VaudoisedesSc。Nat。’tome61860pages281，299，320。）ThisancientdogwassucceededinDenmarkduringtheBronzeperiodbyalargerkind，presentingcertaindifferences，andthisagainduringtheIronperiod，byastilllargerkind。InSwitzerland，wehearfromProf。Rutimeyer（1/9。’DieFaunaderPfahlbauten’1861s。117，162。），thatduringtheNeolithicperiodadomesticateddogofmiddlesizeexisted，whichinitsskullwasaboutequallyremotefromthewolfandjackal，andpartookofthecharactersofourhoundsandsettersorspaniels（JagdhundundWachtelhund）。Rutimeyerinsistsstronglyontheconstancyofformduringaverylongperiodoftimeofthisthemostancientknowndog。DuringtheBronzeperiodalargerdogappeared，andthiscloselyresembledinitsjawadogofthesameageinDenmark。RemainsoftwonotablydistinctvarietiesofthedogwerefoundbySchmerlinginacave（1/10。DeBlainville’Osteographie，Canidae。’）;buttheiragecannotbepositivelydetermined。
Theexistenceofasinglerace，remarkablyconstantinformduringthewholeNeolithicperiod，isaninterestingfactincontrastwithwhatweseeofthechangeswhichtheracesunderwentduringtheperiodofthesuccessiveEgyptianmonuments，andincontrastwithourexistingdogs。ThecharacterofthisanimalduringtheNeolithicperiod，asgivenbyRutimeyer，supportsDeBlainville’sviewthatourvarietieshavedescendedfromanunknownandextinctform。Butweshouldnotforgetthatweknownothingwithrespecttotheantiquityofmaninthewarmerpartsoftheworld。ThesuccessionofthedifferentkindsofdogsinSwitzerlandandDenmarkisthoughttobeduetotheimmigrationofconqueringtribesbringingwiththemtheirdogs;andthisviewaccordswiththebeliefthatdifferentwildcanineanimalsweredomesticatedindifferentregions。
Independentlyoftheimmigrationofnewracesofman，weknowfromthewide—spreadpresenceofbronze，composedofanalloyoftin，howmuchcommercetheremusthavebeenthroughoutEuropeatanextremelyremoteperiod，anddogswouldthenprobablyhavebeenbartered。Atthepresenttime，amongstthesavagesoftheinteriorofGuiana，theTarumaIndiansareconsideredthebesttrainersofdogs，andpossessalargebreedwhichtheybarteratahighpricewithothertribes。（1/11。SirR。Schomburgkhasgivenmeinformationonthishead。Seealso’JournalofR。GeographicalSoc。’volume131843page65。）
Themainargumentinfavouroftheseveralbreedsofthedogbeingthedescendantsofdistinctwildstocks，istheirresemblanceinvariouscountriestodistinctspeciesstillexistingthere。Itmust，however，beadmittedthatthecomparisonbetweenthewildanddomesticatedanimalhasbeenmadebutinfewcaseswithsufficientexactness。Beforeenteringondetails，itwillbewelltoshowthatthereisnoaprioridifficultyinthebeliefthatseveralcaninespecieshavebeendomesticated。Membersofthedogfamilyinhabitnearlythewholeworld;andseveralspeciesagreeprettycloselyinhabitsandstructurewithourseveraldomesticateddogs。
Mr。Galtonhasshown（1/12。’DomesticationofAnimals’EthnologicalSoc。
December22，1863。）howfondsavagesareofkeepingandtaminganimalsofallkinds。Socialanimalsarethemosteasilysubjugatedbyman，andseveralspeciesofCanidaehuntinpacks。Itdeservesnotice，asbearingonotheranimalsaswellasonthedog，thatatanextremelyancientperiod，whenmanfirstenteredanycountry，theanimalslivingtherewouldhavefeltnoinstinctiveorinheritedfearofhim，andwouldconsequentlyhavebeentamedfarmoreeasilythanatpresent。Forinstance，whentheFalklandIslandswerefirstvisitedbyman，thelargewolf—likedog（Canisantarcticus）fearlesslycametomeetByron’ssailors，who，mistakingthisignorantcuriosityforferocity，ranintothewatertoavoidthem:evenrecentlyaman，byholdingapieceofmeatinonehandandaknifeintheother，couldsometimesstickthematnight。OnaislandintheSeaofAral，whenfirstdiscoveredbyButakoff，thesaigakantelopes，whichare\"generallyverytimidandwatchful，didnotflyfromus，butonthecontrarylookedatuswithasortofcuriosity。\"So，again，ontheshoresoftheMauritius，themanateewasnotatfirstintheleastafraidofman，andthusithasbeeninseveralquartersoftheworldwithsealsandthemorse。Ihaveelsewhereshown（1/13。’JournalofResearches’etc。1845page393。WithrespecttoCanisantarcticus，seepage193。Forthecaseoftheantelope，see’JournalRoyalGeographicalSoc。’volume23page94。）howslowlythenativebirdsofseveralislandshaveacquiredandinheritedasalutarydreadofman:attheGalapagosArchipelagoIpushedwiththemuzzleofmygunhawksfromabranch，andheldoutapitcherofwaterforotherbirdstoalightonanddrink。Quadrupedsandbirdswhichhaveseldombeendisturbedbyman，dreadhimnomorethandoourEnglishbirds，thecows，orhorsesgrazinginthefields。
Itisamoreimportantconsiderationthatseveralcaninespeciesevince（aswillbeshowninafuturechapter）nostrongrepugnanceorinabilitytobreedunderconfinement;andtheincapacitytobreedunderconfinementisoneofthecommonestbarstodomestication。Lastly，savagessetthehighestvalue，asweshallseeinthechapteronSelection，ondogs:evenhalf—
tamedanimalsarehighlyusefultothem:theIndiansofNorthAmericacrosstheirhalf—wilddogswithwolves，andthusrenderthemevenwilderthanbefore，butbolder:thesavagesofGuianacatchandpartiallytameandusethewhelpsoftwowildspeciesofCanis，asdothesavagesofAustraliathoseofthewildDingo。Mr。PhilipKinginformsmethatheoncetrainedawildDingopuppytodrivecattle，andfounditveryuseful。Fromtheseseveralconsiderationsweseethatthereisnodifficultyinbelievingthatmanmighthavedomesticatedvariouscaninespeciesindifferentcountries。
Itwouldindeedhavebeenastrangefactifonespeciesalonehadbeendomesticatedthroughouttheworld。
Wewillnowenterintodetails。TheaccurateandsagaciousRichardsonsays，\"TheresemblancebetweentheNorthernAmericanwolves（Canislupus，var。
