WemayapplaudthedexterityandcorrectnessofLigurinus，whoturnstheunpoeticalnameofInnocentII。intoacompliment。]
[Footnote23:ARomaninscriptionofStatioTuricensishasbeenfoundatZurich，D\'Anville，Noticedel\'ancienneGaul，p。642—
644；butitiswithoutsufficientwarrant，thatthecityandcantonhaveusurped，andevenmonopolized，thenamesofTigurumandPagusTigurinus。]
[Footnote24:GuillimandeRebusHelveticis，l。iii。c。5，p。
106recapitulatesthedonationA。D。833oftheemperorLewisthePioustohisdaughtertheabbessHildegardis。CurtimnostramTureguminducatuAlamanniaeinpagoDurgaugensi，withvillages，woods，meadows，waters，slaves，churches，&c。；anoblegift。
CharlestheBaldgavethejusmonetae，thecitywaswalledunderOthoI。，andthelineofthebishopofFrisingen，NobileTuregummultarumcopiarerum，isrepeatedwithpleasurebytheantiquariesofZurich。]
[Footnote25:Bernard，Epistol。cxcv。tom。i。p。187—190。
Amidsthisinvectiveshedropsapreciousacknowledgment，qui，utinamquamsanaeessetdoctrinaequamdistrictaeestvitae。HeownsthatArnoldwouldbeavaluableacquisitionforthechurch。]
ChapterLXIX:StateOfRomeFromTheTwelfthCentury。PartII。
YetthecourageofArnoldwasnotdevoidofdiscretion:he
wasprotected，andhadperhapsbeeninvited，bythenoblesand
people；andintheserviceoffreedom，hiseloquencethundered
overthesevenhills。Blendinginthesamediscoursethetexts
ofLivyandSt。Paul，unitingthemotivesofgospel，andof
classic，enthusiasm，headmonishedtheRomans，howstrangely
theirpatienceandthevicesoftheclergyhaddegeneratedfrom
theprimitivetimesofthechurchandthecity。Heexhortedthem
toasserttheinalienablerightsofmenandChristians；to
restorethelawsandmagistratesoftherepublic；torespectthe
nameoftheemperor；buttoconfinetheirshepherdtothe
spiritualgovernmentofhisflock。^26Norcouldhisspiritual
governmentescapethecensureandcontrolofthereformer；and
theinferiorclergyweretaughtbyhislessonstoresistthe
cardinals，whohadusurpedadespoticcommandoverthe
twenty—eightregionsorparishesofRome。^27Therevolutionwas
notaccomplishedwithoutrapineandviolence，thediffusionof
bloodandthedemolitionofhouses:thevictoriousfactionwas
enrichedwiththespoilsoftheclergyandtheadversenobles。
ArnoldofBresciaenjoyed，ordeplored，theeffectsofhis
mission:hisreigncontinuedabovetenyears，whiletwopopes，
InnocenttheSecondandAnastasiustheFourth，eithertrembledin
theVatican，orwanderedasexilesintheadjacentcities。They
weresucceededbyamorevigorousandfortunatepontiff。Adrian
theFourth，^28theonlyEnglishmanwhohasascendedthethrone
ofSt。Peter；andwhosemeritemergedfromthemeanconditionof
amonk，andalmostabeggar，inthemonasteryofSt。Albans。On
thefirstprovocation，ofacardinalkilledorwoundedinthe
streets，hecastaninterdictontheguiltypeople；andfrom
ChristmastoEaster，Romewasdeprivedoftherealorimaginary
comfortsofreligiousworship。TheRomanshaddespisedtheir
temporalprince:theysubmittedwithgriefandterrortothe
censuresoftheirspiritualfather:theirguiltwasexpiatedby
penance，andthebanishmentoftheseditiouspreacherwasthe
priceoftheirabsolution。ButtherevengeofAdrianwasyet
unsatisfied，andtheapproachingcoronationofFrederic
Barbarossawasfataltotheboldreformer，whohadoffended，
