[Footnote*:ThetroopsofRogerdeFlor，accordingtohiscompanionsRamondeMontaner，were1500menatarms，4000
Almogavares，and1040otherfoot，besidesthesailorsandmariners，vol。ii。p。137。—M。]
[Footnote!:RamondeMontanersuppressesthecrueltiesandoppressionsoftheCatalans，inwhich，perhaps，heshared。—M]
[Footnote48:Someideamaybeformedofthepopulationofthesecities，fromthe36，000inhabitantsofTralles，which，intheprecedingreign，wasrebuiltbytheemperor，andruinedbytheTurks。Pachymer，l。vi。c。20，21。]
[Footnote49:IhavecollectedthesepecuniarycircumstancesfromPachymer，l。xi。c。21，l。xii。c。4，5，8，14，19，whodescribestheprogressivedegradationofthegoldcoin。EvenintheprosperoustimesofJohnDucasVataces，thebyzantswerecomposedinequalproportionsofthepureandthebasermetal。
ThepovertyofMichaelPalaeologuscompelledhimtostrikeanewcoin，withnineparts，orcarats，ofgold，andfifteenofcopperalloy。Afterhisdeath，thestandardrosetotencarats，tillinthepublicdistressitwasreducedtothemoiety。Theprincewasrelievedforamoment，whilecreditandcommercewereforeverblasted。InFrance，thegoldcoinisoftwenty—twocarats，onetwelfthalloy，andthestandardofEnglandandHollandisstillhigher。]
[Footnote*:RogerdeFlor，accordingtoRamondeMontaner，wasrecalledfromNatolia，onaccountofthewarwhichhadarisenonthedeathofAsan，kingofBulgaria。Andronicusclaimedthekingdomforhisnephew，thesonsofAsanbyhissister。RogerdeFlorturnedthetideofsuccessinfavoroftheemperorofConstantinopleandmadepeace。—M。]
[Footnote*:AndronicuspaidtheCatalansinthedebasedmoney，muchtotheirindignation。—M。]
[Footnote!!:AccordingtoRamondeMontaner，hewasmurderedbyorderofKyrMichael，sonoftheemperor。p。170。—M。]
[Footnote!!!:RamondeMontanerdescribeshissojournatGallipoli:Nousetionssiriches，quenousnesemions，ninelabourions，ninefaisionsenverdesvinsninecultivionslesvignes:etcependanttouslesansnousrecucillionstourcequ\'ilnousfallait，envin，fromentetavoine。p。193。Thislastedforfivemerryyears。RamondeMontanerishighauthority，forhewas\"chancelieretmaitrerationaldel\'armee，\"commissaryofrations。Hewasleftgovernor；allthescribesofthearmyremainedwithhim，andwiththeiraidhekeptthebooksinwhichwereregisteredthenumberofhorseandfootemployedoneachexpedition。Accordingtothisbooktheplunderwasshared，ofwhichhehadafifthforhistrouble。p。197。—M。]
[Footnote50:TheCatalanwarismostcopiouslyrelatedbyPachymer，inthexith，xiith，andxiiithbooks，tillhebreaksoffintheyear1308。NicephorusGregorasl。vii。3—6ismoreconciseandcomplete。Ducange，whoadoptstheseadventurersasFrench，hashuntedtheirfootstepswithhisusualdiligence，Hist。deC。P。l。vi。c。22—46。HequotesanArragonesehistory，whichIhavereadwithpleasure，andwhichtheSpaniardsextolasamodelofstyleandcomposition，ExpediciondelosCatalanesyArragonesescontraTurcosyGriegos:Barcelona，1623
inquarto:Madrid，1777，inoctavo。DonFranciscodeMoncadaCondedeOssona，mayimitateCaesarorSallust；hemaytranscribetheGreekorItaliancontemporaries:butheneverquoteshisauthorities，andIcannotdiscernanynationalrecordsoftheexploitsofhiscountrymen。
Note:RamondeMontaner，oneoftheCatalans，whoaccompaniedRogerdeFlor，andwhowasgovernorofGallipoli，haswritten，inSpanish，thehistoryofthisbandofadventurers，towhichhebelonged，andfromwhichheseparatedwhenitlefttheThracianChersonesetopenetrateintoMacedoniaandGreece。—G。
TheautobiographyofRamondeMontanerhasbeenpublishedinFrenchbyM。Buchon，inthegreatcollectionofMemoiresrelatifsal\'HistoiredeFrance。Iquotethisedition。—M。]
