Thefixedrevenueofthepopeswasprobablyimpaired；manyoftheoldpatrimonialestates，bothinItalyandtheprovinces，hadbeeninvadedbysacrilegioushands；norcouldthelossbecompensatedbytheclaim，ratherthanthepossession，ofthemoreamplegiftsofPepinandhisdescendants。ButtheVaticanandCapitolwerenourishedbytheincessantandincreasingswarmsofpilgrimsandsuppliants:thepaleofChristianitywasenlarged，andthepopeandcardinalswereoverwhelmedbythejudgmentofecclesiasticalandsecularcauses。AnewjurisprudencehadestablishedintheLatinchurchtherightandpracticeofappeals；^7andfromtheNorthandWestthebishopsandabbotswereinvitedorsummonedtosolicit，tocomplain，toaccuse，ortojustify，beforethethresholdoftheapostles。Arareprodigyisoncerecorded，thattwohorses，belongingtothearchbishopsofMentzandCologne，repassedtheAlps，yetladenwithgoldandsilver:^8butitwassoonunderstood，thatthesuccess，bothofthepilgrimsandclients，dependedmuchlessonthejusticeoftheircausethanonthevalueoftheiroffering。Thewealthandpietyofthesestrangerswereostentatiouslydisplayed；andtheirexpenses，sacredorprofane，circulatedinvariouschannelsfortheemolumentoftheRomans。
[Footnote6:SeeDucange，Gloss。mediaeetinfimaeLatinitat。
tom。vi。p。364，365，Staffa。Thishomagewaspaidbykingstoarchbishops，andbyvassalstotheirlords，Schmidt，tom。iii。
p。262；anditwasthenicestpolicyofRometoconfoundthemarksoffilialandoffeudalsubjection]
[Footnote7:TheappealsfromallthechurchestotheRomanpontiffaredeploredbythezealofSt。BernarddeConsideratione，l。iii。tom。ii。p。431—442，edit。Mabillon，Venet。1750andthejudgmentofFleury，Discourssurl\'Hist。
Ecclesiastique，iv。etvii。Butthesaint，whobelievedinthefalsedecretalscondemnsonlytheabuseoftheseappeals；themoreenlightenedhistorianinvestigatestheorigin，andrejectstheprinciples，ofthisnewjurisprudence。]
[Footnote8:Germanici……summariinonlevatissarcinisonustinihilominusrepatriantinviti。Novares!quandohactenusaurumRomarefudit?EtnuncRomanorumconsilioidusurpatumnoncredimus，Bernard，deConsideratione，l。iii。c。3，p。437。Thefirstwordsofthepassageareobscure，andprobablycorrupt。]
SuchpowerfulmotivesshouldhavefirmlyattachedthevoluntaryandpiousobedienceoftheRomanpeopletotheirspiritualandtemporalfather。Buttheoperationofprejudiceandinterestisoftendisturbedbythesalliesofungovernablepassion。TheIndianwhofellsthetree，thathemaygatherthefruit，^9andtheArabwhoplundersthecaravansofcommerce，areactuatedbythesameimpulseofsavagenature，whichoverlooksthefutureinthepresent，andrelinquishesformomentaryrapinethelongandsecurepossessionofthemostimportantblessings。
Anditwasthus，thattheshrineofSt。PeterwasprofanedbythethoughtlessRomans；whopillagedtheofferings，andwoundedthepilgrims，withoutcomputingthenumberandvalueofsimilarvisits，whichtheypreventedbytheirinhospitablesacrilege。
Eventheinfluenceofsuperstitionisfluctuatingandprecarious；
andtheslave，whosereasonissubdued，willoftenbedeliveredbyhisavariceorpride。AcredulousdevotionforthefablesandoraclesofthepriesthoodmostpowerfullyactsonthemindofaBarbarian；yetsuchamindistheleastcapableofpreferringimaginationtosense，ofsacrificingtoadistantmotive，toaninvisible，perhapsanideal，object，theappetitesandinterestsofthepresentworld。Inthevigorofhealthandyouth，hispracticewillperpetuallycontradicthisbelief；tillthepressureofage，orsickness，orcalamity，awakenshisterrors，andcompelshimtosatisfythedoubledebtofpietyandremorse。