thoughnotinanequaldegree，theheadsofthechurchandstate。
IntheirinterviewatViterbo，thepoperepresentedtothe
emperorthefurious，ungovernablespiritoftheRomans；the
insults，theinjuries，thefears，towhichhispersonandhis
clergywerecontinuallyexposed；andthepernicioustendencyof
theheresyofArnold，whichmustsubverttheprinciplesofcivil，
aswellasecclesiastical，subordination。Fredericwasconvinced
bythesearguments，ortemptedbythedesireoftheImperial
crown:inthebalanceofambition，theinnocenceorlifeofan
individualisofsmallaccount；andtheircommonenemywas
sacrificedtoamomentofpoliticalconcord。Afterhisretreat
fromRome，Arnoldhadbeenprotectedbytheviscountsof
Campania，fromwhomhewasextortedbythepowerofCaesar:the
praefectofthecitypronouncedhissentence:themartyrof
freedomwasburnedaliveinthepresenceofacarelessand
ungratefulpeople；andhisasheswerecastintotheTyber，lest
thehereticsshouldcollectandworshiptherelicsoftheir
master。^29Theclergytriumphedinhisdeath:withhisashes，
hissectwasdispersed；hismemorystilllivedinthemindsof
theRomans。Fromhisschooltheyhadprobablyderivedanew
articleoffaith，thatthemetropolisoftheCatholicchurchis
exemptfromthepenaltiesofexcommunicationandinterdict。
Theirbishopsmightargue，thatthesupremejurisdiction，which
theyexercisedoverkingsandnations，moreespeciallyembraced
thecityanddioceseoftheprinceoftheapostles。Butthey
preachedtothewinds，andthesameprinciplethatweakenedthe
effect，musttempertheabuse，ofthethundersoftheVatican。[Footnote26:HeadvisedtheRomans，
Consiliisarmisquesuamoderaminasumma
Arbitriotractaresuo:niljurisinhacre
Pontificisummo，modicumconcedereregi
Suadebatpopulo。Siclaesastultusutraque
Majestate，reumgeminaesefecerataulae。
NoristhepoetryofGuntherdifferentfromtheproseofOtho。]
[Footnote27:SeeBaroniusA。D。1148，No。38，39fromthe
VaticanMSS。HeloudlycondemnsArnoldA。D。1141，No。3asthe
fatherofthepoliticalheretics，whoseinfluencethenhurthim
inFrance。]
[Footnote28:TheEnglishreadermayconsulttheBiographia
Britannica，AdrianIV。；butourownwritershaveaddednothingto
thefameormeritsoftheircountrymen。]
[Footnote29:Besidesthehistorianandpoetalreadyquoted，the
lastadventuresofArnoldarerelatedbythebiographerofAdrian
IV。Muratori。Script。RerumItal。tom。iii。P。i。p。441，442。]
Theloveofancientfreedomhasencouragedabeliefthatas
earlyasthetenthcentury，intheirfirststrugglesagainstthe
SaxonOthos，thecommonwealthwasvindicatedandrestoredbythe
senateandpeopleofRome；thattwoconsulswereannuallyelected
amongthenobles，andthattenortwelveplebeianmagistrates
revivedthenameandofficeofthetribunesofthecommons。^30
Butthisvenerablestructuredisappearsbeforethelightof
criticism。Inthedarknessofthemiddleages，theappellations
ofsenators，ofconsuls，ofthesonsofconsuls，maysometimesbe
discovered。^31Theywerebestowedbytheemperors，orassumedby
themostpowerfulcitizens，todenotetheirrank，theirhonors，
^32andperhapstheclaimofapureandpatriciandescent:but
theyfloatonthesurface，withoutaseriesorasubstance，the
titlesofmen，nottheordersofgovernment；^33anditisonly
fromtheyearofChristonethousandonehundredandforty—four
thattheestablishmentofthesenateisdated，asaglorious
aera，intheactsofthecity。Anewconstitutionwashastily
