Evenwiththerestitution，theforeignpropertywouldscarcelyexceedonefourth。]
[Footnote71:SeetheenthusiasticpraisesandlamentationsofPhranza，l。iii。c。17。]
[Footnote72:SeeDucas，c。43，andanepistle，July15th，1453，fromLaurusQuirinustoPopeNicholasV。，HodydeGraecis，p。192，fromaMS。intheCottonlibrary。]
Fromthefirsthour^73ofthememorabletwenty—ninthofMay，disorderandrapineprevailedinConstantinople，tilltheeighthhourofthesameday；whenthesultanhimselfpassedintriumphthroughthegateofSt。Romanus。Hewasattendedbyhisviziers，bashaws，andguards，eachofwhomsaysaByzantinehistorianwasrobustasHercules，dexterousasApollo，andequalinbattletoanytenoftheraceofordinarymortals。Theconqueror^74gazedwithsatisfactionandwonderonthestrange，thoughsplendid，appearanceofthedomesandpalaces，sodissimilarfromthestyleofOrientalarchitecture。Inthehippodrome，oratmeidan，hiseyewasattractedbythetwistedcolumnofthethreeserpents；and，asatrialofhisstrength，heshatteredwithhisironmaceorbattle—axetheunderjawofoneofthesemonsters，^75whichintheeyesoftheTurksweretheidolsortalismansofthecity。AttheprincipaldoorofSt。
Sophia，healightedfromhishorse，andenteredthedome；andsuchwashisjealousregardforthatmonumentofhisglory，thatonobservingazealousMussulmanintheactofbreakingthemarblepavement，headmonishedhimwithhiscimeter，that，ifthespoilandcaptivesweregrantedtothesoldiers，thepublicandprivatebuildingshadbeenreservedfortheprince。ByhiscommandthemetropolisoftheEasternchurchwastransformedintoamosque:therichandportableinstrumentsofsuperstitionhadbeenremoved；thecrosseswerethrowndown；andthewalls，whichwerecoveredwithimagesandmosaics，werewashedandpurified，andrestoredtoastateofnakedsimplicity。Onthesameday，orontheensuingFriday，themuezin，orcrier，ascendedthemostloftyturret，andproclaimedtheezan，orpublicinvitationinthenameofGodandhisprophet；theimampreached；andMahometandSecondperformedthenamazofprayerandthanksgivingonthegreataltar，wheretheChristianmysterieshadsolatelybeencelebratedbeforethelastoftheCaesars。^76FromSt。Sophiaheproceededtotheaugust，butdesolatemansionofahundredsuccessorsofthegreatConstantine，butwhichinafewhourshadbeenstrippedofthepompofroyalty。Amelancholyreflectiononthevicissitudesofhumangreatnessforceditselfonhismind；
andherepeatedanelegantdistichofPersianpoetry:\"ThespiderhaswovehiswebintheImperialpalace；andtheowlhathsungherwatch—songonthetowersofAfrasiab。\"^77
[Footnote73:TheJulianCalendar，whichreckonsthedaysandhoursfrommidnight，wasusedatConstantinople。ButDucasseemstounderstandthenaturalhoursfromsunrise。]
[Footnote74:SeetheTurkishAnnals，p。329，andthePandectsofLeunclarius，p。448。]
[Footnote75:Ihavehadoccasionvol。ii。p。100tomentionthiscuriousrelicofGrecianantiquity。]
[Footnote*:VonHammerpassesoverthiscircumstance，whichistreatedbyDr。ClarkeTravels，vol。ii。p。58，4to。edit，asafictionofThevenot。ChishullstatesthatthemonumentwasbrokenbysomeattendantsofthePolishambassador。—M。]
[Footnote76:WeareobligedtoCantemirp。102fortheTurkishaccountoftheconversionofSt。Sophia，sobitterlydeploredbyPhranzaandDucas。Itisamusingenoughtoobserve，inwhatoppositelightsthesameobjectappearstoaMussulmanandaChristianeye。]
[Footnote77:Thisdistich，whichCantemirgivesintheoriginal，derivesnewbeautiesfromtheapplication。ItwasthusthatScipiorepeated，inthesackofCarthage，thefamousprophecyofHomer。Thesamegenerousfeelingcarriedthemindoftheconquerortothepastorthefuture。]
Yethismindwasnotsatisfied，nordidthevictoryseemcomplete，tillhewasinformedofthefateofConstantine；
