemattersworsePrestonwasdefeatedbytheParliamentariansatSummerhillAug。1647，andLordInchiquinwascarryingallbeforehimintheSouth。Everywherehewenthehadactedwithgreatsavagery，andwasespeciallyviolentinhisoppositiontotheCatholicreligion。Butearlyin1648hechangedhispolitics，anddeclaredforthekingagainsttheParliament。ImmediatelytheformerfriendsofOrmondontheSupremeCouncilinsistedonmakingtermswithLordInchiquin。Rinucciniopposedsuchastepasabetrayal，andhisactionwasapprovedbyamajorityofthebishops。ThenuncioleftthecityandwenttowardsMaryborough，whereO\'Neillwasencamped。InMay1648thetrucewithLordInchiquinwasproclaimed，andinafewdaysRinucciniissuedasentenceofexcommunicationagainstallwhowouldreceiveit，andofinterdictagainstthetownswhichrecognisedit。
TheSupremeCouncilrepliedbyappealingtothePope。Theonlyresultwasthatthedivisionandconfusionbecamemoregeneral。Severalofthebishopsandclergyweretobefoundonbothsides。TheSupremeCouncildismissedO\'Neillfromhisoffice，andafterwardsdeclaredhimatraitor。ThenunciowenttoGalway，fromwhichporthesailedin1649。ThoughitisdifficulttoentertainanythingbutthegreatestcontemptfortheOrmondfactionontheSupremeCouncil，andthoughRinucciniwasanhonestmanwhodidhisbesttocarryouthisinstructions，stillhedidnotunderstandperfectlythesituation。HeallowedhimselftoshowtooopenlyhispreferenceforO\'Neill，anddisplayedtoogreataninclinationtohaverecoursetohigh-handedmethods。HisarrestoftheOrmondistfactionontheSupremeCouncilandthecensureswhichhelevelledagainsthisopponents，howeverjustifiablethesethingsmighthavebeeninthemselves，werenotcalculatedtorestoreunityandconfidence。[58]
OrmondreturnedtoIrelandin1648andreceivedagreatwelcomefromthoseoftheSupremeCouncilwhowereopposedtoRinucciniandO\'Neill。InJanuary1649heconcludedapeacewiththembywhichheguaranteedthatinthenextParliamenttobeheldinIrelandthefreeexerciseoftheCatholicreligionshouldbeconceded；thattheActofUniformityandtheActofRoyalSupremacyshouldbeabolished；thatalloffices，civilandmilitary，shouldbethrownopentoCatholicsprovidedtheywerewillingtotakeasimpleoathofallegiance；thatallplansforanyfurtherplantationsinMunster，Leinster，andConnaughtshouldbeabandoned，thatallActsofAttainder，etc。，passedagainstIrishCatholicssinceOctober1641shouldbetreatedasnullandvoid；thattheclergyshouldnotbemolestedinregardtothechurches，church-livings，etc。，untilhisMajestyuponfullconsiderationofthedesiresoftheCatholics，formulatedinafreeParliament，shouldexpresshisfurtherpleasure；andthattheregularclergywhowouldacceptthispeaceshouldbeallowedtocontinuetoholdtheirhousesandpossessions。Furtherconcessionsweretobedependentontheking\'swishes。[59]TheCatholicConfederationassuchwasdissolved，andOrmondwasinstalledasLordLieutenanttogovernthecountryinconjunctionwithtwelveCommissionersofTrustappointedbytheConfederates。ButO\'NeillandhisarmystillheldoutagainstanytermswithOrmond，andalargenumberofthecitiesrefusedtoholdanycommunicationswithhim。StillhehopedtocaptureDublinfromtheParliamentariansbeforehelpcouldarrivefromEngland，buthesufferedaterribledefeatatRathmines2Aug。1649。
LessthanafortnightlaterOliverCromwell[60]arrivedinDublinwithalargeforcetocrushboththeRoyalistsandtheCatholics。
