wehavevariabilityinimportantparts，butthedifferenceshavenotbeenfixedbyselection。Mancaresfortheformandfleetnessofhisgreyhounds，forthesizeofhismastiffs，andformerlyforthestrengthofthejawinhisbulldogs，etc。;buthecaresnothingaboutthenumberoftheirmolarteethormammaeordigits;nordoweknowthatdifferencesintheseorgansarecorrelatedwith，orowetheirdevelopmentto，differencesinotherpartsofthebodyaboutwhichmandoescare。Thosewhohaveattendedtothesubjectofselectionwilladmitthat，naturehavinggivenvariability，man，ifhesochose，couldfixfivetoestothehinderfeetofcertainbreedsofdogs，ascertainlyastothefeetofhisDorkingfowls:hecouldprobablyfix，butwithmuchmoredifficulty，anadditionalpairofmolarteethineitherjaw，inthesamewayashehasgivenadditionalhornstocertainbreedsofsheep;ifhewishedtoproduceatoothlessbreedofdogs，havingtheso—calledTurkishdogwithitsimperfectteethtoworkon，hecouldprobablydoso，forhehassucceededinmakinghornlessbreedsofcattleandsheep。
Withrespecttotheprecisecausesandstepsbywhichtheseveralracesofdogshavecometodiffersogreatlyfromeachother，weare，asinmostothercases，profoundlyignorant。Wemayattributepartofthedifferenceinexternalformandconstitutiontoinheritancefromdistinctwildstocks，thatistochangeseffectedundernaturebeforedomestication。Wemustattributesomethingtothecrossingoftheseveraldomesticandnaturalraces。Ishall，however，soonrecurtothecrossingofraces。Wehavealreadyseenhowoftensavagescrosstheirdogswithwildnativespecies;
andPennantgivesacuriousaccount（1/74。’HistoryofQuadrupeds’1793
volume1page238。）ofthemannerinwhichFochabers，inScotland，wasstocked\"withamultitudeofcursofamostwolfishaspect\"fromasinglehybrid—wolfbroughtintothatdistrict。
Itwouldappearthatclimatetoacertainextentdirectlymodifiestheformsofdogs。WehavelatelyseenthatseveralofourEnglishbreedscannotliveinIndia，anditispositivelyassertedthatwhenbredthereforafewgenerationstheydegeneratenotonlyintheirmentalfaculties，butinform。CaptainWilliamson（1/75。’OrientalFieldSports’quotedbyYouatt’TheDog’page15。），whocarefullyattendedtothissubject，statesthat\"houndsarethemostrapidintheirdecline;\"\"greyhoundsandpointers，also，rapidlydecline。\"Butspaniels，aftereightorninegenerations，andwithoutacrossfromEurope，areasgoodastheirancestors。Dr。Falconerinformsmethatbulldogs，whichhavebeenknown，whenfirstbroughtintothecountry，topindownevenanelephantbyitstrunk，notonlyfalloffaftertwoorthreegenerationsinpluckandferocity，butlosetheunder—hungcharacteroftheirlowerjaws;theirmuzzlesbecomefinerandtheirbodieslighter。EnglishdogsimportedintoIndiaaresovaluablethatprobablyduecarehasbeentakentopreventtheircrossingwithnativedogs;sothatthedeteriorationcannotbethusaccountedfor。TheRev。R。Everestinformsmethatheobtainedapairofsetters，borninIndia，whichperfectlyresembledtheirScotchparents:heraisedseverallittersfromtheminDelhi，takingthemoststringentprecautionstopreventacross，butheneversucceeded，thoughthiswasonlythesecondgenerationinIndia，inobtainingasingleyoungdoglikeitsparentsinsizeormake;theirnostrilsweremorecontracted，theirnosesmorepointed，theirsizeinferior，andtheirlimbsmoreslender。SoagainonthecoastofGuinea，dogs，accordingtoBosman，\"alterstrangely;
theirearsgrowlongandstifflikethoseoffoxes，towhichcolourtheyalsoincline，sothatinthreeorfouryears，theydegenerateintoveryuglycreatures;andinthreeorfourbroodstheirbarkingturnsintoahowl。\"（1/76。A。Murraygivesthispassageinhis’GeographicalDistributionofMammals’4to1866page8。）ThisremarkabletendencytorapiddeteriorationinEuropeandogssubjectedtotheclimateofIndiaandAfrica，maybelargelyaccountedforbyreversiontoaprimordialconditionwhichmanyanimalsexhibit，asweshallhereaftersee，whentheirconstitutionsareinanywaydisturbed。
Someofthepeculiaritiescharacteristicoftheseveralbreedsofthedoghaveprobablyarisensuddenly，and，thoughstrictlyinherited，maybecalledmonstrosities;forinstance，theshapeofthelegsandbodyintheturnspitofEuropeandIndia;theshapeoftheheadandtheunder—hangingjawinthebull—andpug—dog，soalikeinthisonerespectandsounlikeinallothers。Apeculiaritysuddenlyarising，andthereforeinonesensedeservingtobecalledamonstrosity，may，however，beincreasedandfixedbyman’sselection。Wecanhardlydoubtthatlong—continuedtraining，aswiththegreyhoundincoursinghares，aswithwater—dogsinswimming——andthewantofexercise，inthecaseoflapdogs——musthaveproducedsomedirecteffectontheirstructureandinstincts。Butweshallimmediatelyseethatthemostpotentcauseofchangehasprobablybeentheselection，bothmethodicalandunconscious，ofslightindividualdifferences，——thelatterkindofselectionresultingfromtheoccasionalpreservation，duringhundredsofgenerations，ofthoseindividualdogswhichwerethemostusefultomanforcertainpurposesandundercertainconditionsoflife。InafuturechapteronSelectionIshallshowthatevenbarbariansattendcloselytothequalitiesoftheirdogs。Thisunconsciousselectionbymanwouldbeaidedbyakindofnaturalselection;forthedogsofsavageshavepartlytogaintheirownsubsistence:forinstance，inAustralia，aswehearfromMr。Nind（1/77。QuotedbyMr。Galton’DomesticationofAnimals’