occidentalis）andthedomesticdogsoftheIndiansissogreatthatthesizeandstrengthofthewolfseemstobetheonlydifference。IhavemorethanoncemistakenabandofwolvesforthedogsofapartyofIndians;andthehowloftheanimalsofbothspeciesisprolongedsoexactlyinthesamekeythateventhepractisedearoftheIndianfailsattimestodiscriminatethem。’HeaddsthatthemorenorthernEsquimauxdogsarenotonlyextremelylikethegreywolvesoftheArcticcircleinformandcolour，butalsonearlyequaltheminsize。Dr。Kanehasoftenseeninhisteamsofsledge—dogstheobliqueeye（acharacteronwhichsomenaturalistslaygreatstress），thedroopingtail，andscaredlookofthewolf。IndispositiontheEsquimauxdogsdifferlittlefromwolves，and，accordingtoDr。Hayes，theyarecapableofnoattachmenttoman，andaresosavagethatwhenhungrytheywillattackeventheirmasters。AccordingtoKanetheyreadilybecomeferal。Theiraffinityissoclosewithwolvesthattheyfrequentlycrosswiththem，andtheIndianstakethewhelpsofwolves\"toimprovethebreedoftheirdogs。\"Thehalf—bredwolvessometimes（Lamare—
Picquot）cannotbetamed，\"thoughthiscaseisrare;\"buttheydonotbecomethoroughlywellbrokenintillthesecondorthirdgeneration。Thesefactsshowthattherecanbebutlittle，ifany，sterilitybetweentheEsquimauxdogandthewolf，forotherwisetheywouldnotbeusedtoimprovethebreed。AsDr。Hayessaysofthesedogs，\"reclaimedwolvestheydoubtlessare。\"（1/14。Theauthoritiesfortheforegoingstatementsareasfollow:——Richardsonin’FaunaBoreali—Americana’1829pages64，75;Dr。
Kane’ArcticExplorations’1856volume1pages398，455;Dr。Hayes’ArcticBoatJourney’1860page167。Franklin’s’Narrative’volume1page269，givesthecaseofthreewhelpsofablackwolfbeingcarriedawaybytheIndians。Parry，Richardson，andothers，giveaccountsofwolvesanddogsnaturallycrossingintheeasternpartsofNorthAmerica。Seemaninhis’VoyageofH。M。S。\"Herald\"’1853volume2page26，saysthewolfisoftencaughtbytheEsquimauxforthepurposeofcrossingwiththeirdogs，andthusaddingtotheirsizeandstrength。M。Lamare—Picquotin’Bull。delaSoc。d’Acclimat。’tome71860page148，givesagoodaccountofthehalf—
bredEsquimauxdogs。）
NorthAmericaisinhabitedbyasecondkindofwolf，theprairie—wolf（Canislatrans），whichisnowlookedatbyallnaturalistsasspecificallydistinctfromthecommonwolf;andis，accordingtoMr。J。K。Lord，insomerespectsintermediateinhabitsbetweenawolfandafox。SirJ。
Richardson，afterdescribingtheHareIndiandog，whichdiffersinmanyrespectsfromtheEsquimauxdog，says，\"Itbearsthesamerelationtotheprairie—wolfthattheEsquimauxdogdoestothegreatgreywolf。\"Hecould，infact，detectnomarkeddifferencebetweenthem;andMessrs。NottandGliddongiveadditionaldetailsshowingtheircloseresemblance。Thedogsderivedfromtheabovetwoaboriginalsourcescrosstogetherandwiththewildwolves，atleastwiththeC。occidentalis，andwithEuropeandogs。InFlorida，accordingtoBartram，theblackwolf—dogoftheIndiansdiffersinnothingfromthewolvesofthatcountryexceptinbarking。（1/15。’FaunaBoreali—Americana’1829pages73，78，80。NottandGliddon，’TypesofMankind’page383。ThenaturalistandtravellerBartramisquotedbyHamiltonSmithin’NaturalistLib。’volume10page156。AMexicandomesticdogseemsalsotoresembleawilddogofthesamecountry;butthismaybetheprairie—wolf。Anothercapablejudge，Mr。J。K。Lord（’TheNaturalistinVancouverIsland’1866volume2page218），saysthattheIndiandogoftheSpokans，neartheRockyMountains，\"isbeyondallquestionnothingmorethanatamedCayoteorprairie—wolf，\"orCanislatrans。）
Turningtothesouthernpartsofthenewworld，ColumbusfoundtwokindsofdogsintheWestIndies;andFernandez（1/16。IquotethisfromMr。R。
Hill’sexcellentaccountoftheAlcoordomesticdogofMexico，inGosse’s’Naturalist’sSojourninJamaica’1851page329。）describesthreeinMexico:someofthesenativedogsweredumb——thatis，didnotbark。InGuianaithasbeenknownsincethetimeofBuffonthatthenativescrosstheirdogswithanaboriginalspecies，apparentlytheCaniscancrivorus。
SirR。Schomburgk，whohassocarefullyexploredtheseregions，writestome，\"IhavebeenrepeatedlytoldbytheArawaakIndians，whoresidenearthecoast，thattheycrosstheirdogswithawildspeciestoimprovethebreed，andindividualdogshavebeenshowntomewhichcertainlyresembledtheC。cancrivorusmuchmorethanthecommonbreed。ItisbutseldomthattheIndianskeeptheC。cancrivorusfordomesticpurposes，noristheAi，anotherspeciesofwilddog，andwhichIconsidertobeidenticalwiththeDusicyonsilvestrisofH。Smith，nowmuchusedbytheArecunasforthepurposeofhunting。ThedogsoftheTarumaIndiansarequitedistinct，andresembleBuffon’sSt。Domingogreyhound。\"ItthusappearsthatthenativesofGuianahavepartiallydomesticatedtwoaboriginalspecies，andstillcrosstheirdogswiththem;thesetwospeciesbelongtoaquitedifferenttypefromtheNorthAmericanandEuropeanwolves。Acarefulobserver，Rengger（1/17。’NaturgeschichtederSaugethierevonParaguay’1830s。
151。），givesreasonsforbelievingthatahairlessdogwasdomesticatedwhenAmericawasfirstvisitedbyEuropeans:someofthesedogsinParaguayarestilldumb，andTschudi（1/18。QuotedinHumboldt’AspectsofNature’
（Englishtranslation）volume1page108。）statesthattheysufferfromcoldintheCordillera。Thisnakeddogis，howeverquitedistinctfromthatfoundpreservedintheancientPeruvianburial—places，anddescribedbyTschudi，underthenameofCanisingae，aswithstandingcoldwellandasbarking。Itisnotknownwhetherthesetwodistinctkindsofdogarethedescendantsofnativespecies，anditmightbearguedthatwhenmanfirstmigratedintoAmericahebroughtwithhimfromtheAsiaticcontinentdogswhichhadnotlearnedtobark;butthisviewdoesnotseemprobable，asthenativesalongthelineoftheirmarchfromthenorthreclaimed，aswehaveseen，atleasttwoN。AmericanspeciesofCanidae。
