Note:DrCardwellLectureonAncientCoins，p。70，etseq。
assignsconvincingreasonsinsupportofthisopinion。—M。]
[Footnote39:InhisxxviithdissertationontheAntiquitiesof
Italy，tom。ii。p。559—569，Muratoriexhibitsaseriesofthe
senatoriancoins，whichboretheobscurenamesofAffortiati，
Infortiati，Provisini，Paparini。Duringthisperiod，allthe
popes，withoutexceptingBonifaceVIII，abstainedfromtheright
ofcoining，whichwasresumedbyhissuccessorBenedictXI。，and
regularlyexercisedinthecourtofAvignon。]
[Footnote40:AGermanhistorian，GerardofReicherspegin
Baluz。Miscell。tom。v。p。64，apudSchmidt，Hist。desAllemands，
tom。iii。p。265thusdescribestheconstitutionofRomeinthe
xithcentury:Grandioraurbisetorbisnegotiaspectantad
RomanumpontificemitemqueadRomanumImperatorem，siveillius
vicariumurbispraefectum，quidesuadignitaterespicit
utrumque，videlicetdominumpapamcuifacithominum，etdominum
imperatoremaquoaccipitsuaepotestatisinsigne，scilicet
gladiumexertum。]
[Footnote41:ThewordsofacontemporarywriterPandulph。
Pisan。inVit。Paschal。II。p。357，358describetheelection
andoathofthepraefectin1118，inconsultispatribus……loca
praefectoria……Laudespraefectoriae……comitiorumapplausum……juraturumpopuloinambonemsublevant……confirmarieumin
urbepraefectumpetunt。]
[Footnote42:Urbispraefectumadligiamfidelitatemrecepit，et
permantumquodillidonavitdepraefecturaeumpublice
investivit，quiusqueadidtempusjuramentofidelitatis
imperatorifuitobligatusetabeopraefecturaetenuithonorem，
GestaInnocent。III。inMuratori，tom。iii。P。i。p。487。]
[Footnote43:SeeOthoFrising。Chron。vii。31，deGest。
Frederic。I。，l。i。c。27]
[Footnote44:Curcountryman，RogerHoveden，speaksofthesingle
senators，oftheCapuzzifamily，&c。，quorumtemporibusmelius
regebaturRomaquamnuncA。D。1194esttemporibuslvi。
senatorum，Ducange，Gloss。tom。vi。p。191，Senatores。]
[Footnote45:Muratoridissert。xlii。tom。iii。p。785—788
haspublishedanoriginaltreaty:ConcordiainterD。nostrum
papamClementemIII。etsenatorespopuliRomanisuperregalibus
etaliisdignitatibusurbis，&c。，anno44Degreessenatus。The
senatespeaks，andspeakswithauthority:Reddimusadpraesens……habebimus……dabitispresbyteria……jurabimuspacemet
fidelitatem，&c。AchartuladeTenementisTusculani，datedin
the47thyearofthesameaera，andconfirmeddecretoamplissimi
ordinissenatus，acclamationeP。R。publiceCapitolio
consistentis。Itistherewefindthedifferenceofsenatores
consiliariiandsimplesenators，Muratori，dissert。xlii。tom。
iii。p。787—789。]
Theunionandvigorofapubliccouncilwasdissolvedina
lawlesscity；andtheRomanssoonadoptedamorestrongand
simplemodeofadministration。Theycondensedthenameand
authorityofthesenateinasinglemagistrate，ortwo
colleagues；andastheywerechangedattheendofayear，orof
sixmonths，thegreatnessofthetrustwascompensatedbythe
shortnessoftheterm。Butinthistransientreign，thesenators
ofRomeindulgedtheiravariceandambition:theirjusticewas
pervertedbytheinterestoftheirfamilyandfaction；andas
theypunishedonlytheirenemies，theywereobeyedonlybytheir
adherents。Anarchy，nolongertemperedbythepastoralcareof
theirbishop，admonishedtheRomansthattheywereincapableof
governingthemselves；andtheysoughtabroadthoseblessings
whichtheywerehopelessoffindingathome。Inthesameage，
andfromthesamemotives，mostoftheItalianrepublicswere
promptedtoembraceameasure，which，howeverstrangeitmay
seem，wasadaptedtotheirsituation，andproductiveofthemost
salutaryeffects。^46Theychose，insomeforeignbutfriendly