Ihavealreadyobserved，thatthemoderntimesofreligiousindifferencearethemostfavorabletothepeaceandsecurityoftheclergy。Underthereignofsuperstition，theyhadmuchtohopefromtheignorance，andmuchtofearfromtheviolence，ofmankind。Thewealth，whoseconstantincreasemusthaverenderedthemthesoleproprietorsoftheearth，wasalternatelybestowedbytherepentantfatherandplunderedbytherapaciousson:theirpersonswereadoredorviolated；andthesameidol，bythehandsofthesamevotaries，wasplacedonthealtar，ortrampledinthedust。InthefeudalsystemofEurope，armswerethetitleofdistinctionandthemeasureofallegiance；andamidsttheirtumult，thestillvoiceoflawandreasonwasseldomheardorobeyed。TheturbulentRomansdisdainedtheyoke，andinsultedtheimpotence，oftheirbishop:^10norwouldhiseducationorcharacterallowhimtoexercise，withdecencyoreffect，thepowerofthesword。Themotivesofhiselectionandthefrailtiesofhislifewereexposedtotheirfamiliarobservation；
andproximitymustdiminishthereverencewhichhisnameandhisdecreesimpressedonabarbarousworld。Thisdifferencehasnotescapedthenoticeofourphilosophichistorian:\"ThoughthenameandauthorityofthecourtofRomeweresoterribleintheremotecountriesofEurope，whichweresunkinprofoundignorance，andwereentirelyunacquaintedwithitscharacterandconduct，thepopewassolittlereveredathome，thathisinveterateenemiessurroundedthegatesofRomeitself，andevencontrolledhisgovernmentinthatcity；andtheambassadors，who，fromadistantextremityofEurope，carriedtohimthehumble，orratherabject，submissionsofthegreatestpotentateoftheage，foundtheutmostdifficultytomaketheirwaytohim，andtothrowthemselvesathisfeet。\"^11
[Footnote9:QuandlessauvagesdelaLouisianeveulentavoirdufruit，ilscoupentl\'arbreaupiedetcueillentlefruit。Voilalegouvernementdespotique，EspritdesLoix，l。v。c。13；andpassionandignorancearealwaysdespotic。]
[Footnote10:InafreeconversationwithhiscountrymanAdrianIV。，JohnofSalisburyaccusestheavariceofthepopeandclergy:Provinciarumdiripiuntspolia，acsithesaurosCroesistudeantreparare。SedrectecumeisagitAltissimus，quoniametipsialiisetsaepevilissimishominibusdatisuntindireptionem，deNugisCurialium，l。vi。c。24，p。387。Inthenextpage，heblamestherashnessandinfidelityoftheRomans，whomtheirbishopsvainlystrovetoconciliatebygifts，insteadofvirtues。Itispitythatthismiscellaneouswriterhasnotgivenuslessmoralityanderudition，andmorepicturesofhimselfandthetimes。]
[Footnote11:Hume\'sHistoryofEngland，vol。i。p。419。Thesamewriterhasgivenus，fromFitz—Stephen，asingularactofcrueltyperpetratedontheclergybyGeoffrey，thefatherofHenryII。\"WhenhewasmasterofNormandy，thechapterofSeezpresumed，withouthisconsent，toproceedtotheelectionofabishop:uponwhichheorderedallofthem，withthebishopelect，tobecastrated，andmadealltheirtesticlesbebroughthiminaplatter。\"Ofthepainanddangertheymightjustlycomplain；yetsincetheyhadvowedchastityhedeprivedthemofasuperfluoustreasure。]
Sincetheprimitivetimes，thewealthofthepopeswasexposedtoenvy，theirpowerstoopposition，andtheirpersonstoviolence。Butthelonghostilityofthemitreandthecrownincreasedthenumbers，andinflamedthepassions，oftheirenemies。ThedeadlyfactionsoftheGuelphsandGhibelines，sofataltoItaly，couldneverbeembracedwithtruthorconstancybytheRomans，thesubjectsandadversariesbothofthebishopandemperor；buttheirsupportwassolicitedbybothparties，andtheyalternatelydisplayedintheirbannersthekeysofSt。PeterandtheGermaneagle。GregorytheSeventh，whomaybeadoredordetestedasthefounderofthepapalmonarchy，wasdrivenfromRome，anddiedinexileatSalerno。Six—and—thirtyofhissuccessors，^12tilltheirretreattoAvignon，maintainedanunequalcontestwiththeRomans:theirageanddignitywereoftenviolated；andthechurches，inthesolemnritesofreligion，werepollutedwithseditionandmurder。Arepetition^13ofsuchcapriciousbrutality，withoutconnectionordesign，wouldbetediousanddisgusting；andIshallcontentmyselfwithsomeeventsofthetwelfthcentury，whichrepresentthestateofthepopesandthecity。