page13。），thedogsaresometimescompelledbywanttoleavetheirmastersandprovideforthemselves;butinafewdaystheygenerallyreturn。Andwemayinferthatdogsofdifferentshapes，sizes，andhabits，wouldhavethebestchanceofsurvivingunderdifferentcircumstances，——onopensterileplains，wheretheyhavetorundowntheirownprey，——onrockycoasts，wheretheyhavetofeedoncrabsandfishleftinthetidalpools，asinthecaseofNewGuineaandTierradelFuego。Inthislattercountry，asIaminformedbyMr。Bridges，theCatechisttotheMission，thedogsturnoverthestonesontheshoretocatchthecrustaceanswhichliebeneath，andthey\"arecleverenoughtoknockofftheshell—fishatafirstblow;\"forifthisbenotdone，shell—fisharewell—knowntohaveanalmostinvinciblepowerofadhesion。
Ithasalreadybeenremarkedthatdogsdifferinthedegreetowhichtheirfeetarewebbed。IndogsoftheNewfoundlandbreed，whichareeminentlyaquaticintheirhabits，theskin，accordingtoIsidoreGeoffroy（1/78。
’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page450。），extendstothethirdphalangeswhilstinordinarydogsitextendsonlytothesecond。IntwoNewfoundlanddogswhichIexamined，whenthetoeswerestretchedapartandviewedontheunderside，theskinextendedinanearlystraightlinebetweentheoutermarginsoftheballsofthetoes;whereas，intwoterriersofdistinctsub—
breeds，theskinviewedinthesamemannerwasdeeplyscoopedout。InCanadathereisadogwhichispeculiartothecountryandcommonthere，andthishas\"half—webbedfeetandisfondofthewater。\"（1/79。Mr。
GreenhowontheCanadianDoginLoudon’s’Mag。ofNat。Hist。’volume61833
page511。）Englishotter—houndsaresaidtohavewebbedfeet:afriendexaminedformethefeetoftwo，incomparisonwiththefeetofsomeharriersandbloodhounds;hefoundtheskinvariableinextentinall，butmoredevelopedintheotter—houndsthanintheothers。（1/80。SeeMr。C。O。
Groom—NapieronthewebbingofthehindfeetofOtterhoundsin’LandandWater’October13，1866page270。）Asaquaticanimalswhichbelongtoquitedifferentordershavewebbedfeet，therecanbenodoubtthatthisstructurewouldbeserviceabletodogsthatfrequentthewater。Wemayconfidentlyinferthatnomaneverselectedhiswater—dogsbytheextenttowhichtheskinwasdevelopedbetweentheirtoes;butwhathedoes，istopreserveandbreedfromthoseindividualswhichhuntbestinthewater，orbestretrievewoundedgame，andthusheunconsciouslyselectsdogswithfeetslightlybetterwebbed。Theeffectsofusefromthefrequentstretchingapartofthetoeswilllikewiseaidintheresult。ManthuscloselyimitatesNaturalSelection。WehaveanexcellentillustrationofthissameprocessinNorthAmerica，where，accordingtoSirJ。Richardson（1/81。’FaunaBoreali—Americana’1829page62。），allthewolves，foxes，andaboriginaldomesticdogshavetheirfeetbroaderthaninthecorrespondingspeciesoftheOldWorld，and\"wellcalculatedforrunningonthesnow。\"
Now，intheseArcticregions，thelifeordeathofeveryanimalwilloftendependonitssuccessinhuntingoverthesnowwhensoft;andthiswillinpartdependonthefeetbeingbroad;yettheymustnotbesobroadastointerferewiththeactivityoftheanimalwhenthegroundissticky，orwithitspowerofburrowingholes，orwithothernecessaryhabitsoflife。
Aschangesindomesticbreedswhichtakeplacesoslowlyarenottobenoticedatanyoneperiod，whetherduetotheselectionofindividualvariationsorofdifferencesresultingfromcrosses，aremostimportantinunderstandingtheoriginofourdomesticproductions，andlikewiseinthrowingindirectlightonthechangeseffectedundernature，IwillgiveindetailsuchcasesasIhavebeenabletocollect。Lawrence（1/82。’TheHorseinallhisVarieties，etc。’1829pages230，234。），whopaidparticularattentiontothehistoryofthefoxhound，writingin1829，saysthatbetweeneightyandninetyyearsbefore\"anentirelynewfoxhoundwasraisedthroughthebreeder’sart，\"theearsoftheoldsouthernhoundbeingreduced，theboneandbulklightened，thewaistincreasedinlength，andthestaturesomewhataddedto。Itisbelievedthatthiswaseffectedbyacrosswithagreyhound。Withrespecttothislatterdog，Youatt（1/83。’TheDog’1845pages31，35;withrespecttoKingCharles’spanielpage45;forthesetterpage90。），whoisgenerallycautiousinhisstatements，saysthatthegreyhoundwithinthelastfiftyyears，thatisbeforethecommencementofthepresentcentury，\"assumedasomewhatdifferentcharacterfromthatwhichheoncepossessed。Heisnowdistinguishedbyabeautifulsymmetryofform，ofwhichhecouldnotonceboast，andhehasevensuperiorspeedtothatwhichheformerlyexhibited。Heisnolongerusedtostrugglewithdeer，butcontendswithhisfellowsoverashorterandspeediercourse。\"Anablewriter（1/84。Inthe’Encyclop。ofRuralSports’page557。）believesthatourEnglishgreyhoundsarethedescendants，PROGRESSIVELYIMPROVED，ofthelargeroughgreyhoundswhichexistedinScotlandsoearlyasthethirdcentury。AcrossatsomeformerperiodwiththeItaliangreyhoundhasbeensuspected;butthisseemshardlyprobable，consideringthefeeblenessofthislatterbreed。LordOrford，asiswell—known，crossedhisfamousgreyhounds，whichfailedincourage，withabulldog——thisbreedbeingchosenfrombeingerroneouslysupposedtobedeficientinthepowerofscent;\"afterthesixthorseventhgeneration，\"
saysYouatt，\"therewasnotavestigeleftoftheformofthebulldog，buthiscourageandindomitableperseveranceremained。\"
Youattinfers，fromacomparisonofanoldpictureofKingCharles’sspanielswiththelivingdog，that\"thebreedofthepresentdayismateriallyalteredfortheworse:\"themuzzlehasbecomeshorter，theforeheadmoreprominent，andtheeyeslarger;thechangesinthiscasehaveprobablybeenduetosimpleselection。Thesetter，asthisauthorremarksinanotherplace，\"isevidentlythelargespanielimprovedtohispresentpeculiarsizeandbeauty，andtaughtanotherwayofmarkinghisgame。Iftheformofthedogwerenotsufficientlysatisfactoryonthispoint，wemighthaverecoursetohistory:\"hethenreferstoadocumentdated1685