Aftersomeagesofoblivion，GreecewasawakenedtonewmisfortunesbythearmsoftheLatins。InthetwohundredandfiftyyearsbetweenthefirstandthelastconquestofConstantinople，thatvenerablelandwasdisputedbyamultitudeofpettytyrants；withoutthecomfortsoffreedomandgenius，herancientcitieswereagainplungedinforeignandintestinewar；
and，ifservitudebepreferabletoanarchy，theymightreposewithjoyundertheTurkishyoke。Ishallnotpursuetheobscureandvariousdynasties，thatroseandfellonthecontinentorintheisles；butoursilenceonthefateofAthens^51wouldargueastrangeingratitudetothefirstandpurestschoolofliberalscienceandamusement。Inthepartitionoftheempire，theprincipalityofAthensandThebeswasassignedtoOthodelaRoche，anoblewarriorofBurgundy，^52withthetitleofgreatduke，^53whichtheLatinsunderstoodintheirownsense，andtheGreeksmorefoolishlyderivedfromtheageofConstantine。^54
OthofollowedthestandardofthemarquisofMontferrat:theamplestatewhichheacquiredbyamiracleofconductorfortune，^55waspeaceablyinheritedbyhissonandtwograndsons，tillthefamily，thoughnotthenation，waschanged，bythemarriageofanheiressintotheelderbranchofthehouseofBrienne。Thesonofthatmarriage，WalterdeBrienne，succeededtotheduchyofAthens；and，withtheaidofsomeCatalanmercenaries，whomheinvestedwithfiefs，reducedabovethirtycastlesofthevassalorneighboringlords。Butwhenhewasinformedoftheapproachandambitionofthegreatcompany，hecollectedaforceofsevenhundredknights，sixthousandfourhundredhorse，andeightthousandfoot，andboldlymetthemonthebanksoftheRiverCephisusinBoeotia。TheCatalansamountedtonomorethanthreethousandfivehundredhorse，andfourthousandfoot；butthedeficiencyofnumberswascompensatedbystratagemandorder。
Theyformedroundtheircampanartificialinundation；thedukeandhisknightsadvancedwithoutfearorprecautionontheverdantmeadow；theirhorsesplungedintothebog；andhewascutinpieces，withthegreatestpartoftheFrenchcavalry。Hisfamilyandnationwereexpelled；andhissonWalterdeBrienne，thetitulardukeofAthens，thetyrantofFlorence，andtheconstableofFrance，losthislifeinthefieldofPoitiersAtticaandBoeotiaweretherewardsofthevictoriousCatalans；
theymarriedthewidowsanddaughtersoftheslain；andduringfourteenyears，thegreatcompanywastheterroroftheGrecianstates。TheirfactionsdrovethemtoacknowledgethesovereigntyofthehouseofArragon；andduringtheremainderofthefourteenthcentury，Athens，asagovernmentoranappanage，wassuccessivelybestowedbythekingsofSicily。AftertheFrenchandCatalans，thethirddynastywasthatoftheAccaioli，afamily，plebeianatFlorence，potentatNaples，andsovereigninGreece。Athens，whichtheyembellishedwithnewbuildings，becamethecapitalofastate，thatextendedoverThebes，Argos，Corinth，Delphi，andapartofThessaly；andtheirreignwasfinallydeterminedbyMahomettheSecond，whostrangledthelastduke，andeducatedhissonsinthedisciplineandreligionoftheseraglio。
[Footnote51:SeethelaborioushistoryofDucange，whoseaccuratetableoftheFrenchdynastiesrecapitulatesthethirty—fivepassages，inwhichhementionsthedukesofAthens。]
[Footnote52:HeistwicementionedbyVillehardouinwithhonor，No。151，235；andunderthefirstpassage，Ducangeobservesallthatcanbeknownofhispersonandfamily。]
[Footnote53:FromtheseLatinprincesofthexivthcentury，Boccace，Chaucer。andShakspeare，haveborrowedtheirTheseusdukeofAthens。Anignorantagetransfersitsownlanguageandmannerstothemostdistanttimes。]
[Footnote54:ThesameConstantinegavetoSicilyaking，toRussiathemagnusdapiferoftheempire，toThebestheprimicerius；andtheseabsurdfablesareproperlylashedbyDucange，adNicephor。Greg。l。vii。c。5。BytheLatins，thelordofThebeswasstyled，bycorruption，theMegasKurios，orGrandSire!]
