[Footnote87:SeethelossorconquestofTrebizondinChalcondyles，l。ix。p。263—266，Ducas，c。45，Phranza，l。
iii。c。27，andCantemir，p。107。]
[Footnote88:ThoughTourneforttom。iii。lettrexvii。p。179
speaksofTrebizondasmalpeuplee，Peysonnel，thelatestandmostaccurateobserver，canfind100，000inhabitants，CommercedelaMerNoire，tom。ii。p。72，andfortheprovince，p。53—
90。ItsprosperityandtradeareperpetuallydisturbedbythefactiousquarrelsoftwoodasofJanizaries，inonewhich30，000
Laziarecommonlyenrolled，MemoiresdeTott，tom。iii。p。16，17。]
[Footnote!:AccordingtotheGeorgianaccountofthesetransactions，translatedbyM。Brosset，additionstoLeBeau，vol。xxi。p。325，theemperorofTrebizondhumblyentreatedthesultantohavethegoodnesstomarryoneofhisdaughters。—M。]
[Footnote89:IsmaelBeg，princeofSinopeorSinople，waspossessedchieflyfromhiscopperminesofarevenureof200，000ducats，Chalcond。l。ix。p。258，259。PeysonnelCommercedelaMerNoire，tom。ii。p。100ascribestothemoderncity60，000inhabitants。Thisaccountseemsenormous；yetitisbytradingwithpeoplethatwebecomeacquaintedwiththeirwealthandnumbers。]
[Footnote*:M。Boissonadehaspublished，inthefifthvolumeofhisAnecdotaGraecap。387，401。averyinterestingletterfromGeorgeAmiroutzes，protovestiariusofTrebizond，toBessarion，describingthesurrenderofTrebizond，andthefateofitschiefinhabitants。—M。]
[Footnote!!:SeeinVonHammer，vol。ii。p。60，thestrikingaccountofthemother，theempressHelenatheCantacuzene，who，indefianceoftheedict，likethatofCreonintheGreektragedy，dugthegraveforhermurderedchildrenwithherownhand，andsankintoitherself。—M。]
[Footnote90:SpondanusfromGobelinComment。PiiII。l。v。
relatesthearrivalandreceptionofofthedespotThomasatRome，。A。D。1461No。NO。3。]
[Footnote91:ByanactdatedA。D。1494，Sept。6，andlatelytransmittedfromthearchivesoftheCapitoltotheroyallibraryofParis，thedespotAndrewPalaeologus，reservingtheMorea，andstipulatingsomeprivateadvantages，conveystoCharlesVIII。，kingofFrance，theempiresofConstantinopleandTrebizond，Spondanus，A。D。1495，No。2。M。D。FoncemagneMem。del\'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xvii。p。539—578hasbestowedadissertationonhisnationaltitle，ofwhichhehadobtainedacopyfromRome。]
[Footnote92:SeePhilippedeComines，l。vii。c。14，whoreckonswithpleasurethenumberofGreekswhowerepreparedtorise，60milesofaneasynavigation，eighteendays\'journeyfromValonatoConstantinople，&c。OnthisoccasiontheTurkishempirewassavedbythepolicyofVenice。]
TheimportanceofConstantinoplewasfeltandmagnifiedinitsloss:thepontificateofNicholastheFifth，howeverpeacefulandprosperous，wasdishonoredbythefalloftheEasternempire；
andthegriefandterroroftheLatinsrevived，orseemedtorevive，theoldenthusiasmofthecrusades。InoneofthemostdistantcountriesoftheWest，PhilipdukeofBurgundyentertained，atLisleinFlanders，anassemblyofhisnobles；andthepompouspageantsofthefeastwereskilfullyadaptedtotheirfancyandfeelings。^93InthemidstofthebanquetagiganticSaracenenteredthehall，leadingafictitiouselephantwithacastleonhisback:amatroninamourningrobe，thesymbolofreligion，wasseentoissuefromthecastle:shedeploredheroppression，andaccusedtheslownessofherchampions:theprincipalheraldofthegoldenfleeceadvanced，bearingonhisfistalivepheasant，which，accordingtotheritesofchivalry，hepresentedtotheduke。Atthisextraordinarysummons，Philip，awiseandagedprince，engagedhispersonandpowersintheholywaragainsttheTurks:hisexamplewasimitatedbythebaronsandknightsoftheassembly:theysworetoGod，theVirgin，theladiesandthepheasant；andtheirparticularvowswerenotlessextravagantthanthegeneralsanctionoftheiroath。Buttheperformancewasmadetodependonsomefutureandforeigncontingency；andduringtwelveyears，tillthelasthourofhislife，thedukeofBurgundymightbescrupulously，andperhapssincerely，ontheeveofhisdeparture。Hadeverybreastglowedwiththesameardor；hadtheunionoftheChristianscorrespondedwiththeirbravery；hadeverycountry，fromSweden^94toNaples，suppliedajustproportionofcavalryandinfantry，ofmenandmoney，itisindeedprobablethatConstantinoplewouldhavebeendelivered，andthattheTurksmighthavebeenchasedbeyondtheHellespontortheEuphrates。Butthesecretaryoftheemperor，whocomposedeveryepistle，andattendedeverymeeting，AeneasSylvius，^95astatesmanandorator，describesfromhisownexperiencetherepugnantstateandspiritofChristendom。\"Itisabody，\"sayshe，\"withoutahead；arepublicwithoutlawsormagistrates。Thepopeandtheemperormayshineasloftytitles，assplendidimages；buttheyareunabletocommand，andnonearewillingtoobey:everystatehasaseparateprince，andeveryprincehasaseparateinterest。Whateloquencecouldunitesomanydiscordantandhostilepowersunderthesamestandard?