bearingonthissubject，andaddsthatthepureIrishsettershowsnosignsofacrosswiththepointer，whichsomeauthorssuspecthasbeenthecasewiththeEnglishsetter。ThebulldogisanEnglishbreed，andasIhearfromMr。G。R。Jesse（1/85。Authorof’ResearchesintotheHistoryoftheBritishDog。），seemstohaveoriginatedfromthemastiffsincethetimeofShakspeare;butcertainlyexistedin1631，asshownbyPrestwickEaton’sletters。Therecanbenodoubtthatthefancybulldogsofthepresentday，nowthattheyarenotusedforbull—baiting，havebecomegreatlyreducedinsize，withoutanyexpressintentiononthepartofthebreeder。OurpointersarecertainlydescendedfromaSpanishbreed，aseventheirpresentnames，Don，Ponto，Carlos，etc。，show;itissaidthattheywerenotknowninEnglandbeforetheRevolutionin1688（1/86。SeeCol。HamiltonSmithontheantiquityofthePointer，in’Nat。Lib。’volume10page196。）;
butthebreedsinceitsintroductionhasbeenmuchmodified，forMr。
Borrow，whoisasportsmanandknowsSpainintimatelywell，informsmethathehasnotseeninthatcountryanybreed\"correspondinginfigurewiththeEnglishpointer;buttherearegenuinepointersnearXereswhichhavebeenimportedbyEnglishgentlemen。\"AnearlyparallelcaseisofferedbytheNewfoundlanddog，whichwascertainlybroughtintoEnglandfromthatcountry，butwhichhassincebeensomuchmodifiedthat，asseveralwritershaveobserved，itdoesnotnowcloselyresembleanyexistingnativedoginNewfoundland。（1/87。TheNewfoundlanddogisbelievedtohaveoriginatedfromacrossbetweentheEsquimauxdogandalargeFrenchhound。SeeDr。
Hodgkin’BritishAssoc。’1844;Bechstein’Naturgesch。Deutschland’b。1s。
574;’Nat。Lib。’volume10page132;alsoMr。Jukes’ExcursioninandaboutNewfoundland。’）
TheseseveralcasesofslowandgradualchangesinourEnglishdogspossesssomeinterest;forthoughthechangeshavegenerally，butnotinvariably，beencausedbyoneortwocrosseswithadistinctbreed，yetwemayfeelsure，fromthewell—knownextremevariabilityofcrossedbreeds，thatrigorousandlong—continuedselectionmusthavebeenpractised，inordertoimprovetheminadefinitemanner。Assoonasanystrainorfamilybecameslightlyimprovedorbetteradaptedtoaltercircumstances，itwouldtendtosupplanttheolderandlessimprovedstrains。Forinstance，assoonastheoldfoxhoundwasimprovedbyacrosswiththegreyhound，orbysimpleselection，andassumeditspresentcharacter——andthechangewasprobablydesiredowingtotheincreasedfleetnessofourhunters——itrapidlyspreadthroughoutthecountry，andisnoweverywherenearlyuniform。Buttheprocessofimprovementisstillgoingonforeveryonetriestoimprovehisstrainbyoccasionallyprocuringdogsfromthebestkennels。ThroughthisprocessofgradualsubstitutiontheoldEnglishhoundhasbeenlost;andsoithasbeenwiththeIrishwolf—dog，theoldEnglishbulldog，andseveralotherbreeds，suchasthealaunt，asIaminformedbyMr。Jesse。Buttheextinctionofformerbreedsisapparentlyaidedbyanothercause;forwheneverabreediskeptinscantynumbers，asatpresentwiththebloodhound，itisrearedwithsomedifficulty，apparentlyfromtheevileffectsoflong—continuedcloseinterbreeding。Asseveralbreedsofthedoghavebeenslightlybutsensiblymodifiedwithinsoshortaperiodasthelastoneortwocenturies，bytheselectionofthebestindividuals，modifiedinmanycasesbycrosseswithotherbreeds;andasweshallhereafterseethatthebreedingofdogswasattendedtoinancienttimes，asitstillisbysavages，wemayconcludethatwehaveinselection，evenifonlyoccasionallypractised，apotentmeansofmodification。
DOMESTICCATS。
CatshavebeendomesticatedintheEastfromanancientperiod;Mr。BlythinformsmethattheyarementionedinaSanskritwriting2000yearsold，andinEgypttheirantiquityisknowntobeevengreater，asshownbymonumentaldrawingsandtheirmummiedbodies。Thesemummies，accordingtoDeBlainville（1/88。DeBlainville’Osteographie，Felis’page65onthecharacterofF。caligulata;pages85，89，90，175，ontheothermummiedspecies。HequotesEhrenbergonF。maniculatabeingmummied。），whohasparticularlystudiedthesubject，belongtonolessthanthreespecies，namely，F。caligulata，bubastes，andchaus。Thetwoformerspeciesaresaidtobestillfound，bothwildanddomesticated，inpartsofEgypt。F。
caligulatapresentsadifferenceinthefirstinferiormilkmolartooth，ascomparedwiththedomesticcatsofEurope，whichmakesDeBlainvilleconcludethatitisnotoneoftheparent—formsofourcats。Severalnaturalists，asPallas，Temminck，Blyth，believethatdomesticcatsarethedescendantsofseveralspeciescommingled:itiscertainthatcatscrossreadilywithvariouswildspecies，anditwouldappearthatthecharacterofthedomesticbreedshas，atleastinsomecases，beenthusaffected。SirW。Jardinehasnodoubtthat，\"inthenorthofScotland，therehasbeenoccasionalcrossingwithournativespecies（F。sylvestris），andthattheresultofthesecrosseshasbeenkeptinourhouses。Ihaveseen，\"headds，\"manycatsverycloselyresemblingthewildcat，andoneortwothatcouldscarcelybedistinguishedfromit。\"Mr。Blyth（1/89。AsiaticSoc。ofCalcutta;Curator’sReport，August1856。ThepassagefromSirW。JardineisquotedfromthisReport。Mr。Blyth，whohasespeciallyattendedtothewildanddomesticcatsofIndia，hasgiveninthisReportaveryinterestingdiscussionontheirorigin。）remarksonthispassage，\"butsuchcatsareneverseeninthesouthernpartsofEngland;still，ascomparedwithanyIndiantamecat，theaffinityoftheordinaryBritishcattoF。sylvestrisismanifest;anddueIsuspecttofrequentintermixtureatatimewhenthetamecatwasfirstintroducedintoBritainandcontinuedrare，whilethewildspecieswasfarmoreabundantthanatpresent。\"InHungary，Jeitteles（1/90。’FaunaHungariaeSup。’1862s。12。）wasassuredontrustworthyauthoritythatawildmalecatcrossedwithafemaledomesticcat，andthatthehybridslonglivedinadomesticatedstate。InAlgiersthedomesticcathascrossedwiththewildcat（F。lybica）ofthatcountry。（1/91。Isid。