[Footnote55:Quodammiraculo，saysAlberic。HewasprobablyreceivedbyMichaelChoniates，thearchbishopwhohaddefendedAthensagainstthetyrantLeoSgurus，Nicetasurbscapta，p。
805，ed。Bek。MichaelwasthebrotherofthehistorianNicetas；
andhisencomiumofAthensisstillextantinMs。intheBodleianlibrary，Fabric。Bibliot。Graectom。vi。p。405。
Note:NicetassaysexpresslythatMichaelsurrenderedtheAcropolistothemarquis。—M。]
Athens，^56thoughnomorethantheshadowofherformerself，stillcontainsabouteightortenthousandinhabitants；ofthese，threefourthsareGreeksinreligionandlanguage；andtheTurks，whocomposetheremainder，haverelaxed，intheirintercoursewiththecitizens，somewhatoftheprideandgravityoftheirnationalcharacter。Theolive—tree，thegiftofMinerva，flourishesinAttica；norhasthehoneyofMountHymettuslostanypartofitsexquisiteflavor:^57butthelanguidtradeismonopolizedbystrangers，andtheagricultureofabarrenlandisabandonedtothevagrantWalachians。TheAtheniansarestilldistinguishedbythesubtletyandacutenessoftheirunderstandings；butthesequalities，unlessennobledbyfreedom，andenlightenedbystudy，willdegenerateintoalowandselfishcunning:anditisaproverbialsayingofthecountry，\"FromtheJewsofThessalonica，theTurksofNegropont，andtheGreeksofAthens，goodLorddeliverus!\"ThisartfulpeoplehaseludedthetyrannyoftheTurkishbashaws，byanexpedientwhichalleviatestheirservitudeandaggravatestheirshame。Aboutthemiddleofthelastcentury，theAthenianschosefortheirprotectortheKislarAga，orchiefblackeunuchoftheseraglio。
ThisAethiopianslave，whopossessesthesultan\'sear，condescendstoacceptthetributeofthirtythousandcrowns:hislieutenant，theWaywode，whomheannuallyconfirms，mayreserveforhisownaboutfiveorsixthousandmore；andsuchisthepolicyofthecitizens，thattheyseldomfailtoremoveandpunishanoppressivegovernor。Theirprivatedifferencesaredecidedbythearchbishop，oneoftherichestprelatesoftheGreekchurch，sincehepossessesarevenueofonethousandpoundssterling；andbyatribunaloftheeightgerontiorelders，chosenintheeightquartersofthecity:thenoblefamiliescannottracetheirpedigreeabovethreehundredyears；buttheirprincipalmembersaredistinguishedbyagravedemeanor，afurcap，andtheloftyappellationofarchon。Bysome，whodelightinthecontrast，themodernlanguageofAthensisrepresentedasthemostcorruptandbarbarousoftheseventydialectsofthevulgarGreek:^58thispictureistoodarklycolored:butitwouldnotbeeasy，inthecountryofPlatoandDemosthenes，tofindareaderoracopyoftheirworks。TheAthenianswalkwithsupineindifferenceamongthegloriousruinsofantiquity；andsuchisthedebasementoftheircharacter，thattheyareincapableofadmiringthegeniusoftheirpredecessors。^59
[Footnote56:ThemodernaccountofAthens，andtheAthenians，isextractedfromSpon，VoyageenGrece，tom。ii。p。79—199，andWheeler，TravelsintoGreece，p。337—414，Stuart，AntiquitiesofAthens，passim，andChandler，TravelsintoGreece，p。23—172。ThefirstofthesetravellersvisitedGreeceintheyear1676；thelast，1765；andninetyyearshadnotproducedmuchdifferenceinthetranquilscene。]
[Footnote57:Theancients，oratleasttheAthenians，believedthatallthebeesintheworldhadbeenpropagatedfromMountHymettus。Theytaught，thathealthmightbepreserved，andlifeprolonged，bytheexternaluseofoil，andtheinternaluseofhoney，Geoponica，l。xv。c7，p。1089—1094，edit。Niclas。]