Couldtheybeassembledinarms，whowoulddaretoassumetheofficeofgeneral?Whatordercouldbemaintained?—whatmilitarydiscipline?Whowouldundertaketofeedsuchanenormousmultitude?Whowouldunderstandtheirvariouslanguages，ordirecttheirstrangerandincompatiblemanners?
WhatmortalcouldreconciletheEnglishwiththeFrench，GenoawithArragontheGermanswiththenativesofHungaryandBohemia?
Ifasmallnumberenlistedintheholywar，theymustbeoverthrownbytheinfidels；ifmany，bytheirownweightandconfusion。\"YetthesameAeneas，whenhewasraisedtothepapalthrone，underthenameofPiustheSecond，devotedhislifetotheprosecutionoftheTurkishwar。InthecouncilofMantuaheexcitedsomesparksofafalseorfeebleenthusiasm；butwhenthepontiffappearedatAncona，toembarkinpersonwiththetroops，engagementsvanishedinexcuses；aprecisedaywasadjournedtoanindefiniteterm；andhiseffectivearmyconsistedofsomeGermanpilgrims，whomhewasobligedtodisbandwithindulgencesandarms。Regardlessoffuturity，hissuccessorsandthepowersofItalywereinvolvedintheschemesofpresentanddomesticambition；andthedistanceorproximityofeachobjectdeterminedintheireyesitsapparentmagnitude。Amoreenlargedviewoftheirinterestwouldhavetaughtthemtomaintainadefensiveandnavalwaragainstthecommonenemy；andthesupportofScanderbegandhisbraveAlbaniansmighthavepreventedthesubsequentinvasionofthekingdomofNaples。ThesiegeandsackofOtrantobytheTurksdiffusedageneralconsternation；andPopeSixtuswaspreparingtoflybeyondtheAlps，whenthestormwasinstantlydispelledbythedeathofMahomettheSecond，inthefifty—firstyearofhisage。^96HisloftygeniusaspiredtotheconquestofItaly:hewaspossessedofastrongcityandacapaciousharbor；andthesamereignmighthavebeendecoratedwiththetrophiesoftheNewandtheAncientRome。^97
[Footnote93:SeetheoriginalfeastinOlivierdelaMarche，Memoires，P。i。c。29，30，withtheabstractandobservationsofM。deSte。Palaye，MemoiressurlaChevalerie，tom。i。P。
iii。p。182—185。Thepeacockandthepheasantweredistinguishedasroyalbirds。]
[Footnote94:Itwasfoundbyanactualenumeration，thatSweden，Gothland，andFinland，contained1，800，000fightingmen，andconsequentlywerefarmorepopulousthanatpresent。]
[Footnote95:Intheyear1454，Spondanushasgiven，fromAeneasSylvius，aviewofthestateofEurope，enrichedwithhisownobservations。Thatvaluableannalist，andtheItalianMuratori，willcontinuetheseriesofeventsfromtheyear1453to1481，theendofMahomet\'slife，andofthischapter。]
[Footnote96:Besidesthetwoannalists，thereadermayconsultGiannoneIstoriaCivile，tom。iii。p。449—455fortheTurkishinvasionofthekingdomofNaples。ForthereignandconquestsofMahometII。，IhaveoccasionallyusedtheMemorieIstorichedeMonarchiOttomannidiGiovanniSagredo，Venezia，1677，in4to。
Inpeaceandwar，theTurkshaveeverengagedtheattentionoftherepublicofVenice。AllherdespatchesandarchiveswereopentoaprocuratorofSt。Mark，andSagredoisnotcontemptibleeitherinsenseorstyle。Yethetoobitterlyhatestheinfidels:heisignorantoftheirlanguageandmanners；andhisnarrative，whichallowsonly70pagestoMahometII。，p。69—
140，becomesmorecopiousandauthenticasheapproachestheyears1640and1644，thetermofthehistoriclaborsofJohnSagredo。]
[Footnote97:AsIamnowtakinganeverlastingfarewelloftheGreekempire，IshallbrieflymentionthegreatcollectionofByzantinewriterswhosenamesandtestimonieshavebeensuccessivelyrepeatedinthiswork。TheGreekspressesofAldusandtheItalianswereconfinedtotheclassicsofabetterage；