TurningtotheOldWorld，someEuropeandogscloselyresemblethewolf;
thustheshepherddogoftheplainsofHungaryiswhiteorreddish—brown，hasasharpnose，short，erectears，shaggycoat，andbushytail，andsomuchresemblesawolfthatMr。Paget，whogivesthisdescription，sayshehasknownaHungarianmistakeawolfforoneofhisowndogs。Jeitteles，also，remarksontheclosesimilarityoftheHungariandogandwolf。
ShepherddogsinItalymustancientlyhavecloselyresembledwolves，forColumella（vii。12）advisesthatwhitedogsbekept，adding，\"pastoralbumprobat，neprolupocanemferiat。\"Severalaccountshavebeengivenofdogsandwolvescrossingnaturally;andPlinyassertsthattheGaulstiedtheirfemaledogsinthewoodsthattheymightcrosswithwolves。（1/19。Paget’TravelsinHungaryandTransylvania’volume1page501。Jeitteles’FaunaHungariaeSuperioris’1862s。13。SeePliny’HistoryoftheWorld’（Englishtranslation）8thbookch。40abouttheGaulscrossingtheirdogs。SeealsoAristotle’Hist。Animal。’Lib。8c。28。ForgoodevidenceaboutwolvesanddogsnaturallycrossingnearthePyrenees，seeM。Mauduyt’DuLoupetdesesRaces’Poitiers，1851;alsoPallasin’ActaAcad。St。Petersburgh’1780
part2page94。）TheEuropeanwolfdiffersslightlyfromthatofNorthAmerica，andhasbeenrankedbymanynaturalistsasadistinctspecies。ThecommonwolfofIndiaisalsobysomeesteemedasathirdspecies，andhereagainwefindamarkedresemblancebetweenthepariahdogsofcertaindistrictsofIndiaandtheIndianwolf。（1/20。Igivethisonexcellentauthority，namelyMr。Blyth（underthesignatureofZoophilus）inthe’IndianSportingReview’October1856page134。Mr。Blythstatesthathewasstruckwiththeresemblancebetweenabrush—tailedraceofpariah—dogs，north—westofCawnpore，andtheIndianwolf。HegivescorroborativeevidencewithrespecttothedogsofthevalleyoftheNerbudda。）
WithrespecttoJackals，IsidoreGeoffroySaint—Hilaire（1/21。FornumerousandinterestingdetailsontheresemblanceofdogsandjackalsseeIsid。
GeoffroySt。—Hilaire’Hist。Nat。Gen。’1860tome3page101。Seealso’Hist。Nat。desMammiferes’parProf。Gervais，1855tome2page60。）saysthatnotoneconstantdifferencecanbepointedoutbetweentheirstructureandthatofthesmallerracesofdogs。Theyagreecloselyinhabits:
jackals，whentamedandcalledbytheirmaster，wagtheirtails，lickhishands，crouch，andthrowthemselvesontheirbacks;theysmellatthetailsofotherdogs，andvoidtheirurinesideways;theyrolloncarrionoronanimalswhichtheyhavekilled;and，lastly，wheninhighspirits，theyrunroundincirclesorinafigureofeight，withtheirtailsbetweentheirlegs。（1/22。AlsoGuldenstadt’Nov。Comment。Acad。Petrop。’tome20proanno1775page449。AlsoSalvinin’LandandWater’October1869。）Anumberofexcellentnaturalists，fromthetimeofGuldenstadttothatofEhrenberg，Hemprich，andCretzschmar，haveexpressedthemselvesinthestrongesttermswithrespecttotheresemblanceofthehalf—domesticdogsofAsiaandEgypttojackals。M。Nordmann，forinstance，says，\"Leschiensd’Awhasieressemblentetonnammentadeschacals。\"Ehrenberg（1/23。QuotedbyDeBlainvilleinhis’Osteographie，Canidae’pages79，98。）assertsthatthedomesticdogsofLowerEgypt，andcertainmummieddogs，havefortheirwildtypeaspeciesofwolf（C。lupaster）ofthecountry;whereasthedomesticdogsofNubiaandcertainothermummieddogshavetheclosestrelationtoawildspeciesofthesamecountry，viz。C。sabbar，whichisonlyaformofthecommonjackal。PallasassertsthatjackalsanddogssometimesnaturallycrossintheEast;andacaseisonrecordinAlgeria。
（1/24。SeePallasin’Act。Acad。St。Petersburgh’1780part2page91。ForAlgeria，seeIsid。GeoffroySt。—Hilaire’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page177。
Inbothcountriesitisthemalejackalwhichpairswithfemaledomesticdogs。）ThegreaternumberofnaturalistsdividethejackalsofAsiaandAfricaintoseveralspecies，butsomefewrankthemallasone。
ImayaddthatthedomesticdogsonthecoastofGuineaarefox—likeanimals，andaredumb。（1/25。JohnBarbut’DescriptionoftheCoastofGuineain1746。’）OntheeastcoastofAfrica，betweenlatitude4degand6
degsouth，andabouttendays’journeyintheinterior，asemi—domesticdog，astheRev。S。Erhardtinformsme，iskept，whichthenativesassertisderivedfromasimilarwildanimal。Lichtenstein（1/26。’TravelsinSouthAfrica’volume2page272。）saysthatthedogsoftheBosjemanspresentastrikingresemblanceevenincolour（exceptingtheblackstripedowntheback）withtheC。mesomelasofSouthAfrica。Mr。E。LayardinformsmethathehasseenaCaffredogwhichcloselyresembledanEsquimauxdog。
InAustraliatheDingoisbothdomesticatedandwild;thoughthisanimalmayhavebeenintroducedaboriginallybyman，yetitmustbeconsideredasalmostanendemicform，foritsremainshavebeenfoundinasimilarstateofpreservationandassociatedwithextinctmammals，sothatitsintroductionmusthavebeenancient。（1/27。Selwyn，GeologyofVictoria;
’JournalofGeolog。Soc。’volume141858page536andvolume161860page148;andProf。M’Coyin’AnnalsandMag。ofNat。Hist。’（3rdseries）volume91862page147。TheDingodiffersfromthedogsofthecentralPolynesianislands。Dieffenbachremarks（’Travels’volume2page45）thatthenativeNewZealanddogalsodiffersfromtheDingo。）
Fromthisresemblanceofthehalf—domesticateddogsinseveralcountriestothewildspeciesstilllivingthere，——fromthefacilitywithwhichtheycanoftenbecrossedtogether，——fromevenhalf—tamedanimalsbeingsomuchvaluedbysavages，——andfromtheothercircumstancespreviouslyremarkedonwhichfavourtheirdomestication，itishighlyprobablethatthedomesticdogsoftheworldaredescendedfromtwowell—definedspeciesofwolf（viz。