whetherhehadescaped，orbeenmadeprisoner，orhadfalleninthebattle。TwoJanizariesclaimedthehonorandrewardofhisdeath:thebody，underaheapofslain，wasdiscoveredbythegoldeneaglesembroideredonhisshoes；theGreeksacknowledged，withtears，theheadoftheirlateemperor；and，afterexposingthebloodytrophy，^78Mahometbestowedonhisrivalthehonorsofadecentfuneral。Afterhisdecease，LucasNotaras，greatduke，^79andfirstministeroftheempire，wasthemostimportantprisoner。Whenheofferedhispersonandhistreasuresatthefootofthethrone，\"Andwhy，\"saidtheindignantsultan，\"didyounotemploythesetreasuresinthedefenceofyourprinceandcountry?\"—\"Theywereyours，\"answeredtheslave；\"Godhadreservedthemforyourhands。\"—\"Ifhereservedthemforme，\"
repliedthedespot，\"howhaveyoupresumedtowithholdthemsolongbyafruitlessandfatalresistance?\"Thegreatdukeallegedtheobstinacyofthestrangers，andsomesecretencouragementfromtheTurkishvizier；andfromthisperilousinterviewhewasatlengthdismissedwiththeassuranceofpardonandprotection。
Mahometcondescendedtovisithiswife，avenerableprincessoppressedwithsicknessandgrief；andhisconsolationforhermisfortuneswasinthemosttenderstrainofhumanityandfilialreverence。Asimilarclemencywasextendedtotheprincipalofficersofstate，ofwhomseveralwereransomedathisexpense；
andduringsomedayshedeclaredhimselfthefriendandfatherofthevanquishedpeople。Butthescenewassoonchanged；andbeforehisdeparture，thehippodromestreamedwiththebloodofhisnoblestcaptives。HisperfidiouscrueltyisexecratedbytheChristians:theyadornwiththecolorsofheroicmartyrdomtheexecutionofthegreatdukeandhistwosons；andhisdeathisascribedtothegenerousrefusalofdeliveringhischildrentothetyrant\'slust。YetaByzantinehistorianhasdroppedanunguardedwordofconspiracy，deliverance，andItaliansuccor:
suchtreasonmaybeglorious；buttherebelwhobravelyventures，hasjustlyforfeitedhislife；norshouldweblameaconquerorfordestroyingtheenemieswhomhecannolongertrust。OntheeighteenthofJunethevictorioussultanreturnedtoAdrianople；
andsmiledatthebaseandhollowembassiesoftheChristianprinces，whoviewedtheirapproachingruininthefalloftheEasternempire。
[Footnote78:IcannotbelievewithDucasseeSpondanus，A。D。
1453，No。13thatMahometsentroundPersia，Arabia，&c。，theheadoftheGreekemperor:hewouldsurelycontenthimselfwithatrophylessinhuman。]
[Footnote79:Phranzawasthepersonalenemyofthegreatduke；
norcouldtime，ordeath，orhisownretreattoamonastery，extortafeelingofsympathyorforgiveness。Ducasisinclinedtopraiseandpitythemartyr；Chalcondylesisneuter，butweareindebtedtohimforthehintoftheGreekconspiracy。]
[Footnote*:VonHammerrelatesthisundoubtingly，apparentlyongoodauthority，p。559。—M。]
Constantinoplehadbeenleftnakedanddesolate，withoutaprinceorapeople。Butshecouldnotbedespoiledoftheincomparablesituationwhichmarksherforthemetropolisofagreatempire；andthegeniusoftheplacewillevertriumphovertheaccidentsoftimeandfortune。BoursaandAdrianople，theancientseatsoftheOttomans，sunkintoprovincialtowns；andMahomettheSecondestablishedhisownresidence，andthatofhissuccessors，onthesamecommandingspotwhichhadbeenchosenbyConstantine。^80ThefortificationsofGalata，whichmightaffordasheltertotheLatins，wereprudentlydestroyed；butthedamageoftheTurkishcannonwassoonrepaired；andbeforethemonthofAugust，greatquantitiesoflimehadbeenburntfortherestorationofthewallsofthecapital。