OnHolyThursday，whilePaschalofficiatedbeforethealtar，hewasinterruptedbytheclamorsofthemultitude，whoimperiouslydemandedtheconfirmationofafavoritemagistrate。Hissilenceexasperatedtheirfury；hispiousrefusaltomingletheaffairsofearthandheavenwasencounteredwithmenaces，andoaths，thatheshouldbethecauseandthewitnessofthepublicruin。DuringthefestivalofEaster，whilethebishopandtheclergy，barefootedandinprocession，visitedthetombsofthemartyrs，theyweretwiceassaulted，atthebridgeofSt。Angelo，andbeforetheCapitol，withvolleysofstonesanddarts。Thehousesofhisadherentswerelevelledwiththeground:Paschalescapedwithdifficultyanddanger；heleviedanarmyinthepatrimonyofSt。Peter；andhislastdayswereembitteredbysufferingandinflictingthecalamitiesofcivilwar。ThescenesthatfollowedtheelectionofhissuccessorGelasiustheSecondwerestillmorescandaloustothechurchandcity。CencioFrangipani，^14apotentandfactiousbaron，burstintotheassemblyfuriousandinarms:thecardinalswerestripped，beaten，andtrampledunderfoot；andheseized，withoutpityorrespect，thevicarofChristbythethroat。Gelasiuswasdraggedbythehairalongtheground，buffetedwithblows，woundedwithspurs，andboundwithanironchaininthehouseofhisbrutaltyrant。Aninsurrectionofthepeopledeliveredtheirbishop:therivalfamiliesopposedtheviolenceoftheFrangipani；andCencio，whosuedforpardon，repentedofthefailure，ratherthanoftheguilt，ofhisenterprise。Notmanydayshadelapsed，whenthepopewasagainassaultedatthealtar。Whilehisfriendsandenemieswereengagedinabloodycontest，heescapedinhissacerdotalgarments。Inthisunworthyflight，whichexcitedthecompassionoftheRomanmatrons，hisattendantswerescatteredorunhorsed；
and，inthefieldsbehindthechurchofSt。Peter，hissuccessorwasfoundaloneandhalfdeadwithfearandfatigue。Shakingthedustfromhisfeet，theapostlewithdrewfromacityinwhichhisdignitywasinsultedandhispersonwasendangered；andthevanityofsacerdotalambitionisrevealedintheinvoluntaryconfession，thatoneemperorwasmoretolerablethantwenty。^15
Theseexamplesmightsuffice；butIcannotforgetthesufferingsoftwopontiffsofthesameage，thesecondandthirdofthenameofLucius。Theformer，asheascendedinbattlearraytoassaulttheCapitol，wasstruckonthetemplebyastone，andexpiredinafewdays。Thelatterwasseverelywoundedinthepersonofhisservants。Inacivilcommotion，severalofhispriestshadbeenmadeprisoners；andtheinhumanRomans，reservingoneasaguideforhisbrethren，putouttheireyes，crownedthemwithludicrousmitres，mountedthemonasseswiththeirfacestowardsthetail，andextortedanoath，that，inthiswretchedcondition，theyshouldofferthemselvesasalessontotheheadofthechurch。
Hopeorfear，lassitudeorremorse，thecharactersofthemen，andthecircumstancesofthetimes，mightsometimesobtainanintervalofpeaceandobedience；andthepopewasrestoredwithjoyfulacclamationstotheLateranorVatican，fromwhencehehadbeendrivenwiththreatsandviolence。Buttherootofmischiefwasdeepandperennial；andamomentarycalmwasprecededandfollowedbysuchtempestsashadalmostsunkthebarkofSt。
Peter。Romecontinuallypresentedtheaspectofwaranddiscord:
thechurchesandpalaceswerefortifiedandassaultedbythefactionsandfamilies；and，aftergivingpeacetoEurope，CalistustheSecondalonehadresolutionandpowertoprohibittheuseofprivatearmsinthemetropolis。Amongthenationswhoreveredtheapostolicthrone，thetumultsofRomeprovokedageneralindignation；andinalettertohisdiscipleEugeniustheThird，St。Bernard，withthesharpnessofhiswitandzeal，hasstigmatizedthevicesoftherebelliouspeople。^16\"Whoisignorant，\"saysthemonkofClairvaux，\"ofthevanityandarroganceoftheRomans?anationnursedinsedition，untractable，andscorningtoobey，unlesstheyaretoofeebletoresist。