GeoffroySaint—Hilaire’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page177。）InSouthAfricaasMr。E。Layardinformsme，thedomesticcatinterminglesfreelywiththewildF。caffra;hehasseenapairofhybridswhichwerequitetameandparticularlyattachedtotheladywhobroughtthemup;andMr。Fryhasfoundthatthesehybridsarefertile。InIndiathedomesticcat，accordingtoMr。Blyth，hascrossedwithfourIndianspecies。Withrespecttooneofthesespecies，F。chaus，anexcellentobserver，SirW。Elliot，informsmethatheoncekilled，nearMadras，awildbrood，whichwereevidentlyhybridsfromthedomesticcat;theseyounganimalshadathicklynx—liketailandthebroadbrownbarontheinsideoftheforearmcharacteristicofF。chaus。SirW。ElliotaddsthathehasoftenobservedthissamemarkontheforearmsofdomesticcatsinIndia。Mr。BlythstatesthatdomesticcatscolourednearlylikeF。chaus，butnotresemblingthatspeciesinshape，aboundinBengal;headds，\"suchacolourationisutterlyunknowninEuropeancats，andthepropertabbymarkings（palestreaksonablackground，peculiarlyandsymmetricallydisposed），socommoninEnglishcats，areneverseeninthoseofIndia。\"Dr。D。ShorthasassuredMr。Blyth（1/92。’Proc。Zoolog。Soc。’1863page184。）that，atHansi，hybridsbetweenthecommoncatandF。ornata（ortorquata）occur，\"andthatmanyofthedomesticcatsofthatpartofIndiawereundistinguishablefromthewildF。
ornata。\"Azarastates，butonlyontheauthorityoftheinhabitants，thatinParaguaythecathascrossedwithtwonativespecies。FromtheseseveralcasesweseethatinEurope，Asia，Africa，andAmerica，thecommoncat，whichlivesafreerlifethanmostotherdomesticatedanimals，hascrossedwithvariouswildspecies;andthatinsomeinstancesthecrossinghasbeensufficientlyfrequenttoaffectthecharacterofthebreed。
Whetherdomesticcatshavedescendedfromseveraldistinctspecies，orhaveonlybeenmodifiedbyoccasionalcrosses，theirfertility，asfarasisknown，isunimpaired。ThelargeAngoraorPersiancatisthemostdistinctinstructureandhabitsofallthedomesticbreeds;andisbelievedbyPallas，butonnodistinctevidence，tobedescendedfromtheF。manulofmiddleAsia;andIamassuredbyMr。BlyththattheAngoracatbreedsfreelywithIndiancats，which，aswehavealreadyseen，haveapparentlybeenmuchcrossedwithF。chaus。InEnglandhalf—bredAngoracatsareperfectlyfertilewithoneanother。
Withinthesamecountrywedonotmeetwithdistinctracesofthecat，aswedoofdogsandofmostotherdomesticanimals;thoughthecatsofthesamecountrypresentaconsiderableamountoffluctuatingvariability。Theexplanationobviouslyisthat，fromtheirnocturnalandramblinghabits，indiscriminatecrossingcannotwithoutmuchtroublebeprevented。Selectioncannotbebroughtintoplaytoproducedistinctbreeds，ortokeepthosedistinctwhichhavebeenimportedfromforeignlands。Ontheotherhand，inislandsandincountriescompletelyseparatedfromeachother，wemeetwithbreedsmoreorlessdistinct;andthesecasesareworthgiving，showingthatthescarcityofdistinctracesinthesamecountryisnotcausedbyadeficiencyofvariabilityintheanimal。ThetaillesscatsoftheIsleofManaresaidtodifferfromcommoncatsnotonlyinthewantofatail，butinthegreaterlengthoftheirhindlegs，inthesizeoftheirheads，andinhabits。TheCreolecatofAntigua，asIaminformedbyMr。Nicholson，issmaller，andhasamoreelongatedhead，thantheBritishcat。InCeylon，asMr。Thwaiteswritestome，everyoneatfirstnoticesthedifferentappearanceofthenativecatfromtheEnglishanimal;itisofsmallsize，withcloselylyinghairs;itsheadissmall，witharecedingforehead;buttheearsarelargeandsharp;altogetherithaswhatistherecalleda\"low—caste\"appearance。Rengger（1/93。’SaugethierevonParaguay’1830s。
212。）saysthatthedomesticcat，whichhasbeenbredfor300yearsinParaguay，presentsastrikingdifferencefromtheEuropeancat;itissmallerbyafourth，hasamorelankybody，itshairisshort，shining，scantyandliesclose，especiallyonthetail:headdsthatthechangehasbeenlessatAscension，thecapitalofParaguay，owingtothecontinualcrossingwithnewlyimportedcats;andthisfactwellillustratestheimportanceofseparation。TheconditionsoflifeinParaguayappearnottobehighlyfavourabletothecat，for，thoughtheyhaverunhalf—wild，theydonotbecomethoroughlyferal，likesomanyotherEuropeananimals。InanotherpartofSouthAmerica，accordingtoRoulin（1/94。’Mem。presentespardiversSavans:Acad。Roy。desSciences’tome6page346。Gomarafirstnoticedthisfactin1554。），theintroducedcathaslostthehabitofutteringitshideousnocturnalhowl。TheRev。W。D。FoxpurchasedacatinPortsmouth，whichhewastoldcamefromthecoastofGuinea;itsskinwasblackandwrinkled，furbluish—greyandshort，itsearsratherbare，legslong，andwholeaspectpeculiar。This\"negro\"catwasfertilewithcommoncats。OntheoppositecoastofAfrica，atMombas，CaptainOwen，R。N。（1/95。