city，animpartialmagistrateofnoblebirthandunblemished
character，asoldierandastatesman，recommendedbythevoiceof
fameandhiscountry，towhomtheydelegatedforatimethe
supremeadministrationofpeaceandwar。Thecompactbetweenthe
governorandthegovernedwassealedwithoathsand
subscriptions；andthedurationofhispower，themeasureofhis
stipend，thenatureoftheirmutualobligations，weredefined
withscrupulousprecision。Theysworetoobeyhimastheirlawful
superior:hepledgedhisfaithtounitetheindifferenceofa
strangerwiththezealofapatriot。Athischoice，fourorsix
knightsandcivilians，hisassessorsinarmsandjustice，
attendedthePodesta，^47whomaintainedathisownexpensea
decentretinueofservantsandhorses:hiswife，hisson，his
brother，whomightbiastheaffectionsofthejudge，wereleft
behind:duringtheexerciseofhisofficehewasnotpermittedto
purchaseland，tocontractanalliance，oreventoacceptan
invitationinthehouseofacitizen；norcouldhehonorably
departtillhehadsatisfiedthecomplaintsthatmightbeurged
againsthisgovernment。
[Footnote46:Muratoridissert。xlv。tom。iv。p。64—92has
fullyexplainedthismodeofgovernment；andtheOcculus
Pastoralis，whichhehasgivenattheend，isatreatiseor
sermononthedutiesoftheseforeignmagistrates。]
[Footnote47:IntheLatinwriters，atleastofthesilverage，
thetitleofPotestaswastransferredfromtheofficetothe
magistrate:—
Hujusquitrahiturpraetextamsumeremavis；
AnFidenarumGabiorumqueessePotestas。Juvenal。Satir。x。99。]
ChapterLXIX:StateOfRomeFromTheTwelfthCentury。
PartIII。
Itwasthus，aboutthemiddleofthethirteenthcentury，
thattheRomanscalledfromBolognathesenatorBrancaleone，^48
whosefameandmerithavebeenrescuedfromoblivionbythepen
ofanEnglishhistorian。Ajustanxietyforhisreputation，a
clearforesightofthedifficultiesofthetask，hadengagedhim
torefusethehonoroftheirchoice:thestatutesofRomewere
suspended，andhisofficeprolongedtothetermofthreeyears。
Bytheguiltyandlicentioushewasaccusedascruel；bythe
clergyhewassuspectedaspartial；butthefriendsofpeaceand
orderapplaudedthefirmanduprightmagistratebywhomthose
blessingswererestored。Nocriminalsweresopowerfulasto
brave，soobscureastoelude，thejusticeofthesenator。By
hissentencetwonoblesoftheAnnibaldifamilywereexecutedon
agibbet；andheinexorablydemolished，inthecityand
neighborhood，onehundredandfortytowers，thestrongshelters
ofrapineandmischief。Thebishop，asasimplebishop，was
compelledtoresideinhisdiocese；andthestandardof
Brancaleonewasdisplayedinthefieldwithterrorandeffect。
Hisserviceswererepaidbytheingratitudeofapeopleunworthy
ofthehappinesswhichtheyenjoyed。Bythepublicrobbers，whom
hehadprovokedfortheirsake，theRomanswereexcitedtodepose
andimprisontheirbenefactor；norwouldhislifehavebeen
spared，ifBolognahadnotpossessedapledgeforhissafety。
Beforehisdeparture，theprudentsenatorhadrequiredthe
exchangeofthirtyhostagesofthenoblestfamiliesofRome:on
thenewsofhisdanger，andattheprayerofhiswife，theywere
morestrictlyguarded；andBologna，inthecauseofhonor，
sustainedthethundersofapapalinterdict。Thisgenerous
resistanceallowedtheRomanstocomparethepresentwiththe
past；andBrancaleonewasconductedfromtheprisontothe
Capitolamidsttheacclamationsofarepentantpeople。The
remainderofhisgovernmentwasfirmandfortunate；andassoon
asenvywasappeasedbydeath，hishead，enclosedinaprecious
vase，wasdepositedonaloftycolumnofmarble。^49
[Footnote48:SeethelifeanddeathofBrancaleone，inthe
HistoriaMajorofMatthewParis，p。741，757，792，797，799，810，