framedbyprivateambitionorpopularenthusiasm；norcouldRome，
inthetwelfthcentury，produceanantiquarytoexplain，ora
legislatortorestore，theharmonyandproportionsoftheancient
model。Theassemblyofafree，ofanarmed，people，willever
speakinloudandweightyacclamations。Buttheregular
distributionofthethirty—fivetribes，thenicebalanceofthe
wealthandnumbersofthecenturies，thedebatesoftheadverse
orators，andtheslowoperationsofvotesandballots，couldnot
easilybeadaptedbyablindmultitude，ignorantofthearts，and
insensibleofthebenefits，oflegalgovernment。Itwasproposed
byArnoldtoreviveanddiscriminatetheequestrianorder；but
whatcouldbethemotiveormeasureofsuchdistinction?^34The
pecuniaryqualificationoftheknightsmusthavebeenreducedto
thepovertyofthetimes:thosetimesnolongerrequiredtheir
civilfunctionsofjudgesandfarmersoftherevenue；andtheir
primitiveduty，theirmilitaryserviceonhorseback，wasmore
noblysuppliedbyfeudaltenuresandthespiritofchivalry。The
jurisprudenceoftherepublicwasuselessandunknown:the
nationsandfamiliesofItalywholivedundertheRomanand
Barbariclawswereinsensiblymingledinacommonmass；andsome
fainttradition，someimperfectfragments，preservedthememory
oftheCodeandPandectsofJustinian。Withtheirlibertythe
Romansmightdoubtlesshaverestoredtheappellationandoffice
ofconsuls；hadtheynotdisdainedatitlesopromiscuously
adoptedintheItaliancities，thatithasfinallysettledonthe
humblestationoftheagentsofcommerceinaforeignland。But
therightsofthetribunes，theformidablewordthatarrestedthe
publiccounsels，supposeormustproducealegitimatedemocracy。
Theoldpatricianswerethesubjects，themodernbaronsthe
tyrants，ofthestate；norwouldtheenemiesofpeaceandorder，
whoinsultedthevicarofChrist，havelongrespectedtheunarmed
sanctityofaplebeianmagistrate。^35
[Footnote30:DucangeGloss。LatinitatisMediaeetInfimae
Aetatis，Decarchones，tom。ii。p。726givesmeaquotationfrom
Blondus，Decad。ii。l。ii。:Duoconsulesexnobilitate
quotannisfiebant，quiadvetustumconsulumexemplarsummaererum
praeessent。AndinSigoniusdeRegnoItaliae，l。v。Opp。tom。
ii。p。400Ireadoftheconsulsandtribunesofthexth
century。BothBlondus，andevenSigonius，toofreelycopiedthe
classicmethodofsupplyingfromreasonorfancythedeficiency
ofrecords。]
[Footnote31:InthepanegyricofBerengariusMuratori，Script。
Rer。Ital。tom。ii。P。i。p。408aRomanismentionedas
consulisnatusinthebeginningofthexthcentury。Muratori
Dissert。v。discovers，intheyears952and956，Gratianusin
Deinomineconsuletdux，Georgiusconsuletdux；andin1015，
Romanus，brotherofGregoryVIII。，proudly，butvaguely，styles
himselfconsuletduxetomniumRomanorumsenator。]
[Footnote32:Aslateasthexthcentury，theGreekemperors
conferredonthedukesofVenice，Naples，Amalphi，&c。，thetitle
ofconsuls，seeChron。Sagornini，passim；andthesuccessorsof
Charlemagnewouldnotabdicateanyoftheirprerogative。Butin
generalthenamesofconsulandsenator，whichmaybefoundamong
theFrenchandGermans，signifynomorethancountandlord，
Signeur，DucangeGlossar。Themonkishwritersareoften
ambitiousoffineclassicwords。]
[Footnote33:ThemostconstitutionalformisadiplomaofOtho
III。，A。D998，consulibussenatuspopuliqueRomani；butthe