’NarrativeofVoyages’volume2page180。）statesthatallthecatsarecoveredwithshortstiffhairinsteadoffur:hegivesacuriousaccountofacatfromAlgoaBay，whichhadbeenkeptforsometimeonboardandcouldbeidentifiedwithcertainty;thisanimalwasleftforonlyeightweeksatMombas，butduringthatshortperiodit\"underwentacompletemetamorphosis，havingpartedwithitssandy—colouredfur。\"AcatfromtheCapeofGoodHopehasbeendescribedbyDesmarestasremarkablefromaredstripeextendingalongthewholelengthofitsback。Throughoutanimmensearea，namely，theMalayanarchipelago，Siam，Pegu，andBurmah，allthecatshavetruncatedtailsabouthalftheproperlength（1/96。J。Crawfurd’Descript。Dict。oftheIndianIslands’page255。TheMadagascarcatissaidtohaveatwistedtail;seeDesmarestin’Encyclop。Nat。Mamm。’1820
page233，forsomeoftheotherbreeds。），oftenwithasortofknotattheend。IntheCarolinearchipelagothecatshaveverylonglegs，andareofareddish—yellowcolour。（1/97。AdmiralLutke’sVoyagevolume3page308。）InChinaabreedhasdroopingears。AtTobolsk，accordingtoGmelin，thereisared—colouredbreed。InAsia，also，wefindthewell—knownAngoraorPersianbreed。
Thedomesticcathasrunwildinseveralcountries，andeverywhereassumes，asfarascanbejudgedbytheshortrecordeddescriptions，auniformcharacter。NearMaldonado，inLaPlata，Ishotonewhichseemedperfectlywild;itwascarefullyexaminedbyMr。Waterhouse（1/98。’ZoologyoftheVoyageoftheBeagle，Mammalia’page20。Dieffenbach’TravelsinNewZealand’volume2page185。Ch。St。John’WildSportsoftheHighlands’
1846page40。），whofoundnothingremarkableinit，exceptingitsgreatsize。InNewZealandaccordingtoDieffenbach，theferalcatsassumeastreakygreycolourlikethatofwildcats;andthisisthecasewiththehalf—wildcatsoftheScotchHighlands。
Wehaveseenthatdistantcountriespossessdistinctdomesticracesofthecat。Thedifferencesmaybeinpartduetodescentfromseveralaboriginalspecies，oratleasttocrosseswiththem。Insomecases，asinParaguay，Mombas，andAntigua，thedifferencesseemduetothedirectactionofdifferentconditionsoflife。Inothercasessomeslighteffectmaypossiblybeattributedtonaturalselection，ascatsinmanycaseshavelargelytosupportthemselvesandtoescapediversedangers。Butman，owingtothedifficultyofpairingcats，hasdonenothingbymethodicalselection;andprobablyverylittlebyunintentionalselection;thoughineachlitterhegenerallysavestheprettiest，andvaluesmostagoodbreedofmouse—orrat—catchers。Thosecatswhichhaveastrongtendencytoprowlaftergame，generallygetdestroyedbytraps。Ascatsaresomuchpetted，abreedbearingthesamerelationtoothercats，thatlapdogsbeartolargerdogs，wouldhavebeenmuchvalued;andifselectioncouldhavebeenapplied，weshouldcertainlyhavehadmanybreedsineachlong—civilisedcountry，forthereisplentyofvariabilitytoworkupon。
Weseeinthiscountryconsiderablediversityinsize，someintheproportionsofthebody，andextremevariabilityincolouring。Ihaveonlylatelyattendedtothissubject，buthavealreadyheardofsomesingularcasesofvariation;oneofacatbornintheWestIndiestoothless，andremainingsoallitslife。Mr。Tegetmeierhasshownmetheskullofafemalecatwithitscaninessomuchdevelopedthattheyprotrudeduncoveredbeyondthelips;thetoothwiththefangbeing。95，andthepartprojectingfromthegum。6ofaninchinlength。Ihaveheardofseveralfamiliesofsix—toedcats，inoneofwhichthepeculiarityhadbeentransmittedforatleastthreegenerations。Thetailvariesgreatlyinlength;Ihaveseenacatwhichalwayscarrieditstailflatonitsbackwhenpleased。Theearsvaryinshape，andcertainstrains，inEngland，inheritapencil—liketuftofhairs，aboveaquarterofaninchinlength，onthetipsoftheirears;
andthissamepeculiarity，accordingtoMr。Blyth，characterisessomecatsinIndia。Thegreatvariabilityinthelengthofthetailandthelynx—liketuftsofhairsontheearsareapparentlyanalogoustodifferencesincertainwildspeciesofthegenus。Amuchmoreimportantdifference，accordingtoDaubenton（1/99。QuotedbyIsid。Geoffroy’Hist。Nat。Gen。’
tome3page427。），isthattheintestinesofdomesticcatsarewider，andathirdlonger，thaninwildcatsofthesamesize;andthisapparentlyhasbeenbytheirlessstrictlycarnivorousdiet。
CHAPTER1。II。
HORSESANDASSES。
HORSE。
DIFFERENCESINTHEBREEDS。
INDIVIDUALVARIABILITYOF。
DIRECTEFFECTSOFTHECONDITIONSOFLIFE。
CANWITHSTANDMUCHCOLD。
BREEDSMUCHMODIFIEDBYSELECTION。
COLOURSOFTHEHORSE。
DAPPLING。
DARKSTRIPESONTHESPINE，LEGS，SHOULDERS，ANDFOREHEAD。
DUN—COLOUREDHORSESMOSTFREQUENTLYSTRIPED。
STRIPESPROBABLYDUETOREVERSIONTOTHEPRIMITIVESTATEOFTHEHORSE。
ASSES。
BREEDSOF。
COLOUROF。
LEG—ANDSHOULDER—STRIPES。
SHOULDER—STRIPESSOMETIMESABSENT，SOMETIMESFORKED。
ThehistoryoftheHorseislostinantiquity。RemainsofthisanimalinadomesticatedconditionhavebeenfoundintheSwisslake—dwellings，belongingtotheNeolithicperiod。（2/1。Rutimeyer’FaunaderPfahlbauten’
1861s。122。）Atthepresenttimethenumberofbreedsisgreat，asmaybeseenbyconsultinganytreatiseontheHorse。（2/2。See’YouattontheHorse’:J。LawrenceontheHorse1829;W。C。L。Martin’HistoryoftheHorse’
1845:Col。H。Smithin’Nat。Library，Horses’1841volume12:Prof。Veith’Dienaturgesch。Haussaugethiere’1856。）LookingonlytothenativeponiesofGreatBritain，thoseoftheShetlandIsles，Wales，theNewForest，andDevonshirearedistinguishable;andsoitis，amongstotherinstances，witheachseparateislandinthegreatMalayarchipelago。（2/3。Crawfurd’Descript。Dict。ofIndianIslands’1856page153。\"Therearemanydifferentbreeds，everyislandhavingatleastonepeculiartoit。\"ThusinSumatrathereareatleasttwobreeds;inAchinandBatubaraone;inJavaseveralbreeds;oneinBali，Lomboc，Sumbawa（oneofthebestbreeds），Tambora，Bima，Gunung—api，Celebes，Sumba，andPhilippines。OtherbreedsarespecifiedbyZollingerinthe’JournaloftheIndianArchipelago’