andthefirstrudeeditionsofProcopius，Agathias，Cedrenus，Zonaras，&c。，werepublishedbythelearneddiligenceoftheGermans。ThewholeByzantineseriesxxxvi。volumesinfolio
hasgraduallyissuedA。D。1648，&c。fromtheroyalpressoftheLouvre，withsomecollateralaidfromRomeandLeipsic；buttheVenetianedition，A。D。1729，thoughcheaperandmorecopious，isnotlessinferiorincorrectnessthaninmagnificencetothatofParis。ThemeritsoftheFrencheditorsarevarious；butthevalueofAnnaComnena，Cinnamus，Villehardouin，&c。，isenhancedbythehistoricalnotesofCharlesdeFresneduCange。Hissupplementalworks，theGreekGlossary，theConstantinopolisChristiana，theFamiliaeByzantinae，diffuseasteadylightoverthedarknessoftheLowerEmpire。
Note:TheneweditionoftheByzantines，projectedbyNiebuhr，andcontinuedunderthepatronageofthePrussiangovernment，isthemostconvenientinsize，andcontainssomeauthorsLeoDiaconus，JohannesLydus，Corippus，thenewfragmentofDexippus，Eunapius，&c。，discoveredbyMaiwhichcouldnotbecomprisedintheformercollections；butthenamesofsucheditorsasBekker，theDindorfs，&c。，raisedhopesofsomethingmorethanthemererepublicationofthetext，andthenotesofformereditors。Little，Iregrettosay，hasbeenaddedofannotation，andinsomecases，theoldincorrectversionshavebeenretained。—M。]
ChapterLXIX:StateOfRomeFromTheTwelfthCentury。
PartI。
StateOfRomeFromTheTwelfthCentury。—TemporalDominionOfThePopes。—SeditionsOfTheCity。—PoliticalHeresyOfArnoldOfBrescia。—RestorationOfTheRepublic。—TheSenators。
—PrideOfTheRomans。—TheirWars。—TheyAreDeprivedOfTheElectionAndPresenceOfThePopes，WhoRetireToAvignon。—TheJubilee。—NobleFamiliesOfRome。—FeudOfTheColonnaAndUrsini。
InthefirstagesofthedeclineandfalloftheRomanempire，oureyeisinvariablyfixedontheroyalcity，whichhadgivenlawstothefairestportionoftheglobe。Wecontemplateherfortunes，atfirstwithadmiration，atlengthwithpity，alwayswithattention，andwhenthatattentionisdivertedfromthecapitaltotheprovinces，theyareconsideredassomanybrancheswhichhavebeensuccessivelyseveredfromtheImperialtrunk。ThefoundationofasecondRome，ontheshoresoftheBosphorus，hascompelledthehistoriantofollowthesuccessorsofConstantine；andourcuriosityhasbeentemptedtovisitthemostremotecountriesofEuropeandAsia，toexplorethecausesandtheauthorsofthelongdecayoftheByzantinemonarchy。BytheconquestofJustinian，wehavebeenrecalledtothebanksoftheTyber，tothedeliveranceoftheancientmetropolis；butthatdeliverancewasachange，orperhapsanaggravation，ofservitude。Romehadbeenalreadystrippedofhertrophies，hergods，andherCaesars；norwastheGothicdominionmoreingloriousandoppressivethanthetyrannyoftheGreeks。IntheeighthcenturyoftheChristianaera，areligiousquarrel，theworshipofimages，provokedtheRomanstoasserttheirindependence:theirbishopbecamethetemporal，aswellasthespiritual，fatherofafreepeople；andoftheWesternempire，whichwasrestoredbyCharlemagne，thetitleandimagestilldecoratethesingularconstitutionofmodernGermany。ThenameofRomemustyetcommandourinvoluntaryrespect:theclimatewhatsoevermaybeitsinfluencewasnolongerthesame:^1thepurityofbloodhadbeencontaminatedthroughathousandchannels；butthevenerableaspectofherruins，andthememoryofpastgreatness，rekindledasparkofthenationalcharacter。
Thedarknessofthemiddleagesexhibitssomescenesnotunworthyofournotice。NorshallIdismissthepresentworktillIhavereviewedthestateandrevolutionsoftheRomanCity，whichacquiescedundertheabsolutedominionofthepopes，aboutthesametimethatConstantinoplewasenslavedbytheTurkisharms。