Astheentirepropertyofthesoilandbuildings，whetherpublicorprivate，orprofaneorsacred，wasnowtransferredtotheconqueror，hefirstseparatedaspaceofeightfurlongsfromthepointofthetrianglefortheestablishmentofhisseraglioorpalace。Itishere，inthebosomofluxury，thattheGrandSignorashehasbeenemphaticallynamedbytheItaliansappearstoreignoverEuropeandAsia；buthispersonontheshoresoftheBosphorusmaynotalwaysbesecurefromtheinsultsofahostilenavy。Inthenewcharacterofamosque，thecathedralofSt。Sophiawasendowedwithanamplerevenue，crownedwithloftyminarets，andsurroundedwithgrovesandfountains，forthedevotionandrefreshmentoftheMoslems。Thesamemodelwasimitatedinthejami，orroyalmosques；andthefirstofthesewasbuilt，byMahomethimself，ontheruinsofthechurchoftheholyapostles，andthetombsoftheGreekemperors。Onthethirddayaftertheconquest，thegraveofAbuAyub，orJob，whohadfalleninthefirstsiegeoftheArabs，wasrevealedinavision；anditisbeforethesepulchreofthemartyrthatthenewsultansaregirdedwiththeswordofempire。^81ConstantinoplenolongerappertainstotheRomanhistorian；norshallIenumeratethecivilandreligiousedificesthatwereprofanedorerectedbyitsTurkishmasters:thepopulationwasspeedilyrenewed；andbeforetheendofSeptember，fivethousandfamiliesofAnatoliaandRomaniahadobeyedtheroyalmandate，whichenjoinedthem，underpainofdeath，tooccupytheirnewhabitationsinthecapital。
ThethroneofMahometwasguardedbythenumbersandfidelityofhisMoslemsubjects:buthisrationalpolicyaspiredtocollecttheremnantoftheGreeks；andtheyreturnedincrowds，assoonastheywereassuredoftheirlives，theirliberties，andthefreeexerciseoftheirreligion。Intheelectionandinvestitureofapatriarch，theceremonialoftheByzantinecourtwasrevivedandimitated。Withamixtureofsatisfactionandhorror，theybeheldthesultanonhisthrone；whodeliveredintothehandsofGennadiusthecrosierorpastoralstaff，thesymbolofhisecclesiasticaloffice；whoconductedthepatriarchtothegateoftheseraglio，presentedhimwithahorserichlycaparisoned，anddirectedtheviziersandbashawstoleadhimtothepalacewhichhadbeenallottedforhisresidence。^82ThechurchesofConstantinopleweresharedbetweenthetworeligions:theirlimitsweremarked；and，tillitwasinfringedbySelim，thegrandsonofMahomet，theGreeks^83enjoyedabovesixtyyearsthebenefitofthisequalpartition。Encouragedbytheministersofthedivan，whowishedtoeludethefanaticismofthesultan，theChristianadvocatespresumedtoallegethatthisdivisionhadbeenanact，notofgenerosity，butofjustice；notaconcession，butacompact；andthatifonehalfofthecityhadbeentakenbystorm，theothermoietyhadsurrenderedonthefaithofasacredcapitulation。Theoriginalgranthadindeedbeenconsumedbyfire:butthelosswassuppliedbythetestimonyofthreeagedJanizarieswhorememberedthetransaction；andtheirvenaloathsareofmoreweightintheopinionofCantemir，thanthepositiveandunanimousconsentofthehistoryofthetimes。^84
[Footnote80:FortherestitutionofConstantinopleandtheTurkishfoundations，seeCantemir，p。102—109，Ducas，c。
42，withThevenot，Tournefort，andtherestofourmoderntravellers。Fromagiganticpictureofthegreatness，population，&c。，ofConstantinopleandtheOttomanempire，Abregedel\'HistoireOttomane，tom。i。p。16—21，wemaylearn，thatintheyear1586theMoslemswerelessnumerousinthecapitalthantheChristians，oreventheJews。]
[Footnote81:TheTurbe，orsepulchralmonumentofAbuAyub，isdescribedandengravedintheTableauGeneraledel\'EmpireOttoman，Paris1787，inlargefolio，aworkoflessuse，perhaps，thanmagnificence，tom。i。p。305，306。]