volume5page343etc。）Someofthebreedspresentgreatdifferencesinsize，shapeofears，lengthofmane，proportionsofthebody，formofthewithersandhindquarters，andespeciallyinthehead。Comparetherace—
horse，dray—horse，andaShetlandponyinsize，configuration，anddisposition;andseehowmuchgreaterthedifferenceisthanbetweenthesevenoreightotherlivingspeciesofthegenusEquus。
Ofindividualvariationsnotknowntocharacteriseparticularbreeds，andnotgreatorinjuriousenoughtobecalledmonstrosities，Ihavenotcollectedmanycases。Mr。G。Brown，oftheCirencesterAgriculturalCollege，whohasparticularlyattendedtothedentitionofourdomesticanimals，writestomethathehas\"severaltimesnoticedeightpermanentincisorsinsteadofsixinthejaw。\"Malehorsesonlyshouldhavecanines，buttheyareoccasionallyfoundinthemare，thoughasmallsize。（2/4。
’TheHorse’etc。byJohnLawrence1829page14。）Thenumberofribsoneachsideisproperlyeighteen，butYouatt（2/5。’TheVeterinary’Londonvolume5page543。）assertsthatnotunfrequentlytherearenineteen，theadditionalonebeingalwaystheposteriorrib。ItisaremarkablefactthattheancientIndianhorseissaidintheRig—Vedatohaveonlyseventeenribs;andM。Pietrement（2/6。’Memoiresurleschevauxatrente—quatrecotes’1871。），whohascalledattentiontothissubject，givesvariousreasonsforplacingfulltrustinthisstatement，moreespeciallyasduringformertimestheHindooscarefullycountedthebonesofanimals。Ihaveseenseveralnoticesofvariationsinthebonesoftheleg;thusMr。Price（2/7。’Proc。VeterinaryAssoc。’in’TheVeterinary’volume13page42。）
speaksofanadditionalboneinthehock，andofcertainabnormalappearancesbetweenthetibiaandastragalus，asquitecommoninIrishhorses，andnotduetodisease。Horseshaveoftenbeenobserved，accordingtoM。Gaudry（2/8。’BulletindelaSoc。Geolog。’tome221866page22。），topossessatrapeziumandarudimentofafifthmetacarpalbone，sothat\"oneseesappearingbymonstrosity，inthefootofthehorse，structureswhichnormallyexistinthefootoftheHipparion，\"——analliedandextinctanimal。Invariouscountrieshorn—likeprojectionshavebeenobservedonthefrontalbonesofthehorse:inonecasedescribedbyMr。Percivaltheyaroseabouttwoinchesabovetheorbitalprocesses，andwere\"verylikethoseinacalffromfivetosixmonthsold，\"beingfromhalftothree—
quartersofaninchinlength。（2/9。Mr。PercivaloftheEnniskillenDragoonsin’TheVeterinary’volume1page224:seeAzara，’DesQuadrupedesduParaguay’tome2page313。TheFrenchtranslatorofAzarareferstoothercasesmentionedbyHuzardashavingoccurredinSpain。）AzarahasdescribedtwocasesinSouthAmericainwhichtheprojectionswerebetweenthreeandfourinchesinlength:otherinstanceshaveoccurredinSpain。
Thattherehasbeenmuchinheritedvariationinthehorsecannotbedoubted，whenwereflectonthenumberofthebreedsexistingthroughouttheworldorevenwithinthesamecountry，andwhenweknowthattheyhavelargelyincreasedinnumbersincetheearliestknownrecords。（2/10。
Godron，’Del’Espece’tome1page378。）Eveninsofleetingacharacterascolour，Hofacker（2/11。’UeberdieEigenschaften’etc。1828s。10。）foundthat，outof216casesinwhichhorsesofthesamecolourwerepaired，onlyelevenpairsproducedfoalsofaquitedifferentcolour。AsProfessorLow（2/12。’DomesticatedAnimalsoftheBritishIslands’pages527，532。InalltheveterinarytreatisesandpaperswhichIhaveread，thewritersinsistinthestrongesttermsontheinheritancebythehorseofallgoodandbadtendenciesandqualities。Perhapstheprincipleofinheritanceisnotreallystrongerinthehorsethaninanyotheranimal;but，fromitsvalue，thetendencyhasbeenmorecarefullyobserved。）hasremarked，theEnglishrace—horseoffersthebestpossibleevidenceofinheritance。Thepedigreeofarace—horseisofmorevalueinjudgingofitsprobablesuccessthanitsappearance:\"KingHerod\"gainedinprizes201，505poundssterling，andbegot497winners;\"Eclipse\"begot334winners。
Whetherthewholeamountofdifferencebetweenthevariousbreedshasarisenunderdomesticationisdoubtful。Fromthefertilityofthemostdistinctbreeds（2/13。AndrewKnightcrossedbreedssodifferentinsizeasadray—horseandNorwegianpony:seeA。Walkeron’Intermarriage’1838page205。）whencrossed，naturalistshavegenerallylookedatallthebreedsashavingdescendedfromasinglespecies。FewwillagreewithColonelH。
Smith，whobelievesthattheyhavedescendedfromnolessthanfiveprimitiveanddifferentlycolouredstocks。（2/14。’Nat。Library，Horses’
volume12page208。）Butasseveralspeciesandvarietiesofthehorseexisted（2/15。Gervais’Hist。Nat。Mamm。’tome2page143。Owen’BritishFossilMammals’page383。）duringthelatertertiaryperiods，andasRutimeyerfounddifferencesinthesizeandformoftheskullintheearliestknowndomesticatedhorses（2/16。’KenntnissderfossilenPferde’
1863s。131。），weoughtnottofeelsurethatallourbreedsaredescendedfromasinglespecies。ThesavagesofNorthandSouthAmericaeasilyreclaimtheferalhorses，sothatthereisnoimprobabilityinsavagesinvariousquartersoftheworldhavingdomesticatedmorethanonenativespeciesornaturalrace。M。Sanson（2/17。’Comptesrendus’1866page485