[Footnote58:Ducange，Glossar。Graec。Praefat。p。8，whoquotesforhisauthorTheodosiusZygomalas，amoderngrammarian。YetSpontom。ii。p。194andWheeler，p。355，noincompetentjudges，entertainamorefavorableopinionoftheAtticdialect。]
[Footnote59:YetwemustnotaccusethemofcorruptingthenameofAthens，whichtheystillcallAthini。WehaveformedourownbarbarismofSetines。
Note:GibbondidnotforeseeaBavarianprinceonthethroneofGreece，withAthensashiscapital。—M。]
ChapterLXIII:CivilWarsAndTheRuinOfTheGreekEmpire。
PartI。
CivilWars，AndRuinOfTheGreekEmpire。—ReignsOfAndronicus，TheElderAndYounger，AndJohnPalaeologus。—
Regency，Revolt，Reign，AndAbdicationOfJohnCantacuzene。—
EstablishmentOfAGenoeseColonyAtPeraOrGalata。—TheirWarsWithTheEmpireAndCityOfConstantinople。
ThelongreignofAndronicus^1theelderischieflymemorablebythedisputesoftheGreekchurch，theinvasionoftheCatalans，andtheriseoftheOttomanpower。Heiscelebratedasthemostlearnedandvirtuousprinceoftheage；
butsuchvirtue，andsuchlearning，contributedneithertotheperfectionoftheindividual，nortothehappinessofsocietyA
slaveofthemostabjectsuperstition，hewassurroundedonallsidesbyvisibleandinvisibleenemies；norweretheflamesofhelllessdreadfultohisfancy，thanthoseofaCatalanorTurkishwar。UnderthereignofthePalaeologi，thechoiceofthepatriarchwasthemostimportantbusinessofthestate；theheadsoftheGreekchurchwereambitiousandfanaticmonks；andtheirvicesorvirtues，theirlearningorignorance，wereequallymischievousorcontemptible。Byhisintemperatediscipline，thepatriarchAthanasius^2excitedthehatredoftheclergyandpeople:hewasheardtodeclare，thatthesinnershouldswallowthelastdregsofthecupofpenance；andthefoolishtalewaspropagatedofhispunishingasacrilegiousassthathadtastedthelettuceofaconventgarden。Drivenfromthethronebytheuniversalclamor，Athanasiuscomposedbeforehisretreattwopapersofaveryoppositecast。Hispublictestamentwasinthetoneofcharityandresignation；theprivatecodicilbreathedthedirestanathemasagainsttheauthorsofhisdisgrace，whomheexcludedforeverfromthecommunionoftheholytrinity，theangels，andthesaints。Thislastpaperheenclosedinanearthenpot，whichwasplaced，byhisorder，onthetopofoneofthepillars，inthedomeofSt。Sophia，inthedistanthopeofdiscoveryandrevenge。Attheendoffouryears，someyouths，climbingbyaladderinsearchofpigeons\'nests，detectedthefatalsecret；and，asAndronicusfelthimselftouchedandboundbytheexcommunication，hetrembledonthebrinkoftheabysswhichhadbeensotreacherouslydugunderhisfeet。Asynodofbishopswasinstantlyconvenedtodebatethisimportantquestion:
therashnessoftheseclandestineanathemaswasgenerallycondemned；butastheknotcouldbeuntiedonlybythesamehand，asthathandwasnowdeprivedofthecrosier，itappearedthatthisposthumousdecreewasirrevocablebyanyearthlypower。
Somefainttestimoniesofrepentanceandpardonwereextortedfromtheauthorofthemischief；buttheconscienceoftheemperorwasstillwounded，andhedesired，withnolessardorthanAthanasiushimself，therestorationofapatriarch，bywhomalonehecouldbehealed。Atthedeadofnight，amonkrudelyknockedatthedooroftheroyalbed—chamber，announcingarevelationofplagueandfamine，ofinundationsandearthquakes。