Whentheypromisetoserve，theyaspiretoreign；iftheyswearallegiance，theywatchtheopportunityofrevolt；yettheyventtheirdiscontentinloudclamors，ifyourdoors，oryourcounsels，areshutagainstthem。Dexterousinmischief，theyhaveneverlearnedthescienceofdoinggood。Odioustoearthandheaven，impioustoGod，seditiousamongthemselves，jealousoftheirneighbors，inhumantostrangers，theylovenoone，bynoonearetheybeloved；andwhiletheywishtoinspirefear，theyliveinbaseandcontinualapprehension。Theywillnotsubmit；theyknownothowtogovernfaithlesstotheirsuperiors，intolerabletotheirequals，ungratefultotheirbenefactors，andalikeimpudentintheirdemandsandtheirrefusals。Loftyinpromise，poorinexecution；adulationandcalumny，perfidyandtreason，arethefamiliarartsoftheirpolicy。\"SurelythisdarkportraitisnotcoloredbythepencilofChristiancharity；^17yetthefeatures，howeverharshorugly，expressalivelyresemblanceoftheRomanofthetwelfthcentury。^18
[Footnote12:FromLeoIX。andGregoryVII。anauthenticandcontemporaryseriesofthelivesofthepopesbythecardinalofArragon，PandulphusPisanus，BernardGuido，&c。，isinsertedintheItalianHistoriansofMuratori，tom。iii。P。i。p。277—
685，andhasbeenalwaysbeforemyeyes。]
[Footnote13:ThedatesofyearsintheinthecontentsmaythroughouthisthischapterbeunderstoodastacitreferencestotheAnnalsofMuratori，myordinaryandexcellentguide。Heuses，andindeedquotes，withthefreedomofamaster，hisgreatcollectionoftheItalianHistorians，inxxviii。volumes；andasthattreasureisinmylibrary，Ihavethoughtitanamusement，ifnotaduty，toconsulttheoriginals。]
[Footnote14:Icannotrefrainfromtranscribingthehigh—coloredwordsofPandulphusPisanus，p。384。HocaudiensinimicuspacisatqueturbatorjamfatusCentiusFrajapane，moredraconisimmanissimisibilans，etabimispectoribustrahenslongasuspiria，accinctusretrogladiosinemorecucurrit，valvasacforesconfregit。Ecclesiamfuribundusintroiit，indecustoderemotopapampergulamaccepit，distraxitpugniscalcibusquepercussit，ettanquambrutumanimalintralimenecclesiaeacritercalcaribuscruentavit；etlatrotantumdominumpercapillosetbrachia，Jesubonointerimdormiente，detraxit，addomumusquededuxit，inibicatenavitetinclusit。]
[Footnote15:EgocoramDeoetEcclesiadico，siunquampossibileesset，mallemunumimperatoremquamtotdominos，Vit。Gelas。II。
p。398。]
[Footnote16:QuidtamnotumseculisquamproterviaetcervicositasRomanorum?Gensinsuetapaci，tumultuiassueta，gensimmitisetintractabilisusqueadhuc，subdinescia，nisicumnonvaletresistere，deConsiderat。l。iv。c。2，p。441。Thesainttakesbreath，andthenbeginsagain:Hi，invisiterraeetcoelo，utriqueinjeceremanus，&c。，p。443。]
[Footnote17:AsaRomancitizen，Petrarchtakesleavetoobserve，thatBernard，thoughasaint，wasaman；thathemightbeprovokedbyresentment，andpossiblyrepentofhishastypassion，&c。MemoiressurlaViedePetrarque，tom。i。p。
330。]
[Footnote18:Baronius，inhisindextothexiithvolumeofhisAnnals，hasfoundafairandeasyexcuse。Hemakestwoheads，ofRomaniCatholiciandSchismatici:totheformerheappliesallthegood，tothelatteralltheevil，thatistoldofthecity。]
TheJewshadrejectedtheChristwhenheappearedamongtheminaplebeiancharacter；andtheRomansmightpleadtheirignoranceofhisvicarwhenheassumedthepompandprideofatemporalsovereign。Inthebusyageofthecrusades，somesparksofcuriosityandreasonwererekindledintheWesternworld:theheresyofBulgaria，thePauliciansect，wassuccessfullytransplantedintothesoilofItalyandFrance；theGnosticvisionsweremingledwiththesimplicityofthegospel；andtheenemiesoftheclergyreconciledtheirpassionswiththeirconscience，thedesireoffreedomwiththeprofessionofpiety。