C。lupusandC。latrans），andfromtwoorthreeotherdoubtfulspecies（namely，theEuropean，Indian，andNorthAfricanwolves）;fromatleastoneortwoSouthAmericancaninespecies;fromseveralracesorspeciesofjackal;andperhapsfromoneormoreextinctspecies。Althoughitispossibleorevenprobablethatdomesticateddogs，introducedintoanycountryandbredthereformanygenerations，mightacquiresomeofthecharacterspropertotheaboriginalCanidaeofthecountry，wecanhardlythusaccountforintroduceddogshavinggivenrisetotwobreedsinthesamecountry，resemblingtwoofitsaboriginalspecies，asintheabove—
givencasesofGuianaandofNorthAmerica。（1/28。Theselatterremarksafford，Ithink，asufficientanswertosomecriticismsbyMr。Wallace，onthemultipleoriginofdogs，giveninLyell’s’PrinciplesofGeology’1872
volume2page295。）
Itcannotbeobjectedtotheviewofseveralcaninespecieshavingbeenancientlydomesticated，thattheseanimalsaretamedwithdifficulty:factshavebeenalreadygivenonthishead，butImayaddthattheyoungoftheCanisprimaevusofIndiaweretamedbyMr。Hodgson（1/29。’ProceedingsZoologicalSoc。’1833page112。Seealsoonthetamingofthecommonwolf，L。Lloyd’ScandinavianAdventures’1854volume1page460。Withrespecttothejackal，seeProf。Gervais’Hist。Nat。Mamm。’tome2page61。WithrespecttotheaguaraofParaguayseeRengger’swork。），andbecameassensibleofcaresses，andmanifestedasmuchintelligence，asanysportingdogofthesameage。Thereisnotmuchdifference，aswehavealreadyshownandshallfurthersee，inhabitsbetweenthedomesticdogsoftheNorthAmericanIndiansandthewolvesofthatcountry，orbetweentheEasternpariahdogsandjackals，orbetweenthedogswhichhaverunwildinvariouscountriesandtheseveralnaturalspeciesofthefamily。Thehabitofbarking，however，whichisalmostuniversalwithdomesticateddogs，formsanexception，asitdoesnotcharacteriseasinglenaturalspeciesofthefamily，thoughIamassuredthattheCanislatransofNorthAmericauttersanoisewhichcloselyapproachesabark。Butthishabitissoonlostbydogswhentheybecomeferalandissoonreacquiredwhentheyareagaindomesticated。ThecaseofthewilddogsontheislandofJuanFernandezhavingbecomedumbhasoftenbeenquoted，andthereisreasontobelieve（130。Roulin，in’Mem。present。pardiversSavans’tome6page341。）thatthedumbnessensuedinthecourseofthirty—threeyears;ontheotherhand，dogstakenfromthisislandbyUlloaslowlyreacquiredthehabitofbarking。TheMackenzie—riverdogs，oftheCanislatranstype，whenbroughttoEngland，neverlearnedtobarkproperly;butonebornintheZoologicalGardens（1/31。Martin’HistoryoftheDog’page14。）\"madehisvoicesoundasloudlyasanyotherdogofthesameageandsize。\"AccordingtoProfessorNillson（1/32。QuotedbyL。Lloydin’FieldSportsofNorthofEurope’volume1page387。），awolf—whelprearedbyabitchbarks。I。
GeoffroySaint—Hilaireexhibitedajackalwhichbarkedwiththesametoneasanycommondog。（1/33。Quatrefages’Soc。d’Acclimat。’May11，1863page7。）AninterestingaccounthasbeengivenbyMr。G。Clarke（1/34。’AnnalsandMagofNat。Hist。’volume151845page140。）ofsomedogsrunwildonJuandeNova，intheIndianOcean;\"theyhadentirelylostthefacultyofbarking;theyhadnoinclinationforthecompanyofotherdogs，nordidtheyacquiretheirvoice\"duringacaptivityofseveralmonths。Ontheislandthey\"congregateinvastpacks，andcatchsea—birdswithasmuchaddressasfoxescoulddisplay。\"TheferaldogsofLaPlatahavenotbecomedumb;theyareoflargesize，huntsinglyorinpacks，andburrowholesfortheiryoung。（1/35。Azara’Voyagesdansl’Amer。Merid。’tome1page381;
hisaccountisfullyconfirmedbyRengger。QuatrefagesgivesanaccountofabitchbroughtfromJerusalemtoFrancewhichburrowedaholeandlitteredinit。See’Discours，ExpositiondesRacesCanines’1865page3。）InthesehabitstheferaldogsofLaPlataresemblewolvesandjackals;bothofwhichhunteithersinglyorinpacks，andburrowholes。（1/36。WithrespecttowolvesburrowingholesseeRichardson’FaunaBoreali—Americana’page64;
andBechstein’NaturgeschichteDeutschlands’b。1s。617。）TheseferaldogshavenotbecomeuniformincolouronJuanFernandez，JuandeNova，orLaPlata。（1/37。SeePoeppig’ReiseinChile’b。1s。290;Mr。G。Clarke，asabove;andRengger，s。155。）InCubatheferaldogsaredescribedbyPoeppigasnearlyallmouse—coloured，withshortearsandlight—blueeyes。
InSt。Domingo，Col。Ham。Smithsays（1/38。Dogs，’Nat。Library’volume10
page121;anendemicSouthAmericandogseemsalsotohavebecomeferalinthisisland。SeeGosse’Jamaica’page340。）thattheferaldogsareverylarge，likegreyhounds，ofauniformpaleblue—ash，withsmallears，andlargelight—browneyes。EventhewildDingo，thoughsoancientlynaturalisedinAustralia，\"variesconsiderablyincolour，\"asIaminformedbyMr。P。P。King:ahalf—bredDingorearedinEngland（1/39。Low’DomesticatedAnimals’page650。）showedsignsofwishingtoburrow。
[Fromtheseveralforegoingfactsweseethatreversionintheferalstategivesnoindicationofthecolourorsizeoftheaboriginalparent—species。
Onefact，however，withrespecttothecolouringofdomesticdogs，Iatonetimehopedmighthavethrownsomelightontheirorigin;anditisworthgiving，asshowinghowcolouringfollowslaws，eveninsoancientlyandthoroughlydomesticatedananimalasthedog。Blackdogswithtan—colouredfeet，whateverbreedtheymaybelongto，almostinvariablyhaveatan—