actisprobablyspurious。AtthecoronationofHenryI。，A。D。
1014，thehistorianDithmarapudMuratori，Dissert。xxiii。
describeshim，asenatoribusduodecemvallatum，quorumsexrasi
barba，aliiprolixa，mysticeincedebantcumbaculis。Thesenate
ismentionedinthepanegyricofBerengarius，p。406。]
[Footnote34:InancientRometheequestrianorderwasnotranked
withthesenateandpeopleasathirdbranchoftherepublictill
theconsulshipofCicero，whoassumesthemeritofthe
establishment，Plin。Hist。Natur。xxxiii。3。Beaufort，
RepubliqueRomaine，tom。i。p。144—155。]
[Footnote35:TherepublicanplanofArnoldofBresciaisthus
statedbyGunther:—
Quinetiamtitulosurbisrenovarevetustos；
Nomineplebeiosecernerenomenequestre，
Juratribunorum，sanctumrepararesenatum，
Etseniofessasmutasquereponereleges。
Lapsaruinosis，etadhucpendentiamuris
ReddereprimaevoCapitoliapriscanitori。
Butofthesereformations，somewerenomorethanideas，others
nomorethanwords。]
Intherevolutionofthetwelfthcentury，whichgaveanew
existenceandaeratoRome，wemayobservetherealandimportant
eventsthatmarkedorconfirmedherpoliticalindependence。I。
TheCapitolinehill，oneofherseveneminences，^36isabout
fourhundredyardsinlength，andtwohundredinbreadth。A
flightofahundredstepsledtothesummitoftheTarpeianrock；
andfarsteeperwastheascentbeforethedeclivitieshadbeen
smoothedandtheprecipicesfilledbytheruinsoffallen
edifices。Fromtheearliestages，theCapitolhadbeenusedasa
templeinpeace，afortressinwar:afterthelossofthecity，
itmaintainedasiegeagainstthevictoriousGauls，andthe
sanctuaryoftheempirewasoccupied，assaulted，andburnt，in
thecivilwarsofVitelliusandVespasian。^37Thetemplesof
Jupiterandhiskindreddeitieshadcrumbledintodust；their
placewassuppliedbymonasteriesandhouses；andthesolid
walls，thelongandshelvingporticos，weredecayedorruinedby
thelapseoftime。ItwasthefirstactoftheRomans，anactof
freedom，torestorethestrength，thoughnotthebeauty，ofthe
Capitol；tofortifytheseatoftheirarmsandcounsels；andas
oftenastheyascendedthehill，thecoldestmindsmusthave
glowedwiththeremembranceoftheirancestors。II。Thefirst
Caesarshadbeeninvestedwiththeexclusivecoinageofthegold
andsilver；tothesenatetheyabandonedthebasermetalof
bronzeorcopper:^38theemblemsandlegendswereinscribedona
moreamplefieldbythegeniusofflattery；andtheprincewas
relievedfromthecareofcelebratinghisownvirtues。The
successorsofDiocletiandespisedeventheflatteryofthe
senate:theirroyalofficersatRome，andintheprovinces，
assumedthesoledirectionofthemint；andthesameprerogative
wasinheritedbytheGothickingsofItaly，andthelongseries
oftheGreek，theFrench，andtheGermandynasties。Afteran
abdicationofeighthundredyears，theRomansenateassertedthis
honorableandlucrativeprivilege；whichwastacitlyrenouncedby
thepopes，fromPaschaltheSecondtotheestablishmentoftheir
residencebeyondtheAlps。Someoftheserepublicancoinsofthe
twelfthandthirteenthcenturiesareshowninthecabinetsofthe
curious。Ononeofthese，agoldmedal，Christisdepictured
holdinginhislefthandabookwiththisinscription:\"Thevow
oftheRomansenateandpeople:Romethecapitaloftheworld；\"
onthereverse，St。Peterdeliveringabannertoakneeling
senatorinhiscapandgown，withthenameandarmsofhisfamily