Andronicusstartedfromhisbed，andspentthenightinprayer，tillhefelt，orthoughtthathefelt，aslightmotionoftheearth。TheemperoronfootledthebishopsandmonkstothecellofAthanasius；and，afteraproperresistance，thesaint，fromwhomthismessagehadbeensent，consentedtoabsolvetheprince，andgovernthechurchofConstantinople。Untamedbydisgrace，andhardenedbysolitude，theshepherdwasagainodioustotheflock，andhisenemiescontrivedasingular，andasitproved，asuccessful，modeofrevenge。Inthenight，theystoleawaythefootstoolorfoot—clothofhisthrone，whichtheysecretlyreplacedwiththedecorationofasatiricalpicture。Theemperorwaspaintedwithabridleinhismouth，andAthanasiusleadingthetractablebeasttothefeetofChrist。Theauthorsofthelibelweredetectedandpunished；butastheirliveshadbeenspared，theChristianpriestinsullenindignationretiredtohiscell；andtheeyesofAndronicus，whichhadbeenopenedforamoment，wereagainclosedbyhissuccessor。
[Footnote1:Andronicushimselfwilljustifyourfreedomintheinvective，NicephorusGregoras，l。i。c。i。，whichhepronouncedagainsthistoricfalsehood。Itistrue，thathiscensureismorepointedlyurgedagainstcalumnythanagainstadulation。]
[Footnote2:Fortheanathemainthepigeon\'snest，seePachymer，l。ix。c。24，whorelatesthegeneralhistoryofAthanasius，l。viii。c。13—16，20，24，l。x。c。27—29，31—36，l。xi。
c。1—3，5，6，l。xiii。c。8，10，23，35，andisfollowedbyNicephorusGregoras，l。vi。c。5，7，l。vii。c。1，9，whoincludesthesecondretreatofthissecondChrysostom。]
Ifthistransactionbeoneofthemostcuriousandimportantofareignoffiftyyears，Icannotatleastaccusethebrevityofmymaterials，sinceIreduceintosomefewpagestheenormousfoliosofPachymer，^3Cantacuzene，^4andNicephorusGregoras，^5whohavecomposedtheprolixandlanguidstoryofthetimes。
ThenameandsituationoftheemperorJohnCantacuzenemightinspirethemostlivelycuriosity。HismemorialsoffortyyearsextendfromtherevoltoftheyoungerAndronicustohisownabdicationoftheempire；anditisobserved，that，likeMosesandCaesar，hewastheprincipalactorinthesceneswhichhedescribes。Butinthiseloquentworkweshouldvainlyseekthesincerityofaheroorapenitent。Retiredinacloisterfromthevicesandpassionsoftheworld，hepresentsnotaconfession，butanapology，ofthelifeofanambitiousstatesman。Insteadofunfoldingthetruecounselsandcharactersofmen，hedisplaysthesmoothandspecioussurfaceofevents，highlyvarnishedwithhisownpraisesandthoseofhisfriends。
Theirmotivesarealwayspure；theirendsalwayslegitimate:theyconspireandrebelwithoutanyviewsofinterest；andtheviolencewhichtheyinflictorsufferiscelebratedasthespontaneouseffectofreasonandvirtue。
[Footnote3:Pachymer，insevenbooks，377foliopages，describesthefirsttwenty—sixyearsofAndronicustheElder；andmarksthedateofhiscompositionbythecurrentnewsorlieoftheday，A。D。1308。Eitherdeathordisgustpreventedhimfromresumingthepen。]
[Footnote4:Afteranintervaloftwelveyears，fromtheconclusionofPachymer，Cantacuzenustakesupthepen；andhisfirstbookc。1—59，p。9—150relatesthecivilwar，andtheeightlastyearsoftheelderAndronicus。TheingeniouscomparisonwithMosesandCaesarisfanciedbyhisFrenchtranslator，thepresidentCousin。]
[Footnote5:NicephorusGregorasmorebrieflyincludestheentirelifeandreignofAndronicustheelder，l。vi。c。1，p。96—
291。ThisisthepartofwhichCantacuzenecomplainsasafalseandmaliciousrepresentationofhisconduct。]
AftertheexampleofthefirstofthePalaeologi，theelderAndronicusassociatedhissonMichaeltothehonorsofthepurple；andfromtheageofeighteentohisprematuredeath，thatprincewasacknowledged，abovetwenty—fiveyears，asthesecondemperoroftheGreeks。^6Attheheadofanarmy，heexcitedneitherthefearsoftheenemy，northejealousyofthecourt；