[Footnote1:TheabbeDubos，who，withlessgeniusthanhissuccessorMontesquieu，hasassertedandmagnifiedtheinfluenceofclimate，objectstohimselfthedegeneracyoftheRomansandBatavians。Tothefirstoftheseexampleshereplies，1。Thatthechangeislessrealthanapparent，andthatthemodernRomansprudentlyconcealinthemselvesthevirtuesoftheirancestors。
2。Thattheair，thesoil，andtheclimateofRomehavesufferedagreatandvisiblealteration，ReflexionssurlaPoesieetsurlaPeinture，partii。sect。16。
Note:ThisquestionisdiscussedatconsiderablelengthinDr。Arnold\'sHistoryofRome，ch。xxiii。SeelikewiseBunsen\'sDissertationontheAriaCattivaRomsBeschreibung，pp。82，108。
—M。]
Inthebeginningofthetwelfthcentury，^2theaeraofthefirstcrusade，RomewasreveredbytheLatins，asthemetropolisoftheworld，asthethroneofthepopeandtheemperor，who，fromtheeternalcity，derivedtheirtitle，theirhonors，andtherightorexerciseoftemporaldominion。Aftersolonganinterruption，itmaynotbeuselesstorepeatthatthesuccessorsofCharlemagneandtheOthoswerechosenbeyondtheRhineinanationaldiet；butthattheseprinceswerecontentwiththehumblenamesofkingsofGermanyandItaly，tilltheyhadpassedtheAlpsandtheApennine，toseektheirImperialcrownonthebanksoftheTyber。^3Atsomedistancefromthecity，theirapproachwassalutedbyalongprocessionoftheclergyandpeoplewithpalmsandcrosses；andtheterrificemblemsofwolvesandlions，ofdragonsandeagles，thatfloatedinthemilitarybanners，representedthedepartedlegionsandcohortsoftherepublic。TheroyalpathtomaintainthelibertiesofRomewasthricereiterated，atthebridge，thegate，andonthestairsoftheVatican；andthedistributionofacustomarydonativefeeblyimitatedthemagnificenceofthefirstCaesars。InthechurchofSt。Peter，thecoronationwasperformedbyhissuccessor:thevoiceofGodwasconfoundedwiththatofthepeople；andthepublicconsentwasdeclaredintheacclamationsof\"Longlifeandvictorytoourlordthepope!longlifeandvictorytoourlordtheemperor!longlifeandvictorytotheRomanandTeutonicarmies!\"^4ThenamesofCaesarandAugustus，thelawsofConstantineandJustinian，theexampleofCharlemagneandOtho，establishedthesupremedominionoftheemperors:theirtitleandimagewasengravedonthepapalcoins；^5andtheirjurisdictionwasmarkedbytheswordofjustice，whichtheydeliveredtothepraefectofthecity。ButeveryRomanprejudicewasawakenedbythename，thelanguage，andthemanners，ofaBarbarianlord。
TheCaesarsofSaxonyorFranconiawerethechiefsofafeudalaristocracy；norcouldtheyexercisethedisciplineofcivilandmilitarypower，whichalonesecurestheobedienceofadistantpeople，impatientofservitude，thoughperhapsincapableoffreedom。Once，andonceonly，inhislife，eachemperor，withanarmyofTeutonicvassals，descendedfromtheAlps。Ihavedescribedthepeacefulorderofhisentryandcoronation；butthatorderwascommonlydisturbedbytheclamorandseditionoftheRomans，whoencounteredtheirsovereignasaforeigninvader:
hisdeparturewasalwaysspeedy，andoftenshameful；and，intheabsenceofalongreign，hisauthoritywasinsulted，andhisnamewasforgotten。TheprogressofindependenceinGermanyandItalyunderminedthefoundationsoftheImperialsovereignty，andthetriumphofthepopeswasthedeliveranceofRome。
[Footnote2:ThereaderhasbeensolongabsentfromRome，thatI
wouldadvisehimtorecollectorreviewthexlixthchapterofthisHistory。]