[Footnote82:Phranzal。iii。c。19relatestheceremony，whichhaspossiblybeenadornedintheGreekreportstoeachother，andtotheLatins。ThefactisconfirmedbyEmanuelMalaxus，whowrote，invulgarGreek，theHistoryofthePatriarchsafterthetakingofConstantinople，insertedintheTurco—GraeciaofCrusius，l。v。p。106—184。ButthemostpatientreaderwillnotbelievethatMahometadoptedtheCatholicform，\"SanctaTrinitasquaemihidonavitimperiumteinpatriarchamnovaeRomaedeligit。\"]
[Footnote83:FromtheTurco—GraeciaofCrusius，&c。SpondanusA。D。1453，No。21，1458，No。16describestheslaveryanddomesticquarrelsoftheGreekchurch。ThepatriarchwhosucceededGennadiusthrewhimselfindespairintoawell。]
[Footnote84:Cantemirp。101—105insistsontheunanimousconsentoftheTurkishhistorians，ancientaswellasmodern，andargues，thattheywouldnothaveviolatedthetruthtodiminishtheirnationalglory，sinceitisesteemedmorehonorabletotakeacitybyforcethanbycomposition。But，1。Idoubtthisconsent，sincehequotesnoparticularhistorian，andtheTurkishAnnalsofLeunclaviusaffirm，withoutexception，thatMahomettookConstantinoplepervim，p。329。2ThesameargumentmaybeturnedinfavoroftheGreeksofthetimes，whowouldnothaveforgottenthishonorableandsalutarytreaty。Voltaire，asusual，preferstheTurkstotheChristians。]
TheremainingfragmentsoftheGreekkingdominEuropeandAsiaIshallabandontotheTurkisharms；butthefinalextinctionofthetwolastdynasties^85whichhavereignedinConstantinopleshouldterminatethedeclineandfalloftheRomanempireintheEast。ThedespotsoftheMorea，DemetriusandThomas，^86thetwosurvivingbrothersofthenameofPalaeologus，wereastonishedbythedeathoftheemperorConstantine，andtheruinofthemonarchy。Hopelessofdefence，theyprepared，withthenobleGreekswhoadheredtotheirfortune，toseekarefugeinItaly，beyondthereachoftheOttomanthunder。Theirfirstapprehensionsweredispelledbythevictorioussultan，whocontentedhimselfwithatributeoftwelvethousandducats；andwhilehisambitionexploredthecontinentandtheislands，insearchofprey，heindulgedtheMoreainarespiteofsevenyears。Butthisrespitewasaperiodofgrief，discord，andmisery。Thehexamilion，therampartoftheIsthmus，sooftenraisedandsooftensubverted，couldnotlongbedefendedbythreehundredItalianarchers:thekeysofCorinthwereseizedbytheTurks:theyreturnedfromtheirsummerexcursionswithatrainofcaptivesandspoil；andthecomplaintsoftheinjuredGreekswereheardwithindifferenceanddisdain。
TheAlbanians，avagranttribeofshepherdsandrobbers，filledthepeninsulawithrapineandmurder:thetwodespotsimploredthedangerousandhumiliatingaidofaneighboringbashaw；andwhenhehadquelledtherevolt，hislessonsinculcatedtheruleoftheirfutureconduct。Neitherthetiesofblood，northeoathswhichtheyrepeatedlypledgedinthecommunionandbeforethealtar，northestrongerpressureofnecessity，couldreconcileorsuspendtheirdomesticquarrels。Theyravagedeachother\'spatrimonywithfireandsword:thealmsandsuccorsoftheWestwereconsumedincivilhostility；andtheirpowerwasonlyexertedinsavageandarbitraryexecutions。Thedistressandrevengeoftheweakerrivalinvokedtheirsupremelord；and，intheseasonofmaturityandrevenge，MahometdeclaredhimselfthefriendofDemetrius，andmarchedintotheMoreawithanirresistibleforce。WhenhehadtakenpossessionofSparta，\"Youaretooweak，\"saidthesultan，\"tocontrolthisturbulentprovince:Iwilltakeyourdaughtertomybed；andyoushallpasstheremainderofyourlifeinsecurityandhonor。\"Demetriussighedandobeyed；surrenderedhisdaughterandhiscastles；
followedtoAdrianoplehissovereignandhisson；andreceivedforhisownmaintenance，andthatofhisfollowers，acityinThraceandtheadjacentislesofImbros，Lemnos，andSamothrace。