823，833，836，840。Themultitudeofpilgrimsandsuitors
connectedRomeandSt。Albans，andtheresentmentoftheEnglish
clergypromptedthemtorejoicewheneverthepopeswerehumbled
andoppressed。]
[Footnote49:MatthewParisthusendshisaccount:Caputvero
ipsiusBrancaleonisinvasepretiososupermarmoreamcolumnam
collocatum，insignumsuivalorisetprobitatis，quasireliquias，
superstitiosenimisetpomposesustulerunt。Fueratenim
superborumpotentumetmalefactorumurbismalleusetextirpator，
etpopuliprotectoretdefensorveritatisetjustitiaeimitator
etamator，p。840。AbiographerofInnocentIV。Muratori，
Script。tom。iii。P。i。p。591，592drawsalessfavorable
portraitofthisGhibelinesenator。]
TheimpotenceofreasonandvirtuerecommendedinItalya
moreeffectualchoice:insteadofaprivatecitizen，towhomthey
yieldedavoluntaryandprecariousobedience，theRomanselected
fortheirsenatorsomeprinceofindependentpower，whocould
defendthemfromtheirenemiesandthemselves。CharlesofAnjou
andProvence，themostambitiousandwarlikemonarchoftheage，
acceptedatthesametimethekingdomofNaplesfromthepope，
andtheofficeofsenatorfromtheRomanpeople。^50Ashepassed
throughthecity，inhisroadtovictory，hereceivedtheiroath
ofallegiance，lodgedintheLateranpalace，andsmoothedina
shortvisittheharshfeaturesofhisdespoticcharacter。Yet
evenCharleswasexposedtotheinconstancyofthepeople，who
salutedwiththesameacclamationsthepassageofhisrival，the
unfortunateConradin；andapowerfulavenger，whoreignedinthe
Capitol，alarmedthefearsandjealousyofthepopes。The
absolutetermofhislifewassupersededbyarenewaleverythird
year；andtheenmityofNicholastheThirdobligedtheSicilian
kingtoabdicatethegovernmentofRome。Inhisbull，a
perpetuallaw，theimperiouspontiffassertsthetruth，validity，
anduseofthedonationofConstantine，notlessessentialtothe
peaceofthecitythantotheindependenceofthechurch；
establishestheannualelectionofthesenator；andformally
disqualifiesallemperors，kings，princes，andpersonsofan
eminentandconspicuousrank。^51Thisprohibitoryclausewas
repealedinhisownbehalfbyMartintheFourth，whohumbly
solicitedthesuffrageoftheRomans。Inthepresence，andby
theauthority，ofthepeople，twoelectorsconferred，notonthe
pope，butonthenobleandfaithfulMartin，thedignityof
senator，andthesupremeadministrationoftherepublic，^52to
holdduringhisnaturallife，andtoexerciseatpleasureby
himselforhisdeputies。Aboutfiftyyearsafterwards，thesame
titlewasgrantedtotheemperorLewisofBavaria；andthe
libertyofRomewasacknowledgedbyhertwosovereigns，who
acceptedamunicipalofficeinthegovernmentoftheirown
metropolis。
[Footnote50:TheelectionofCharlesofAnjoutotheofficeof
perpetualsenatorofRomeismentionedbythehistoriansinthe
viiithvolumeoftheCollectionofMuratori，byNicholasde
Jamsilla，p。592，themonkofPadua，p。724，SabasMalaspina，
l。ii。c。9，p。308，andRicordanoMalespini，c。177，p。
999。]
[Footnote51:Thehigh—soundingbullofNicholasIII。，which
foundshistemporalsovereigntyonthedonationofConstantine，
isstillextant；andasithasbeeninsertedbyBonifaceVIII。in
theSexteoftheDecretals，itmustbereceivedbytheCatholics，
oratleastbythePapists，asasacredandperpetuallaw。]
[Footnote52:IamindebtedtoFleuryHist。Eccles。tom。xviii。
p。306foranextractofthisRomanact，whichhehastakenfrom
theEcclesiasticalAnnalsofOdericusRaynaldus，A。D。1281，No。
14，15]
Inthefirstmomentsofrebellion，whenArnoldofBrescia
hadinflamedtheirmindsagainstthechurch，theRomansartfully