[Footnote3:ThecoronationoftheGermanemperorsatRome，moreespeciallyinthexithcentury，isbestrepresentedfromtheoriginalmonumentsbyMuratoriAntiquitat。ItaliaeMediiAevi，tom。i。dissertat。ii。p。99，&c。andCenni，Monument。Domin。
Pontif。tom。ii。diss。vi。p。261，thelatterofwhomIonlyknowfromthecopiousextractofSchmidt，Hist。desAllemandstom。iii。p。255—266。]
[Footnote4:ExercituiRomanoetTeutonico!Thelatterwasbothseenandfelt；buttheformerwasnomorethanmagninominisumbra。]
[Footnote5:Muratorihasgiventheseriesofthepapalcoins，Antiquitat。tom。ii。diss。xxvii。p。548—554。Hefindsonlytwomoreearlythantheyear800:fiftyarestillextantfromLeoIII。toLeoIX。，withtheadditionofthereigningemperornoneremainofGregoryVII。orUrbanII。；butinthoseofPaschalII。
heseemstohaverenouncedthisbadgeofdependence。]
Ofhertwosovereigns，theemperorhadprecariouslyreignedbytherightofconquest；buttheauthorityofthepopewasfoundedonthesoft，thoughmoresolid，basisofopinionandhabit。Theremovalofaforeigninfluencerestoredandendearedtheshepherdtohisflock。InsteadofthearbitraryorvenalnominationofaGermancourt，thevicarofChristwasfreelychosenbythecollegeofcardinals，mostofwhomwereeithernativesorinhabitantsofthecity。Theapplauseofthemagistratesandpeopleconfirmedhiselection，andtheecclesiasticalpowerthatwasobeyedinSwedenandBritainhadbeenultimatelyderivedfromthesuffrageoftheRomans。Thesamesuffragegaveaprince，aswellasapontiff，tothecapital。Itwasuniversallybelieved，thatConstantinehadinvestedthepopeswiththetemporaldominionofRome；andtheboldestcivilians，themostprofaneskeptics，weresatisfiedwithdisputingtherightoftheemperorandthevalidityofhisgift。
Thetruthofthefact，theauthenticityofhisdonation，wasdeeplyrootedintheignoranceandtraditionoffourcenturies；
andthefabulousoriginwaslostintherealandpermanenteffects。ThenameofDominusorLordwasinscribedonthecoinofthebishops:theirtitlewasacknowledgedbyacclamationsandoathsofallegiance，andwiththefree，orreluctant，consentoftheGermanCaesars，theyhadlongexercisedasupremeorsubordinatejurisdictionoverthecityandpatrimonyofSt。
Peter。Thereignofthepopes，whichgratifiedtheprejudices，wasnotincompatiblewiththeliberties，ofRome；andamorecriticalinquirywouldhaverevealedastillnoblersourceoftheirpower；thegratitudeofanation，whomtheyhadrescuedfromtheheresyandoppressionoftheGreektyrant。Inanageofsuperstition，itshouldseemthattheunionoftheroyalandsacerdotalcharacterswouldmutuallyfortifyeachother；andthatthekeysofParadisewouldbethesurestpledgeofearthlyobedience。Thesanctityoftheofficemightindeedbedegradedbythepersonalvicesoftheman。ButthescandalsofthetenthcenturywereobliteratedbytheaustereandmoredangerousvirtuesofGregorytheSeventhandhissuccessors；andintheambitiouscontestswhichtheymaintainedfortherightsofthechurch，theirsufferingsortheirsuccessmustequallytendtoincreasethepopularveneration。Theysometimeswanderedinpovertyandexile，thevictimsofpersecution；andtheapostoliczealwithwhichtheyofferedthemselvestomartyrdommustengagethefavorandsympathyofeveryCatholicbreast。Andsometimes，thunderingfromtheVatican，theycreated，judged，anddeposedthekingsoftheworld；norcouldtheproudestRomanbedisgracedbysubmittingtoapriest，whosefeetwerekissed，andwhosestirrupwasheld，bythesuccessorsofCharlemagne。^6Eventhetemporalinterestofthecityshouldhaveprotectedinpeaceandhonortheresidenceofthepopes；fromwhenceavainandlazypeoplederivedthegreatestpartoftheirsubsistenceandriches。