Cromwell，havingtakenalittletimeforhistroopstorecruit，marchedonDrogheda，thenheldforthekingbySirArthurAston，andsoearnestlydidhepushforwardthesiegethatinashorttimehecarriedthecitybyassault，andputmostofthegarrisonandalargenumberofthecitizenstodeath。OverathousandwereslaughteredinSt。Peter\'sChurchtowhichtheyhadfledforrefuge，andspecialvengeancewasmetedouttotheclergy，noneofthemwhowererecognisedbeingspared。SimilarscenesofwholesalebutcherytookplaceatWexford，intowhichhisarmygainedadmissionbytreachery。[61]Ormondwasunabletomakeheadwayagainstsuchacommander，andfrightenedatlastbytheprospectthatopenedoutbeforehim，hemadeoverturestoO\'Neillforareconciliation。O\'NeillagreedtolendhisaidagainstCromwell。Hesentaportionofhisarmysouth，andhehimself，thoughill，wasalreadyonthemarchwhenhediedatCloughoughter6Nov。1649。HisdeathatsuchatimewasanirreparablelossbothtotheCatholicreligionandtoIreland。Hadhelived，andhadOrmondandhisfactionco-operatedwithhim，thecampaignofCromwellmighthavehadaverydifferenttermination。
Duringtheclosingmonthsof1649thesituationinIrelandseemedhopeless。ThoughasanunscrupulousdiplomatistOrmondhadfewequals，hewasutterlyworthlessasasoldier，andtomakemattersworsehewasstilldistrustedbythegreatmassoftheIrishpeople。InthehopeofrestoringunityandofencouragingthepeopletocontinuethestruggleasynodofthebishopsandclergyassembledatClonmacnoiseDec。1649。TheyissuedadeclarationwarningthepeoplethattheycouldexpectnomercyfromtheEnglishParliament，thatthewholesaleextirpationofCatholicismwasintended，aswasevidencedbytheactionsofCromwell，andthatthelandsoftheIrishCatholicsweretobehandedovertoEnglishadventurers。Theycalleduponthemtoforgetpastdifferences，tosinkracialandpersonaljealousies，andtouniteagainstthecommonenemy。[62]ButthecountrydistrustedOrmond，andrefusedtorallytohisstandard。AnothermeetingconsistingofthebishopsandoftheCommissionersofTrustwasheldatLoughrea，inwhichitwasagreedthatthereshouldbeagenerallevyofallmenfittobeararms，andthemonasteryofKilbeganwasfixedastheplaceofrendezvous。Severalofthecitiesandleadingmenrefused，however，totakeanypartinamovementcontrolledbyOrmond，andasalastdesperateresort，atthemeetingofthebishopsheldatJamestown12
Aug。1650thebishopsdeclaredthattherecouldbenohopeofunityunlessOrmondsurrenderedhistrusttosomepersoninwhomtheentirecountryhadconfidence。[63]VeryreluctantlyOrmondagreedtothisrequestandleftIrelandinDecember，havingappointedtheEarlofClanrickardashissuccessor。ThelatterwasaCatholicwhohadplayedaveryignoblepartthroughoutthewar。Hadhedisplayedyearsbeforebuthalftheenergyhedisplayedinitslaterstagesthingsmightneverhavecometosuchapass。
Asitwas，CromwellmadegreatprogressintheSouth，thoughhewasforcedtoraisethesiegeofWaterford，andsufferedabaddefeatatClonmelfromthenephewofO\'Neill。HeleftIrelandinMay1650，andentrustedthecommandtoIreton。OwingtothestateofdisunionIretonwasenabledtotakecityaftercity。Limerickwastakenin1651，andTerenceO\'Brien，BishopofEmly，wasputtodeath。BishopMacMahonofClogher，whohadassumedtheleadershipofthearmyofOwenRowO\'Neillafterthelatter\'sdeathwasdefeatedatScarrifhollis1650。
Lateronhewascaptured，andputtodeath，hisheadbeingimpaledonthegatesofEnniskillenasawarningtohisco-religionists。ThesubmissionofClanrickardin1652practicallyputanendtothewar，andbeforeanotheryearhadelapsedalleffectiveresistancehadceased。
DuringtheKilkennyConfederationtheCatholicChurchwasrestoredtoitsoriginalposition。InthedistrictscontrolledbytheConfederatesthebishopsandclergywereallowedtooccupyoncemoretheirhousesandchurcheswhereverthesehadnotbeendestroyed，andreligiouscommunitiesofbothmenandwomenweresetupagainclosetotheirformermonasteriesandconvents，thoughatthesametimetheCatholicLordsofthePalewerealertlesttheyshouldbeaskedtoreturnanyoftheecclesiasticalormonasticlandsthathadbeengrantedtothembyroyalpatent。InDublinandwhereverOrmondandtheRoyalistshadauthority，bothclergyandpeopleenjoyedcompletetoleration，butincertainportionsoftheNorth，andwhereverthePuritansandParliamentariansheldsway，persecutionwasstilltheorderoftheday。WhenDublinwassurrenderedtotheParliamentarians1647thepriests，andlateron，allCatholics，wereexpelledfromthecity。