colouredspotontheupperandinnercornersofeacheye，andtheirlipsaregenerallythuscoloured。Ihaveseenonlytwoexceptionstothisrule，namely，inaspanielandterrier。Dogsofalight—browncolouroftenhavealighter，yellowish—brownspotovertheeyes;sometimesthespotiswhite，andinamongrelterrierthespotwasblack。Mr。WaringkindlyexaminedformeastudoffifteengreyhoundsinSuffolk:elevenofthemwereblack，orblackandwhite，orbrindled，andthesehadnoeye—spots;butthreewereredandoneslaty—blue，andthesefourhaddark—colouredspotsovertheireyes。Althoughthespotsthussometimesdifferincolour，theystronglytendtobetan—coloured;thisisprovedbymyhavingseenfourspaniels，asetter，twoYorkshireshepherddogs，alargemongrel，andsomefox—hounds，colouredblackandwhite，withnotatraceoftan—colour，exceptingthespotsovertheeyes，andsometimesalittleonthefeet。Theselattercases，andmanyothers，showplainlythatthecolourofthefeetandtheeye—spotsareinsomewaycorrelated。Ihavenoticed，invariousbreeds，everygradation，fromthewholefacebeingtan—coloured，toacompleteringroundtheeyes，toaminutespotovertheinneranduppercorners。Thespotsoccurinvarioussub—breedsofterriersandspaniels;insetters;inhoundsofvariouskinds，includingtheturnspit—likeGermanbadger—hound;
inshepherddogs;inamongrel，ofwhichneitherparenthadthespots;inonepurebulldog，thoughthespotswereinthiscasealmostwhite;andingreyhounds，——buttrueblack—and—tangreyhoundsareexcessivelyrare;
neverthelessIhavebeenassuredbyMr。Warwick，thatoneranattheCaledonianChampionmeetingofApril1860，andwas\"markedpreciselylikeablack—and—tanterrier。\"Thisdog，oranotherexactlythesamecolour，ranattheScottishNationalClubonthe21stofMarch，1865;andIhearfromMr。C。M。Browne，that\"therewasnoreasoneitheronthesireordamsidefortheappearanceofthisunusualcolour。\"Mr。SwinhoeatmyrequestlookedatthedogsinChina，atAmoy，andhesoonnoticedabrowndogwithyellowspotsovertheeyes。ColonelH。Smith（1/40。’TheNaturalistLibrary’Dogs，volume10pages4，19。）figuresthemagnificentblackmastiffofThibetwithatan—colouredstripeovertheeyes，feet，andchaps;andwhatismoresingular，hefigurestheAlco，ornativedomesticdogofMexico，asblackandwhite，withnarrowtan—colouredringsroundtheeyes;attheExhibitionofdogsinLondon，May1863，aso—calledforestdogfromNorth—WestMexicowasshown，whichhadpaletan—colouredspotsovertheeyes。Theoccurrenceofthesetan—colouredspotsindogsofsuchextremelydifferentbreeds，livinginvariouspartsoftheworld，makesthefacthighlyremarkable。
Weshallhereaftersee，especiallyinthechapteronPigeons，thatcolouredmarksarestronglyinherited，andthattheyoftenaidusindiscoveringtheprimitiveformsofourdomesticraces。Hence，ifanywildcaninespecieshaddistinctlyexhibitedthetan—colouredspotsovertheeyes，itmighthavebeenarguedthatthiswastheparent—formofnearlyallourdomesticraces。Butafterlookingatmanycolouredplates，andthroughthewholecollectionofskinsintheBritishMuseum，Icanfindnospeciesthusmarked。Itisnodoubtpossiblethatsomeextinctspecieswasthuscoloured。Ontheotherhand，inlookingatthevariousspecies，thereseemstobeatolerablyplaincorrelationbetweentan—colouredlegsandface;andlessfrequentlybetweenblacklegsandablackface;andthisgeneralruleofcolouringexplainstoacertainextenttheabove—givencasesofcorrelationbetweentheeye—spotsandthecolourofthefeet。Moreover，somejackalsandfoxeshaveatraceofawhiteringroundtheireyes，asinC。mesomelas，C。aureus，and（judgingfromColonelH。Smith’sdrawing）inC。alopex，andC。thaleb。Otherspecieshaveatraceofablacklineoverthecornersoftheeyes，asinC。variegatus，cinereo—variegatus，andfulvus，andthewildDingo。HenceIaminclinedtoconcludethatatendencyfortan—colouredspotstoappearovertheeyesinthevariousbreedsofdogs，isanalogoustothecaseobservedbyDesmarest，namely，thatwhenanywhiteappearsonadogthetipofthetailisalwayswhite，\"demanierearappelerlatacheterminaledememecouleur，quicaracteriselaplupartdesCanidessauvages。\"（1/41。QuotedbyProf。Gervais’Hist。Nat。Mamm。’tome2
page66。）Thisrule，however，asIamassuredbyMr。Jesse，doesnotinvariablyholdgood。]
Ithasbeenobjectedthatourdomesticdogscannotbedescendedfromwolvesorjackals，becausetheirperiodsofgestationaredifferent。ThesupposeddifferencerestsonstatementsmadebyBuffon，Gilibert，Bechstein，andothers;butthesearenowknowntobeerroneous;andtheperiodisfoundtoagreeinthewolf，jackal，anddog，ascloselyascouldbeexpected，foritisofteninsomedegreevariable。（1/42。J。Huntershowsthatthelongperiodofseventy—threedaysgivenbyBuffoniseasilyexplainedbythebitchhavingreceivedthedogmanytimesduringaperiodofsixteendays（’Phil。Transact。’1787page353）。Hunterfoundthatthegestationofamongrelfromwolfanddog（’Phil。Transact。’1789page160）apparentlywassixty—threedays，forshereceivedthedogmorethanonce。Theperiodofamongreldogandjackalwasfifty—ninedays。Fred。Cuvierfoundtheperiodofgestationofthewolftobe（’Dict。Class。d’Hist。Nat。’tome4page8）
twomonthsandafewdays，whichagreeswiththedog。IsidG。St。—Hilaire，whohasdiscussedthewholesubject，andfromwhomIquoteBellingeri，states（’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page112）thatintheJardindesPlantestheperiodofthejackalhasbeenfoundtobefromsixtytosixty—threedays，exactlyaswiththedog。）Tessier，whohascloselyattendedtothissubject，allowsadifferenceoffourdaysinthegestationofthedog。TheRev。W。D。Foxhasgivenmethreecarefullyrecordedcasesofretrievers，inwhichthebitchwasputonlyoncetothedog;andnotcountingthisday，butcountingthatofparturition，theperiodswerefifty—nine，sixty—two，andsixty—sevendays。Theaverageperiodissixty—threedays;butBellingeristatesthatthisappliesonlytolargedogs;andthatforsmallracesitisfromsixtytosixty—threedays;Mr。EytonofEyton，whohashadmuchexperiencewithdogs，alsoinformsmethatthetimeisapttobelongerwithlargethanwithsmalldogs。