laboredtoconciliatethefavoroftheempire，andtorecommend
theirmeritandservicesinthecauseofCaesar。Thestyleof
theirambassadorstoConradtheThirdandFrederictheFirstisa
mixtureofflatteryandpride，thetraditionandtheignoranceof
theirownhistory。^53Aftersomecomplaintofhissilenceand
neglect，theyexhorttheformeroftheseprincestopassthe
Alps，andassumefromtheirhandstheImperialcrown。\"We
beseechyourmajestynottodisdainthehumilityofyoursonsand
vassals，nottolistentotheaccusationsofourcommonenemies；
whocalumniatethesenateashostiletoyourthrone，whosowthe
seedsofdiscord，thattheymayreaptheharvestofdestruction。
ThepopeandtheSicilianareunitedinanimpiousleagueto
opposeourlibertyandyourcoronation。Withtheblessingof
God，ourzealandcouragehashithertodefeatedtheirattempts。
Oftheirpowerfulandfactiousadherents，moreespeciallythe
Frangipani，wehavetakenbyassaultthehousesandturrets:some
oftheseareoccupiedbyourtroops，andsomearelevelledwith
theground。TheMilvianbridge，whichtheyhadbroken，is
restoredandfortifiedforyoursafepassage；andyourarmymay
enterthecitywithoutbeingannoyedfromthecastleofSt。
Angelo。Allthatwehavedone，andallthatwedesign，isfor
yourhonorandservice，intheloyalhope，thatyouwillspeedily
appearinperson，tovindicatethoserightswhichhavebeen
invadedbytheclergy，torevivethedignityoftheempire，and
tosurpassthefameandgloryofyourpredecessors。Mayyoufix
yourresidenceinRome，thecapitaloftheworld；givelawsto
Italy，andtheTeutonickingdom；andimitatetheexampleof
ConstantineandJustinian，^54who，bythevigorofthesenate
andpeople，obtainedthesceptreoftheearth。\"^55Butthese
splendidandfallaciouswisheswerenotcherishedbyConradthe
Franconian，whoseeyeswerefixedontheHolyLand，andwhodied
withoutvisitingRomesoonafterhisreturnfromtheHolyLand。
[Footnote53:TheselettersandspeechesarepreservedbyOtho
bishopofFrisingen，Fabric。Bibliot。Lat。Med。etInfim。tom。
v。p。186，187，perhapsthenoblestofhistorians:hewassonof
LeopoldmarquisofAustria；hismother，Agnes，wasdaughterof
theemperorHenryIV。，andhewashalf—brotheranduncleto
ConradIII。andFredericI。Hehasleft，insevenbooks，a
ChronicleoftheTimes；intwo，theGestaFredericiI。，thelast
ofwhichisinsertedinthevithvolumeofMuratori\'s
historians。]
[Footnote54:WedesiresaidtheignorantRomanstorestorethe
empireinumstatum，quofuittemporeConstantinietJustiniani，
quitotumorbemvigoresenatusetpopuliRomanisuistenuere
manibus。]
[Footnote55:OthoFrising。deGestisFredericiI。l。i。c。28，
p。662—664。]
Hisnephewandsuccessor，FredericBarbarossa，wasmore
ambitiousoftheImperialcrown；norhadanyofthesuccessorsof
OthoacquiredsuchabsoluteswayoverthekingdomofItaly。
Surroundedbyhisecclesiasticalandsecularprinces，hegave
audienceinhiscampatSutritotheambassadorsofRome，who
thusaddressedhiminafreeandfloridoration:\"Inclineyour
eartothequeenofcities；approachwithapeacefulandfriendly
mindtheprecinctsofRome，whichhascastawaytheyokeofthe
clergy，andisimpatienttocrownherlegitimateemperor。Under
yourauspiciousinfluence，maytheprimitivetimesberestored。
Asserttheprerogativesoftheeternalcity，andreduceunderher
monarchytheinsolenceoftheworld。Youarenotignorant，that，
informerages，bythewisdomofthesenate，bythevalorand
disciplineoftheequestrianorder，sheextendedhervictorious
armstotheEastandWest，beyondtheAlps，andovertheislands
oftheocean。Byoursins，intheabsenceofourprinces，the
nobleinstitutionofthesenatehassunkinoblivion；andwith