^19ThetrumpetofRomanlibertywasfirstsoundedbyArnoldofBrescia，^20whosepromotioninthechurchwasconfinedtothelowestrank，andwhoworethemonastichabitratherasagarbofpovertythanasauniformofobedience。Hisadversariescouldnotdenythewitandeloquencewhichtheyseverelyfelt；theyconfesswithreluctancethespeciouspurityofhismorals；andhiserrorswererecommendedtothepublicbyamixtureofimportantandbeneficialtruths。Inhistheologicalstudies，hehadbeenthediscipleofthefamousandunfortunateAbelard，^21
whowaslikewiseinvolvedinthesuspicionofheresy:buttheloverofEloisawasofasoftandflexiblenature；andhisecclesiasticjudgeswereedifiedanddisarmedbythehumilityofhisrepentance。Fromthismaster，ArnoldmostprobablyimbibedsomemetaphysicaldefinitionsoftheTrinity，repugnanttothetasteofthetimes:hisideasofbaptismandtheeucharistarelooselycensured；butapoliticalheresywasthesourceofhisfameandmisfortunes。HepresumedtoquotethedeclarationofChrist，thathiskingdomisnotofthisworld:heboldlymaintained，thattheswordandthesceptrewereintrustedtothecivilmagistrate；thattemporalhonorsandpossessionswerelawfullyvestedinsecularpersons；thattheabbots，thebishops，andthepopehimself，mustrenounceeithertheirstateortheirsalvation；andthatafterthelossoftheirrevenues，thevoluntarytithesandoblationsofthefaithfulwouldsuffice，notindeedforluxuryandavarice，butforafrugallifeintheexerciseofspirituallabors。Duringashorttime，thepreacherwasreveredasapatriot；andthediscontent，orrevolt，ofBresciaagainstherbishop，wasthefirstfruitsofhisdangerouslessons。Butthefavorofthepeopleislesspermanentthantheresentmentofthepriest；andaftertheheresyofArnoldhadbeencondemnedbyInnocenttheSecond，^22inthegeneralcounciloftheLateran，themagistratesthemselveswereurgedbyprejudiceandfeartoexecutethesentenceofthechurch。Italycouldnolongeraffordarefuge；andthediscipleofAbelardescapedbeyondtheAlps，tillhefoundasafeandhospitableshelterinZurich，nowthefirstoftheSwisscantons。FromaRomanstation，^23aroyalvilla，achapterofnoblevirgins，Zurichhadgraduallyincreasedtoafreeandflourishingcity；wheretheappealsoftheMilaneseweresometimestriedbytheImperialcommissaries。^24Inanagelessripeforreformation，theprecursorofZuingliuswasheardwithapplause:abraveandsimplepeopleimbibed，andlongretained，thecolorofhisopinions；andhisart，ormerit，seducedthebishopofConstance，andeventhepope\'slegate，whoforgot，forhissake，theinterestoftheirmasterandtheirorder。TheirtardyzealwasquickenedbythefierceexhortationsofSt。Bernard；^25andtheenemyofthechurchwasdrivenbypersecutiontothedesperatemeasuresoferectinghisstandardinRomeitself，inthefaceofthesuccessorofSt。Peter。
[Footnote19:TheheresiesofthexiithcenturymaybefoundinMosheim，Institut。Hist。Eccles。p。419—427，whoentertainsafavorableopinionofArnoldofBrescia。InthevthvolumeIhavedescribedthesectofthePaulicians，andfollowedtheirmigrationfromArmeniatoThraceandBulgaria，ItalyandFrance。]
[Footnote20:TheoriginalpicturesofArnoldofBresciaaredrawnbyOtho，bishopofFrisingen，Chron。l。vii。c。31，deGestisFredericiI。l。i。c。27，l。ii。c。21，andintheiiidbookoftheLigurinus，apoemofGunthur，whoflourishedA。D。
1200，inthemonasteryofParisnearBasil，Fabric。Bibliot。
Latin。Med。etInfimaeAetatis，tom。iii。p。174，175。ThelongpassagethatrelatestoArnoldisproducedbyGuilliman，deRebusHelveticis，l。iii。c。5，p。108。
Note:CompareFranke，ArnoldvonBresciaundseineZeit。
Zarich，1828—M。]
[Footnote21:ThewickedwitofBaylewasamusedincomposing，withmuchlevityandlearning，thearticlesofAbelard，Foulkes，Heloise，inhisDictionnaireCritique。ThedisputeofAbelardandSt。Bernard，ofscholasticandpositivedivinity，iswellunderstoodbyMosheim，Institut。Hist。Eccles。p。412—415。]
[Footnote22:—DamnatusabilloPraesule，quinumerosvetitumcontingerenostrosNomenadinnocuaducitlaudabilevita。