F。Cuvierhasobjectedthatthejackalwouldnothavebeendomesticatedonaccountofitsoffensivesmell;butsavagesarenotsensitiveinthisrespect。Thedegreeofodour，also，differsinthedifferentkindsofjackal（1/43。SeeIsid。GeoffroySt。—Hilaire’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page112，ontheodourofjackals。Col。Ham。Smithin’Nat。Lib。’volume10page289。）;andColonelH。Smithmakesasectionaldivisionofthegroupwithonecharacterdependentonnotbeingoffensive。Ontheotherhand，dogs——
forinstance，roughandsmoothterriers——differmuchinthisrespect;andM。Godronstatesthatthehairlessso—calledTurkishdogismoreodoriferousthanotherdogs。IsidoreGeoffroy（1/44。QuotedbyQuatrefagesin’Bull。Soc。d’Acclimat。’May11，1863。）gavetoadogthesameodourasthatfromajackalbyfeedingitonrawflesh。
Thebeliefthatourdogsaredescendedfromwolves，jackals，SouthAmericanCanidae，andotherspecies，suggestsafarmoreimportantdifficulty。Theseanimalsintheirundomesticatedstate，judgingfromawidely—spreadanalogy，wouldhavebeeninsomedegreesterileifintercrossed;andsuchsterilitywillbeadmittedasalmostcertainbyallthosewhobelievethatthelessenedfertilityofcrossedformsisaninfalliblecriterionofspecificdistinctness。Anyhowtheseanimalskeepdistinctinthecountrieswhichtheyinhabitincommon。Ontheotherhand，alldomesticdogs，whichareheresupposedtobedescendedfromseveraldistinctspecies，are，asfarasisknown，mutuallyfertiletogether。But，asBrocahaswellremarked（1/45。’JournaldelaPhysiologie’tome2page385。），thefertilityofsuccessivegenerationsofmongreldogshasneverbeenscrutinisedwiththatcarewhichisthoughtindispensablewhenspeciesarecrossed。Thefewfactsleadingtotheconclusionthatthesexualfeelingsandreproductivepowersdifferintheseveralracesofthedogwhencrossedare（passingovermeresizeasrenderingpropagationdifficult）asfollows:theMexicanAlco（1/46。SeeMr。R。Hill’sexcellentaccountofthisbreedinGosse’s’Jamaica’page338;Rengger’SaugethierevonParaguay’s。153。WithrespecttoSpitzdogs，seeBechstein’s’Naturgesch。Deutschlands’1801b。1s。638。
WithrespecttoDr。Hodgkin’sstatementmadebeforeBrit。Assoc。see’TheZoologist’volume4for1845—46page1097。）apparentlydislikesdogsofotherkinds，butthisperhapsisnotstrictlyasexualfeeling;thehairlessendemicdogofParaguay，accordingtoRengger，mixeslesswiththeEuropeanracesthanthesedowitheachother;theSpitzdoginGermanyissaidtoreceivethefoxmorereadilythandootherbreeds;andDr。HodgkinstatesthatafemaleDingoinEnglandattractedthemalewildfoxes。Iftheselatterstatementscanbetrusted，theyprovesomedegreeofsexualdifferenceinthebreedsofthedog。Butthefactremainsthatourdomesticdogs，differingsowidelyastheydoinexternalstructure，arefarmorefertiletogetherthanwehavereasontobelievetheirsupposedwildparentswouldhavebeen。Pallasassumes（1/47。’ActaAcad。St。Petersburgh’1780
part2pages84，100。）thatalongcourseofdomesticationeliminatesthatsterilitywhichtheparent—specieswouldhaveexhibitedifonlylatelycaptured;nodistinctfactsarerecordedinsupportofthishypothesis;buttheevidenceseemstomesostrong（independentlyoftheevidencederivedfromotherdomesticatedanimals）infavourofourdomesticdogshavingdescendedfromseveralwildstocks，thatIaminclinedtoadmitthetruthofthishypothesis。
Thereisanotherandcloselyallieddifficultyconsequentonthedoctrineofthedescentofourdomesticdogsfromseveralwildspecies，namely，thattheydonotseemtobeperfectlyfertilewiththeirsupposedparents。Buttheexperimenthasnotbeenquitefairlytried;theHungariandog，forinstance，whichinexternalappearancesocloselyresemblestheEuropeanwolf，oughttobecrossedwiththiswolf:andthepariahdogsofIndiawithIndianwolvesandjackals;andsoinothercases。ThatthesterilityisveryslightbetweencertaindogsandwolvesandotherCanidaeisshownbysavagestakingthetroubletocrossthem。Buffongotfoursuccessivegenerationsfromthewolfanddog，andthemongrelswereperfectlyfertiletogether。（1/48。M。Brocahasshown（’JournaldePhysiologie’tome2page353）thatBuffon’sexperimentshavebeenoftenmisrepresented。Brocahascollected（pages390—395）manyfactsonthefertilityofcrosseddogs，wolves，andjackals。）ButmorelatelyM。Flourensstatespositivelyastheresultofhisnumerousexperimentsthathybridsfromthewolfanddog，crossedinterse，becomesterileatthethirdgeneration，andthosefromthejackalanddogatthefourthgeneration。（1/49。’DelaLongeviteHumaine’parM。Flourens1855page143。Mr。Blythsays（’IndianSportingReview’volume2page137）thathehasseeninIndiaseveralhybridsfromthepariah—dogandjackal;andbetweenoneofthesehybridsandaterrier。
TheexperimentsofHunteronthejackalarewell—known。SeealsoIsid。
GeoffroySt。—Hilaire，’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page217，whospeaksofthehybridoffspringofthejackalasperfectlyfertileforthreegenerations。）
Buttheseanimalswerecloselyconfined;andmanywildanimals，asweshallseeinafuturechapter，arerenderedbyconfinementinsomedegreeorevenutterlysterile。TheDingo，whichbreedsfreelyinAustraliawithourimporteddogs，wouldnotbreedthoughrepeatedlycrossedintheJardindesPlantes。（1/50。OnauthorityofF。CuvierquotedinBronn’s’GeschichtederNatur’b。2s。164。）SomehoundsfromCentralAfrica，broughthomebyMajorDenham，neverbredintheTownofLondon（1/51。W。C。L。Martin’HistoryoftheDog’1845page203。Mr。PhilipP。King，afterampleopportunitiesofobservation，informsmethattheDingoandEuropeandogsoftencrossinAustralia。）;andasimilartendencytosterilitymightbetransmittedtothehybridoffspringofawildanimal。Moreover，itappearsthatinM。