ourprudence，ourstrengthhaslikewisedecreased。Wehave
revivedthesenate，andtheequestrianorder:thecounselsofthe
one，thearmsoftheother，willbedevotedtoyourpersonand
theserviceoftheempire。Doyounothearthelanguageofthe
Romanmatron?Youwereaguest，Ihaveadoptedyouasacitizen；
aTransalpinestranger，Ihaveelectedyouformysovereign；^56
andgivenyoumyself，andallthatismine。Yourfirstandmost
sacreddutyistoswearandsubscribe，thatyouwillshedyour
bloodfortherepublic；thatyouwillmaintaininpeaceand
justicethelawsofthecityandthechartersofyour
predecessors；andthatyouwillrewardwithfivethousandpounds
ofsilverthefaithfulsenatorswhoshallproclaimyourtitlesin
theCapitol。Withthename，assumethecharacter，ofAugustus。\"
TheflowersofLatinrhetoricwerenotyetexhausted；but
Frederic，impatientoftheirvanity，interruptedtheoratorsin
thehightoneofroyaltyandconquest。\"Famousindeedhavebeen
thefortitudeandwisdomoftheancientRomans；butyourspeech
isnotseasonedwithwisdom，andIcouldwishthatfortitudewere
conspicuousinyouractions。Likeallsublunarythings，Romehas
feltthevicissitudesoftimeandfortune。Yournoblestfamilies
weretranslatedtotheEast，totheroyalcityofConstantine；
andtheremainsofyourstrengthandfreedomhavelongsincebeen
exhaustedbytheGreeksandFranks。Areyoudesirousof
beholdingtheancientgloryofRome，thegravityofthesenate，
thespiritoftheknights，thedisciplineofthecamp，thevalor
ofthelegions?youwillfindthemintheGermanrepublic。It
isnotempire，nakedandalone，theornamentsandvirtuesof
empirehavelikewisemigratedbeyondtheAlpstoamoredeserving
people:^57theywillbeemployedinyourdefence，buttheyclaim
yourobedience。Youpretendthatmyselformypredecessorshave
beeninvitedbytheRomans:youmistaketheword；theywerenot
invited，theywereimplored。Fromitsforeignanddomestic
tyrants，thecitywasrescuedbyCharlemagneandOtho，whose
ashesreposeinourcountry；andtheirdominionwasthepriceof
yourdeliverance。Underthatdominionyourancestorslivedand
died。Iclaimbytherightofinheritanceandpossession，and
whoshalldaretoextortyoufrommyhands?Isthehandofthe
Franks^58andGermansenfeebledbyage?AmIvanquished?AmIa
captive?AmInotencompassedwiththebannersofapotentand
invinciblearmy?Youimposeconditionsonyourmaster；you
requireoaths:iftheconditionsarejust，anoathis
superfluous；ifunjust，itiscriminal。Canyoudoubtmyequity?
Itisextendedtothemeanestofmysubjects。Willnotmysword
beunsheathedinthedefenceoftheCapitol?Bythatswordthe
northernkingdomofDenmarkhasbeenrestoredtotheRoman
empire。Youprescribethemeasureandtheobjectsofmybounty，
whichflowsinacopiousbutavoluntarystream。Allwillbe
giventopatientmerit；allwillbedeniedtorudeimportunity。\"
^59Neithertheemperornorthesenatecouldmaintaintheselofty
pretensionsofdominionandliberty。Unitedwiththepope，and
suspiciousoftheRomans，Fredericcontinuedhismarchtothe
Vatican；hiscoronationwasdisturbedbyasallyfromthe
Capitol；andifthenumbersandvaloroftheGermansprevailedin
thebloodyconflict，hecouldnotsafelyencampinthepresence
ofacityofwhichhestyledhimselfthesovereign。Abouttwelve
yearsafterwards，hebesiegedRome，toseatanantipopeinthe
chairofSt。Peter；andtwelvePisangalleyswereintroducedinto
theTyber:butthesenateandpeopleweresavedbytheartsof
negotiationandtheprogressofdisease；nordidFredericorhis
successorsreiteratethehostileattempt。Theirlaboriousreigns
wereexercisedbythepopes，thecrusades，andtheindependence
ofLombardyandGermany:theycourtedtheallianceoftheRomans；