IntheSouthofIrelandLordInchiquinactedinthemostsavagemannerinCashelandgenerallyinthecitieswhichheconquered，whiletheParliamentarianpartyintheNorthshowednomercytotheCatholicswhofellintotheirhands。AfterthearrivalofCromwelltheprospectbecameevenmoregloomy。Thoughheannouncedthathewouldinterferewithnoman\'sreligion，hedeclaredthatonnoaccountcouldhetoleratethecelebrationofMass。[64]TheclergywereputtotheswordinDroghedaandWexford。TheArchbishopofTuamwaskilledduringthewar1645；BoetiusEgan，BishopofRoss，fellintothehandsofLordBroghillandwasputtoacrueldeathbecause，insteadofadvisingthegarrisonofCarrigdrohidtosurrender，heencouragedthemtocontinuethestruggle1650；TerenceAlbertO\'Brien，BishopofEmly，wascapturedbyIretonafterthesiegeofLimerick，andwashanged；HeberMacMahon，BishopofClogher，wasputtodeathbytheordersofCoote1650；BishopRotheofOssorydiedasaresultofthesufferingsheendured，andBishopFrenchofFerns，afterundergoingterribletrialsinIreland，wasobligedtomakehisescapetotheContinent。
InarrangingthetermsofsurrendertheCromwelliangeneralssometimesexcludedthebishopsandclergyfromprotection，andatbesttheygrantedthemonlyashorttimetoprepareforleavingthecountry。ThepresenceofthepriestswasregardedasadangerfortheprojectedsettlementofIreland，andhencetheorderwasgiven1650thattheyshouldbearrested。In1650arewardof￡20wasofferedtoanyonewhowouldbetraythehidingplaceofanyJesuits，priests，friars，monks，ornuns。AtfirstthoseclergywhowerecapturedweresentintoFranceandSpain，butlateronlargenumbersofthemwereshippedtotheBarbadoes。Thus，forexample，in1655aninstructionwassenttoSirCharlesCootethatthepriestsandfriarsthencaptiveinGalwaywhowereoverfortyyearsofageshouldbebanishedtoPortugalorFrance，whilethoseunderthatagewereto\"beshippedawayfortheBarbadoesorotherAmericanplantations。\"Forthosewhoreturneddeathwasthepenaltythatwaslaiddown。Sincethepriestsstillcontrivedtoeludetheirpursuersbydisguisingthemselvesaslabourers，peasants，beggars，gardeners，etc。，anorderwasissuedin1655thatageneralsearchshouldbemadethroughoutIrelandforthecaptureofallpriests。Fivepoundswastobepaidtoanyonewhowouldarrestapriest，andmoremightbeawardediftheindividualtakenwereofspecialimportance。Whenthejailswerewellfilled，anotherinstructionwasissuedthatthepriestsshouldbebroughttogetheratCarrickfergusfortransportation。Hereitwasclaimedthatsomeofferedtosubmittothetermsofthegovernmentratherthanallowthemselvestobesentaway，butasthestatementcomesfromanunreliablesourceitshouldbereceivedwithcaution。In1657MajorMorgan，representativeofWicklowintheUnitedParliamentofEnglandandIreland，declared:\"Wehavethreebeaststodestroythatlayheavyburthensuponus。Thefirstisthewolf，onwhomwelayfivepoundsaheadofadog，andtenpoundsifabitch。Thesecondbeastisapriest，onwhoseheadwelaytenpounds，andifhebeeminent，more。
ThethirdbeastisaTory，onwhosehead，ifhebeapublicTorywelaytwentypounds，andfortyshillingsonaprivateTory。\"TowardstheendoftheProtectoratethegovernment，insteadoftransportingthepriestsabroad，sentthemincrowdstotheIslandofAranandtoInnisbofin。\"TheLordDeputyandCouncil，\"wroteColonelThomasHerbert1658，\"didinJulylastgiveorderforpaymentof￡100uponaccounttoColonelSadleir，tobeissuedasheshouldconceivefitformaintenanceofsuchPopishpriestsasareorshouldbeconfinedtotheIsleofBoffin，accordingtosix-pencedailyallowing，buildingcabinsandthelike。Itisnotdoubtedbutcarewastakenaccordingly，andforthatthejudgesintheirrespectivecircuitsmayprobablyfindcauseforsendingmuchmoreprieststothatisland，Iamcommandedtosignifythusmuchuntoyouthatyoumaynotbewantingtotakesuchcareinthisbusinessasaccordingtoformerdirectionsandprovisionismade。\"[65]