and’Journaldel’Anat。etdelaPhys。’Mai1868。）thinksthathehasprovedthattwodistinctspecieshavebeendomesticated，oneintheEast，andoneinNorthAfrica;andthatthesedifferedinthenumberoftheirlumbarvertebraandinvariousotherparts;butM。Sansonseemstobelievethatosteologicalcharactersaresubjecttoverylittlevariation，whichiscertainlyamistake。Atpresentnoaboriginalortrulywildhorseispositivelyknowntoexist;foritiscommonlybelievedthatthewildhorsesoftheEastareescapeddomesticanimals。（2/18。Mr。W。C。L。Martin，’TheHorse’1845page34，inarguingagainstthebeliefthatthewildEasternhorsesaremerelyferal，hasremarkedontheimprobabilityofmaninancienttimeshavingextirpatedaspeciesinaregionwhereitcannowexistinnumbers。）Ifthereforeourdomesticbreedsaredescendedfromseveralspeciesornaturalraces，allhavebecomeextinctinthewildstate。
Withrespecttothecausesofthemodificationswhichhorseshaveundergone，theconditionsoflifeseemtoproduceaconsiderabledirecteffect。Mr。D。Forbes，whohashadexcellentopportunitiesofcomparingthehorsesofSpainwiththoseofSouthAmerica，informsmethatthehorsesofChile，whichhavelivedundernearlythesameconditionsastheirprogenitorsinAndalusia，remainunaltered，whilstthePampashorsesandthePunohorsesareconsiderablymodified。Therecanbenodoubtthathorsesbecomegreatlyreducedinsizeandalteredinappearancebylivingonmountainsandislands;andthisapparentlyisduetowantofnutritiousorvariedfood。EveryoneknowshowsmallandruggedtheponiesareontheNorthernislandsandonthemountainsofEurope。CorsicaandSardiniahavetheirnativeponies;andtherewere（2/19。’Transact。MarylandAcademy’
volume1part1page28。），orstillare，onsomeislandsonthecoastofVirginia，ponieslikethoseoftheShetlandIslands，whicharebelievedtohaveoriginatedthroughexposuretounfavourableconditions。ThePunoponies，whichinhabittheloftyregionsoftheCordillera，are，asIhearfromMr。D。Forbes，strangelittlecreatures，veryunliketheirSpanishprogenitors。Furthersouth，intheFalklandIslands，theoffspringofthehorsesimportedin1764havealreadysomuchdeterioratedinsize（2/20。
Mr。Mackinnon’TheFalklandIslands’page25。TheaverageheightoftheFalklandhorsesissaidtobe14hands2inches。Seealsomy’JournalofResearches。’）andstrengththattheyareunfittedforcatchingwildcattlewiththelasso;sothatfreshhorseshavetobebroughtforthispurposefromLaPlataatagreatexpense。Thereducedsizeofthehorsesbredonbothsouthernandnorthernislands，andonseveralmountain—chains，canhardlyhavebeencausedbythecold，asasimilarreductionhasoccurredontheVirginianandMediterraneanislands。Thehorsecanwithstandintensecold，forwildtroopsliveontheplainsofSiberiaunderlat。56deg，（2/21。Pallas’Act。Acad。St。Petersburgh’1777part2page265。WithrespecttothetarpansscrapingawaythesnowseeCol。HamiltonSmithin’Nat。Lib。’volume12page165。）andaboriginallythehorsesmusthaveinhabitedcountriesannuallycoveredwithsnow，forhelongretainstheinstinctofscrapingitawaytogetattheherbagebeneath。ThewildtarpansintheEasthavethisinstinct;andsoitis，asIaminformedbyAdmiralSulivan，withthehorsesrecentlyandformerlyintroducedintotheFalklandIslandsfromLaPlata，someofwhichhaverunwild;thislatterfactisremarkable，astheprogenitorsofthesehorsescouldnothavefollowedthisinstinctduringmanygenerationsinLaPlata。Ontheotherhand，thewildcattleoftheFalklandsneverscrapeawaythesnow，andperishwhenthegroundislongcovered。InthenorthernpartsofAmericathehorsesdescendedfromthoseintroducedbytheSpanishconquerorsofMexico，havethesamehabit，ashavethenativebisons，butnotsothecattleintroducedfromEurope。（2/22。Franklin’Narrative’volume1page87
notebySirJ。Richardson。）
Thehorsecanflourishunderintenseheataswellasunderintensecold，forheisknowntocometothehighestperfection，thoughnotattainingalargesize，inArabiaandnorthernAfrica。Muchhumidityisapparentlymoreinjurioustothehorsethanheatorcold。IntheFalklandIslands，horsessuffermuchfromthedampness;andthiscircumstancemayperhapspartlyaccountforthesingularfactthattotheeastwardoftheBayofBengal（2/23。Mr。J。H。Moor’NoticesoftheIndianArchipelago’Singapore1837
page189。AponyfromJavawassent（’Athenaeum’1842page718）totheQueenonly28inchesinheight。FortheLooChooIslands，seeBeechey’Voyage’4th。editionvolume1page499。），overanenormousandhumidarea，inAva，Pegu，Siam，theMalayanarchipelago，theLooChooIslands，andalargepartofChina，nofull—sizedhorseisfound。WhenweadvanceasfareastwardasJapan，thehorsereacquireshisfullsize。（2/24。J。Crawfurd，’HistoryoftheHorse’’JournalofRoyalUnitedServiceInstitution’volume4。）
Withmostofourdomesticatedanimals，somebreedsarekeptonaccountoftheircuriosityorbeauty;butthehorseisvaluedalmostsolelyforitsutility。Hencesemi—monstrousbreedsarenotpreserved;andprobablyalltheexistingbreedshavebeenslowlyformedeitherbythedirectactionoftheconditionsoflife，orthroughtheselectionofindividualdifferences。
Nodoubtsemi—monstrousbreedsmighthavebeenformed:thusMr。Watertonrecords（2/25。’EssaysonNaturalHistory’2ndseriespage161。）thecaseofamarewhichproducedsuccessivelythreefoalswithouttails;sothatataillessracemighthavebeenformedlikethetaillessracesofdogsandcats。ARussianbreedofhorsesissaidtohavecurledhair，andAzara（2/26。’QuadrupedesduParaguay’tome2page333。Dr。CanfieldinformsmethatabreedwithcurlyhairwasformedbyselectionatLosAngelesinNorthAmerica。）relatesthatinParaguayhorsesareoccasionallyborn，butaregenerallydestroyed，withhairlikethatontheheadofanegro;andthispeculiarityistransmittedeventohalf—breeds:itisacuriouscaseofcorrelationthatsuchhorseshaveshortmanesandtails，andtheirhoofsareofapeculiarshapelikethoseofamule。