impressedonashield。^39III。Withtheempire，thepraefectof
thecityhaddeclinedtoamunicipalofficer；yethestill
exercisedinthelastappealthecivilandcriminaljurisdiction；
andadrawnsword，whichhereceivedfromthesuccessorsofOtho，
wasthemodeofhisinvestitureandtheemblemofhisfunctions。
^40ThedignitywasconfinedtothenoblefamiliesofRome:the
choiceofthepeoplewasratifiedbythepope；butatripleoath
offidelitymusthaveoftenembarrassedthepraefectinthe
conflictofadverseduties。^41Aservant，inwhomtheypossessed
butathirdshare，wasdismissedbytheindependentRomans:in
hisplacetheyelectedapatrician；butthistitle，which
Charlemagnehadnotdisdained，wastooloftyforacitizenora
subject；and，afterthefirstfervorofrebellion，theyconsented
withoutreluctancetotherestorationofthepraefect。About
fiftyyearsafterthisevent，InnocenttheThird，themost
ambitious，oratleastthemostfortunate，ofthePontiffs，
deliveredtheRomansandhimselffromthisbadgeofforeign
dominion:heinvestedthepraefectwithabannerinsteadofa
sword，andabsolvedhimfromalldependenceofoathsorservice
totheGermanemperors。^42Inhisplaceanecclesiastic，a
presentorfuturecardinal，wasnamedbythepopetothecivil
governmentofRome；buthisjurisdictionhasbeenreducedtoa
narrowcompass；andinthedaysoffreedom，therightorexercise
wasderivedfromthesenateandpeople。IV。Aftertherevivalof
thesenate，^43theconscriptfathersifImayusethe
expressionwereinvestedwiththelegislativeandexecutive
power；buttheirviewsseldomreachedbeyondthepresentday；and
thatdaywasmostfrequentlydisturbedbyviolenceandtumult。
Initsutmostplenitude，theorderorassemblyconsistedof
fifty—sixsenators，^44themosteminentofwhomwere
distinguishedbythetitleofcounsellors:theywerenominated，
perhapsannually，bythepeople；andapreviouschoiceoftheir
electors，tenpersonsineachregion，orparish，mightafforda
basisforafreeandpermanentconstitution。Thepopes，whoin
thistempestsubmittedrathertobendthantobreak，confirmedby
treatytheestablishmentandprivilegesofthesenate，and
expectedfromtime，peace，andreligion，therestorationoftheir
government。Themotivesofpublicandprivateinterestmight
sometimesdrawfromtheRomansanoccasionalandtemporary
sacrificeoftheirclaims；andtheyrenewedtheiroathof
allegiancetothesuccessorofSt。PeterandConstantine，the
lawfulheadofthechurchandtherepublic。^45
[Footnote36:AftermanydisputesamongtheantiquariesofRome，
itseemsdetermined，thatthesummitoftheCapitolinehillnext
theriverisstrictlytheMonsTarpeius，theArx；andthatonthe
othersummit，thechurchandconventofAraceli，thebarefoot
friarsofSt。FrancisoccupythetempleofJupiter，Nardini，
RomaAntica，l。v。c。11—16。
Note:TheauthorityofNardiniisnowvigorouslyimpugned，
andthequestionoftheArxandtheTempleofJupiterrevived，
withnewargumentsbyNiebuhrandhisaccomplishedfollower，M。
Bunsen。RomsBeschreibung，vol。iii。p。12，etseqq—M。][Footnote37:Tacit。Hist。iii。69，70。]
[Footnote38:Thispartitionofthenobleandbasermetals
betweentheemperorandsenatemust，however，beadopted，notas
apositivefact，butastheprobableopinionofthebest
antiquaries，seetheSciencedesMedaillesofthePereJoubert，
tom。ii。p。208—211，intheimprovedandscarceeditionofthe
BarondelaBastie。