Flourens’experimentsthehybridswerecloselybredinandinforthreeorfourgenerations;andthiscircumstancewouldmostcertainlyincreasethetendencytosterility。SeveralyearsagoIsawconfinedintheZoologicalGardensofLondonafemalehybridfromanEnglishdogandjackal，whicheveninthisthefirstgenerationwassosterilethat，asIwasassuredbyherkeeper，shedidnotfullyexhibitherproperperiods;butthiscasewascertainlyexceptional，asnumerousinstanceshaveoccurredoffertilehybridsfromthesetwoanimals。Inalmostallexperimentsonthecrossingofanimalstherearesomanycausesofdoubt，thatitisextremelydifficulttocometoanypositiveconclusion。Itwould，however，appear，thatthosewhobelievethatourdogsaredescendedfromseveralspecieswillhavenotonlytoadmitthattheiroffspringafteralongcourseofdomesticationgenerallylosealltendencytosterilitywhencrossedtogether;butthatbetweencertainbreedsofdogsandsomeoftheirsupposedaboriginalparentsacertaindegreeofsterilityhasbeenretainedorpossiblyevenacquired。
Notwithstandingthedifficultiesinregardtofertilitygiveninthelasttwoparagraphs，whenwereflectontheinherentimprobabilityofmanhavingdomesticatedthroughouttheworldonesinglespeciesaloneofsowidelydistributed，soeasilytamed，andsousefulagroupastheCanidae;whenwereflectontheextremeantiquityofthedifferentbreeds;andespeciallywhenwereflectontheclosesimilarity，bothinexternalstructureandhabits，betweenthedomesticdogsofvariouscountriesandthewildspeciesstillinhabitingthesesamecountries，thebalanceofevidenceisstronglyinfavourofthemultipleoriginofourdogs。
DIFFERENCESBETWEENTHESEVERALBREEDSOFTHEDOG。
Iftheseveralbreedshavedescendedfromseveralwildstocks，theirdifferencecanobviouslyinpartbeexplainedbythatoftheirparentspecies。Forinstance，theformofthegreyhoundmaybepartlyaccountedforbydescentfromsomesuchanimalastheslimAbyssinianCanissimensis（1/52。Ruppel’NeueWirbelthierevonAbyssinien’1835—40’Mammif。’s。39
pl。14。ThereisaspecimenofthisfineanimalintheBritishMuseum。），withitselongatedmuzzle;thatofthelargerdogsfromthelargerwolves，andthesmallerandslighterdogsfromthejackals:andthusperhapswemayaccountforcertainconstitutionalandclimataldifferences。Butitwouldbeagreaterrortosupposethattherehasnotbeeninaddition（1/53。EvenPallasadmitsthis;see’Act。Acad。St。Petersburgh’1780page93。）alargeamountofvariation。Theintercrossingoftheseveralaboriginalwildstocks，andofthesubsequentlyformedraces，hasprobablyincreasedthetotalnumberofbreeds，and，asweshallpresentlysee，hasgreatlymodifiedsomeofthem。Butwecannotexplainbycrossingtheoriginofsuchextremeformsasthoroughbredgreyhounds，bloodhounds，bulldogs，Blenheimspaniels，terriers，pugs，etc。，unlesswebelievethatformsequallyormorestronglycharacterisedinthesedifferentrespectsonceexistedinnature。Buthardlyanyonehasbeenboldenoughtosupposethatsuchunnaturalformseverdidorcouldexistinawildstate。WhencomparedwithallknownmembersofthefamilyofCanidaetheybetrayadistinctandabnormalorigin。Noinstanceisonrecordofsuchdogsasbloodhounds，spaniels，truegreyhoundshavingbeenkeptbysavages:theyaretheproductoflong—continuedcivilisation。
[Thenumberofbreedsandsub—breedsofthedogisgreat;Youattforinstance，describestwelvekindsofgreyhounds。Iwillnotattempttoenumerateordescribethevarieties，forwecannotdiscriminatehowmuchoftheirdifferenceisduetovariation，andhowmuchtodescentfromdifferentaboriginalstocks。Butitmaybeworthwhilebrieflytomentionsomepoints。Commencingwiththeskull，Cuvierhasadmitted（1/54。QuotedbyI。Geoffroy’Hist。Nat。Gen。’tome3page453。）thatinformthedifferencesare\"plusfortesquecellesd’aucunesespecessauvagesd’unmemegenrenaturel。\"Theproportionsofthedifferentbones;thecurvatureofthelowerjaw，thepositionofthecondyleswithrespecttotheplaneoftheteeth（onwhichF。Cuvierfoundedhisclassification），andinmastiffstheshapeofitsposteriorbranch;theshapeofthezygomaticarch，andofthetemporalfossae;thepositionoftheocciput——allvaryconsiderably。
（1/55。F。Cuvierin’AnnalesduMuseum’tome18page337;Godron’Del’Espece’tome1page342;andCol。H。Smithin’Nat。Library’volume9
page101。Seealsosomeobservationsonthedegeneracyoftheskullincertainbreeds，byProf。Bianconi’LaTheorieDarwinienne’1874page279。）
Thedifferenceinsizebetweenthebrainsofdogsbelongingtolargeandsmallbreeds\"issomethingprodigious。\"\"Somedogs’brainsarehighandrounded，whileothersarelow，long，andnarrowinfront。\"Inthelatter，\"theolfactorylobesarevisibleforabouthalftheirextent，whenthebrainisseenfromabove，buttheyarewhollyconcealedbythehemispheresinotherbreeds。\"（1/56。Dr。BurtWilder’AmericanAssoc。AdvancementofScience’1873pages236，239。）Thedoghasproperlysixpairsofmolarteethintheupperjaw，andseveninthelower;butseveralnaturalistshaveseennotrarelyanadditionalpairintheupperjaw（1/57。Isid。
GeoffroySaint—Hilaire’Hist。desAnomalies’1832tome1page660，Gervais’Hist。Nat。desMammiferes’tome21855page66。DeBlainville（’Osteographie，Canidae’page137）hasalsoseenanextramolaronbothsides。）;andProfessorGervaissaysthattherearedogs\"quiontseptpairesdedentssuperieuresethuitinferieures。\"DeBlainville（1/58。
’Osteographie，Canidae’page137。）hasgivenfullparticularsonthefrequencyofthesedeviationsinthenumberoftheteeth，andhasshownthatitisnotalwaysthesametoothwhichissupernumerary。Inshort—
muzzledraces，accordingtoH。Muller（1/59。Wurzburger’Medecin。
Zeitschrift’1860b。1s。265。），themolarteethstandobliquely，whilstinlong—muzzledracestheyareplacedlongitudinally，withopenspacesbetweenthem。Thenaked，so—calledEgyptianorTurkishdogisextremelydeficientinitsteeth（1/60。Mr。Yarrellin’Proc。ZoologicalSoc。’October8，1833。