Itisscarcelypossibletodoubtthatthelong—continuedselectionofqualitiesserviceabletomanhasbeenthechiefagentintheformationoftheseveralbreedsofthehorse。Lookatadray—horse，andseehowwelladaptedheistodrawheavyweights，andhowunlikeinappearancetoanyalliedwildanimal。TheEnglishrace—horseisknowntobederivedfromthecommingledbloodofArabs，Turks，andBarbs;butselection，whichwascarriedonduringveryearlytimesinEngland（2/27。Seetheevidenceonthisheadin’LandandWater’May2，1868。），togetherwithtraining，havemadehimaverydifferentanimalfromhisparent—stocks。AsawriterinIndia，whoevidentlyknowsthepureArabwell，asks，whonow，\"lookingatourpresentbreedofrace—horses，couldhaveconceivedthattheyweretheresultoftheunionoftheArabhorseandAfricanmare？\"TheimprovementissomarkedthatinrunningfortheGoodwoodCup\"thefirstdescendantsofArabian，Turkish，andPersianhorses，areallowedadiscountof18poundsweight;andwhenbothparentsareofthesecountriesadiscountof36
pounds（2/28。Prof。Low’DomesticatedAnimals’page546。WithrespecttothewriterinIndiasee’IndiaSportingReview’volume2page181。AsLawrencehasremarked（’TheHorse’page9），\"perhapsnoinstancehaseveroccurredofathree—partbredhorse（i。e。ahorse，oneofwhosegrandparentswasofimpureblood）savinghisdistanceinrunningtwomileswiththoroughbredracers。\"Somefewinstancesareonrecordofseven—eightsracershavingbeensuccessful。）ItisnotoriousthattheArabshavelongbeenascarefulaboutthepedigreeoftheirhorsesasweare，andthisimpliesgreatandcontinuedcareinbreeding。SeeingwhathasbeendoneinEnglandbycarefulbreeding，canwedoubtthattheArabsmustlikewisehaveproducedduringthecourseofcenturiesamarkedeffectonthequalitiesoftheirhorses？Butwemaygomuchfartherbackintime，forintheBiblewehearofstudscarefullykeptforbreeding，andofhorsesimportedathighpricesfromvariouscountries。（2/29。Prof。Gervais’Hist。Nat。Mamm。’tome2page144hascollectedmanyfactsonthishead。ForinstanceSolomon（1
Kingsx。28）boughthorsesinEgyptatahighprice。）Wemaythereforeconcludethat，whetherornotthevariousexistingbreedsofthehorsehaveproceededfromoneormoreaboriginalstocks，yetthatagreatamountofchangehasresultedfromthedirectactionoftheconditionsoflife，andprobablyastillgreateramountfromthelong—continuedselectionbymanofslightindividualdifferences。
Withseveraldomesticatedquadrupedsandbirds，certaincolouredmarksareeitherstronglyinheritedortendtoreappearafterhavingbeenlostforalongtime。Asthissubjectwillhereafterbeseentobeofimportance，I
willgiveafullaccountofthecolouringofhorses。AllEnglishbreeds，howeverunlikeinsizeandappearance，andseveralofthoseinIndiaandtheMalayarchipelago，presentasimilarrangeanddiversityofcolour。TheEnglishrace—horse，however，issaid（2/30。’TheField’July13，1861page42。）nevertobedun—coloured;butasdunandcream—colouredhorsesareconsideredbytheArabsasworthless，\"andfitonlyforJewstoride\"
（2/31。E。VernonHarcourt’SportinginAlgeria’page26。），thesetintsmayhavebeenremovedbylong—continuedselection。Horsesofeverycolour，andofsuchwidelydifferentkindsasdray—horses，cobs，andponies，arealloccasionallydappled（2/32。Istatethisfrommyownobservationsmadeduringseveralyearsonthecoloursofhorses。Ihaveseencream—coloured，light—dunandmouse—dunhorsesdappled，whichImentionbecauseithasbeenstated（Martin’HistoryoftheHorse’page134）thatdunsareneverdappled。Martin（page205）referstodappledasses。Inthe’Farrier’
（London1828pages453，455）therearesomegoodremarksonthedapplingofhorses;andlikewiseinCol。HamiltonSmithon’TheHorse。’），inthesamemannerasissoconspicuouswithgreyhorses。Thisfactdoesnotthrowanyclearlightonthecolouringoftheaboriginalhorse，butisacaseofanalogousvariation，forevenassesaresometimesdappled，andIhaveseen，intheBritishMuseum，ahybridfromtheassandzebradappledonitshinderquarters。Bytheexpressionanalogousvariation（anditisonethatIshalloftenhaveoccasiontouse）Imeanavariationoccurringinaspeciesorvarietywhichresemblesanormalcharacterinanotheranddistinctspeciesorvariety。Analogousvariationsmayarise，aswillbeexplainedinafuturechapter，fromtwoormoreformswithasimilarconstitutionhavingbeenexposedtosimilarconditions，——orfromoneoftwoformshavingreacquiredthroughreversionacharacterinheritedbytheotherformfromtheircommonprogenitor，——orfrombothformshavingrevertedtothesameancestralcharacter。Weshallimmediatelyseethathorsesoccasionallyexhibitatendencytobecomestripedoveralargepartoftheirbodies;andasweknowthatinthevarietiesofthedomesticcatandinseveralfelinespeciesstripesreadilypassintospotsandcloudymarks——eventhecubsoftheuniformly—colouredlionbeingspottedwithdarkmarksonalighterground——wemaysuspectthatthedapplingofthehorse，whichhasbeennoticedbysomeauthorswithsurprise，isamodificationorvestigeofatendencytobecomestriped。
（FIGURE1。DUNDEVONSHIREPONY，withshoulder，spinal，andlegstripes。）
[Thistendencyinthehorsetobecomestripedisinseveralrespectsaninterestingfact。Horsesofallcolours，ofthemostdiversebreeds，invariouspartsoftheworld，oftenhaveadarkstripeextendingalongthespine，fromthemanetothetail;butthisissocommonthatIneedenterintonoparticulars。（2/33。Somedetailsaregivenin’TheFarrier’1828