Hewasjoinedthenextyearbyacompanionofmisfortune，thelastoftheComnenianrace，who，afterthetakingofConstantinoplebytheLatins，hadfoundedanewempireonthecoastoftheBlackSea。^87IntheprogressofhisAnatolianconquest，MahometinvestedwithafleetandarmythecapitalofDavid，whopresumedtostylehimselfemperorofTrebizond；^88
andthenegotiationwascomprisedinashortandperemptoryquestion，\"Willyousecureyourlifeandtreasuresbyresigningyourkingdom?orhadyouratherforfeityourkingdom，yourtreasures，andyourlife?\"ThefeebleComnenuswassubduedbyhisownfears，^!andtheexampleofaMussulmanneighbor，theprinceofSinope，^89who，onasimilarsummons，hadyieldedafortifiedcity，withfourhundredcannonandtenortwelvethousandsoldiers。ThecapitulationofTrebizondwasfaithfullyperformed:andtheemperor，withhisfamily，wastransportedtoacastleinRomania；butonaslightsuspicionofcorrespondingwiththePersianking，David，andthewholeComnenianrace，weresacrificedtothejealousyoravariceoftheconqueror。^!!NorcouldthenameoffatherlongprotecttheunfortunateDemetriusfromexileandconfiscation；hisabjectsubmissionmovedthepityandcontemptofthesultan；hisfollowersweretransplantedtoConstantinople；andhispovertywasalleviatedbyapensionoffiftythousandaspers，tillamonastichabitandatardydeathreleasedPalaeologusfromanearthlymaster。ItisnoteasytopronouncewhethertheservitudeofDemetrius，ortheexileofhisbrotherThomas，^90
bethemostinglorious。OntheconquestoftheMorea，thedespotescapedtoCorfu，andfromthencetoItaly，withsomenakedadherents:hisname，hissufferings，andtheheadoftheapostleSt。Andrew，entitledhimtothehospitalityoftheVatican；andhismiserywasprolongedbyapensionofsixthousandducatsfromthepopeandcardinals。Histwosons，AndrewandManuel，wereeducatedinItaly；buttheeldest，contemptibletohisenemiesandburdensometohisfriends，wasdegradedbythebasenessofhislifeandmarriage。Atitlewashissoleinheritance；andthatinheritancehesuccessivelysoldtothekingsofFranceandArragon。^91Duringhistransientprosperity，CharlestheEighthwasambitiousofjoiningtheempireoftheEastwiththekingdomofNaples:inapublicfestival，heassumedtheappellationandthepurpleofAugustus:theGreeksrejoicedandtheOttomanalreadytrembled，attheapproachoftheFrenchchivalry。^92
ManuelPalaeologus，thesecondson，wastemptedtorevisithisnativecountry:hisreturnmightbegrateful，andcouldnotbedangerous，tothePorte:hewasmaintainedatConstantinopleinsafetyandease；andanhonorabletrainofChristiansandMoslemsattendedhimtothegrave。Iftherebesomeanimalsofsogenerousanaturethattheyrefusetopropagateinadomesticstate，thelastoftheImperialracemustbeascribedtoaninferiorkind:heacceptedfromthesultan\'sliberalitytwobeautifulfemales；andhissurvivingsonwaslostinthehabitandreligionofaTurkishslave。
[Footnote85:ForthegenealogyandfalloftheComneniofTrebizond，seeDucange，Fam。Byzant。p。195；forthelastPalaeologi，thesameaccurateantiquarian，p。244，247，248。
ThePalaeologiofMontferratwerenotextincttillthenextcentury；buttheyhadforgottentheirGreekoriginandkindred。]
[Footnote86:Intheworthlessstoryofthedisputesandmisfortunesofthetwobrothers，Phranzal。iii。c。21—30istoopartialonthesideofThomasDucasc。44，45istoobrief，andChalcondylesl。viii。ix。x。toodiffuseanddigressive。]
[Footnote*:Kalo—Johannes，thepredecessorofDavidhisbrother，thelastemperorofTrebizond，hadattemptedtoorganizeaconfederacyagainstMahometitcomprehendedHassanBei，sultanofMesopotamia，theChristianprincesofGeorgiaandIberia，theemirofSinope，andthesultanofCaramania。Thenegotiationswereinterruptedbyhissuddendeath，A。D。1458。Fallmerayer，p。
257—260。—M。]