Mr。Waterhouseshowedmeaskullofoneofthesedogs，whichhadonlyasinglemolaroneachsideandsomeimperfectincisors。），——sometimeshavingnoneexceptonemolaroneachside;butthis，thoughcharacteristicofthebreed，mustbeconsideredasamonstrosity。M。Girard（1/61。Quotedin’TheVeterinary’Londonvolume8page415。），whoseemstohaveattendedcloselytothesubject，saysthattheperiodoftheappearanceofthepermanentteethdiffersindifferentdogs，beingearlierinlargedogs;thusthemastiffassumesitsadultteethinfourorfivemonths，whilstinthespanieltheperiodissometimesmorethansevenoreightmonths。Ontheotherhandsmalldogsaremature，andthefemaleshavearrivedatthebestageforbreeding，whenoneyearold，whereaslargedogs\"arestillintheirpuppyhoodatthistime，andtakefullytwiceaslongtodeveloptheirproportions。\"（1/62。ThisisquotedfromStonehenge，agreatauthority，’TheDog’1867page187。）
Withrespecttominordifferenceslittleneedbesaid。IsidoreGeoffroyhasshown（1/63。’Hist。Nat。General’tome3page448。）thatinsizesomedogsaresixtimesaslong（thetailbeingexcluded）asothers;andthattheheightrelativelytothelengthofthebodyvariesfrombetweenonetotwo，andonetonearlyfour。IntheScotchdeer—houndthereisastrikingandremarkabledifferenceinthesizeofthemaleandfemale。（1/64。W。Scrope’ArtofDeer—Stalking’page354。）Everyoneknowshowtheearsvaryinsizeindifferentbreeds，andwiththeirgreatdevelopmenttheirmusclesbecomeatrophied。Certainbreedsofdogsaredescribedashavingadeepfurrowbetweenthenostrilsandlips。Thecaudalvertebrae，accordingtoF。
Cuvier，onwhoseauthoritythetwolaststatementsrest，varyinnumber;
andthetailinEnglishcattleandsomeshepherddogsisalmostabsent。Themammaevaryfromseventoteninnumber;Daubenton，havingexaminedtwenty—
onedogs，foundeightwithfivemammaeoneachside;eightwithfouroneachside;andtheotherswithanunequalnumberonthetwosides。（1/65。
QuotedbyCol。Ham。Smithin’Nat。Lib。’volume10page79。）Dogshaveproperlyfivetoesinfrontandfourbehind，butafifthtoeisoftenadded;andF。Cuvierstatesthat，whenafifthtoeispresent，afourthcuneiformboneisdeveloped;and，inthiscase，sometimesthegreatcuneiformboneisraised，andgivesonitsinnersidealargearticularsurfacetotheastragalus;sothateventherelativeconnectionofthebones，themostconstantofallcharacters，varies。Thesemodifications，however，inthefeetofdogsarenotimportant，becausetheyoughttoberanked，asDeBlainvillehasshown（1/66。DeBlainville’Osteographie，Canidae’page134。F。Cuvier’AnnalesduMuseum’tome18page342。Inregardtomastiffs，seeCol。H。Smith’Nat。Lib。’volume10page218。FortheThibetmastiff，seeMr。Hodgsonin’JournalofAs。Soc。ofBengal’
volume11832page342。）asmonstrosities。Neverthelesstheyareinterestingfrombeingcorrelatedwiththesizeofthebody，fortheyoccurmuchmorefrequentlywithmastiffsandotherlargebreedsthanwithsmalldogs。Closelyalliedvarieties，however，sometimesdifferinthisrespect;
thusMr。Hodgsonstatesthattheblack—and—tanLassavarietyoftheThibetmastiffhasthefifthdigit，whilsttheMustangsub—varietyisnotthuscharacterised。Theextenttowhichtheskinisdevelopedbetweenthetoesvariesmuch;butweshallreturntothispoint。Thedegreetowhichthevariousbreedsdifferintheperfectionoftheirsenses，dispositions，andinheritedhabitsisnotorioustoeveryone。Thebreedspresentsomeconstitutionaldifferences:thepulse，saysYouatt（1/67。’TheDog’1845
page186。WithrespecttodiseasesYouattasserts（page167）thattheItaliangreyhoundis\"stronglysubject\"topolypiinthematrixorvagina。
Thespanielandpug（page182）aremostliabletobronchocele。Theliabilitytodistemper（page232）isextremelydifferentindifferentbreeds。Onthedistemper，seealsoCol。Hutchinsonon’DogBreaking’1850
page279。）\"variesmateriallyaccordingtothebreed，aswellastothesizeoftheanimal。\"Differentbreedsofdogsaresubjectindifferentdegreestovariousdiseases。Theycertainlybecomeadaptedtodifferentclimatesunderwhichtheyhavelongexisted。ItisnotoriousthatmostofourbestEuropeanbreedsdeteriorateinIndia。（1/68。See’YouattontheDog’page15;’TheVeterinary’Londonvolume11page235。）TheRevR。
Everest（1/69。’JournalofAs。Soc。ofBengal’volume3page19。）believesthatnoonehassucceededinkeepingtheNewfoundlanddoglongaliveinIndia;soitis，accordingtoLichtenstein（1/70。’Travels’volume2page15。），evenattheCapeofGoodHope。TheThibetmastiffdegeneratesontheplainsofIndia，andcanliveonlyonthemountains。（1/71。Hodgsonin’JournalofAs。Soc。ofBengal’volume1page342。）Lloyd（1/72。’FieldSportsoftheNorthofEurope’volume2page165。）assertsthatourbloodhoundsandbulldogshavebeentried，andcannotwithstandthecoldofthenorthernEuropeanforests。]
Seeinginhowmanycharacterstheracesofthedogdifferfromeachother，andrememberingCuvier’sadmissionthattheirskullsdiffermorethandothoseofthespeciesofanynaturalgenus，andbearinginmindhowcloselythebonesofwolves，jackals，foxes，andotherCanidaeagree，itisremarkablethatwemeetwiththestatement，repeatedoverandoveragain，thattheracesofthedogdifferinnoimportantcharacters。Ahighlycompetentjudge，Prof。Gervais（1/73。’Hist。Nat。desMammif。’1855tome2
pages66，67。），admits\"sil’onprenaitsanscontrolelesalterationsdontchacundecesorganesestsusceptible，onpourraitcroirequ’ilyaentreleschiensdomestiquesdesdifferencesplusgrandesquecellesquiseparentailleurslesespeces，quelquefoismemelesgenres。\"Someofthedifferencesaboveenumeratedareinonerespectofcomparativelylittlevalue，fortheyarenotcharacteristicofdistinctbreeds:noonepretendsthatsuchisthecasewiththeadditionalmolarteethorwiththenumberofmammae;theadditionaldigitisgenerallypresentwithmastiffs，andsomeofthemoreimportantdifferencesintheskullandlowerjawaremoreorlesscharacteristicofvariousbreeds。Butwemustnotforgetthatthepredominantpowerofselectionhasnotbeenappliedinanyofthesecases;