Alreadyin1642theEnglishParliamenthadpassedmeasuresforthewholesaleconfiscationofCatholicIreland，andhadpledgedthelandtothese\"adventurers\"whosubscribedmoneytocarryonthewar。In1652，whenthereductionofIrelandwaspracticallycomplete，itwasdeemedprudenttoundertaketheworkofclearingLeinsterandMunsterofitsoldownerstopreparethewayfortheadventurersandforthesoldiers，whosearrearswerepaidbygrantsoffarmsorestates。
AccordingtothetermsoftheActandoftheInstructionsissuedinconnexionwithitallIrishCatholicswerecommandedtotransplantthemselvestoConnaughtbeforethe1stMay1654underpainofbeingputtodeathbycourt-martialiftheywerefoundafterthatdateeastoftheShannon。ExceptionswereindeedmadeinthecaseofthosewomenwhoweremarriedtoEnglishProtestantsbeforeDecember1650，providedthattheythemselveshadbecomeProtestant；incaseofboysunderfourteenandgirlsundertwelveinProtestantserviceandwhowouldbebroughtupProtestants，andlastlyincaseofthosewhocouldprovethatfortheprevioustenyearstheyhadmaintained\"aconstantgoodaffection\"towardstheParliament。TheordertotransplantwasnotifiedthroughoutIreland，andacommissionwassetupatLoughreatoconsiderclaimsandtomakeassignmentsoflandinConnaught，allofwhichwastobeatthedisposaloftheIrishexceptaprescribedterritoryalongthesea-board。EventheinhabitantsofGalway，whohadsubmittedonlyontheexpressconditionofretainingtheirlands，weredrivenoutofthecity，andthecityitselfwashandedovertothecorporationsofGloucesterandLiverpooltorecoupthemforthelossestheyhadsufferedduringtheCivilWar。Petitionsbegantopourinformercyoratleastforanextensiontothetime-limit，butthoughonthelatterpointsomeconcessionsweremade，fewindividualswereallowedanyreprieve。Thelandownersweremarkedmen，andtheywereobligedtogo。Itwouldbeimpossibletodescribethehardshipandmiseriessufferedbythosewhowereforcedtoleavetheirownhomes，andtoseekarefugeinwhatwastothemastrangecountry。ToeasethesituationlargenumbersofthemencapableofbearingarmswereshippedtoSpain，ortoothersoftheContinentalcountries，butsoonitwasthoughtthatthiswasbadpolicylikelyonlytoservesomeofEngland\'srivals。ItwasthendeterminedtotransportlargenumberstotheWestIndies，theBarbadoes，Jamaica，andtheCaribeeIslands。
Ship-loadsofboysandgirlswereseizedaccordingtoordersfromEngland，andweresentoutofthecountryunderthemostawfulconditionstoalandwhereafateawaitedmanyofthemthatwasworsethandeath。[66]ThemagistrateshadnoscrupleincommittingallCatholicswhoremainedeastoftheShannonandwhowerebroughtbeforethem，asvagrants，andthentheywerehurriedofftothecoast。
AtfirsttheideawastoremovethenativepopulationentirelyfromLeinsterandMunsterlestthesoldiersand\"adventurers\"mightbecontaminated，andsternmeasuresweretakentopreventanyoftheofficersormenfromtakingIrishwives。IretonlaiditdownthatanyofficerorsoldierwhodaredtomarryanIrishgirluntilshehadbeenexaminedbyacompetentboardtoseewhetherherconversionflowed\"fromarealworkofGoduponherheart，\"shouldbepunishedseverely。[67]ButlateronpetitionspouredinfromthenewProtestantlandownerstobeallowedtokeepCatholicsasservantsandlabourers，andontheunderstandingthatthemasterswouldutilisethisopportunitytospreadthetruereligion，theirrequestsweregranted。
Someobtaineddispensationsoratleastmanagedtosecuredelays；
othersprobablywereabletocometotermswiththesoldierstowhomtheirfarmshadfalleninthegenerallottery，andothersstillpreferredtoriskthedangeroftransportationbyremainingintheirowndistrictratherthantoseekanewhome。HadtheProtectoratelastedlongenoughthepolicyoftransplantingmighthavesucceeded，butasitwastheCromwellianplanterssoondisappearedorbecamemergedintothenativepopulation，andinspiteofallthebloodshedandrobbery，thepeopleofIrelandgenerallywereasdevotedtotheCatholicreligionin1659astheyhadbeentenyearsbefore。[68]