buttherulesofdisciplinewillvaryinremoteandindependentchurches；andthereason，evenofdivines，mightallow，thatthedifferenceisinevitableandharmless。ThecraftorsuperstitionofRomehasimposedonherpriestsanddeaconstherigidobligationofcelibacy；amongtheGreeksitisconfinedtothebishops；thelossiscompensatedbydignityorannihilatedbyage；andtheparochialclergy，thepapas，enjoytheconjugalsocietyofthewiveswhomtheyhavemarriedbeforetheirentranceintoholyorders。AquestionconcerningtheAzymswasfiercelydebatedintheeleventhcentury，andtheessenceoftheEucharistwassupposedintheEastandWesttodependontheuseofleavenedorunleavenedbread。ShallImentioninaserioushistorythefuriousreproachesthatwereurgedagainsttheLatins，whoforalongwhileremainedonthedefensive?Theyneglectedtoabstain，accordingtotheapostolicaldecree，fromthingsstrangled，andfromblood:theyfastedaJewishobservance!ontheSaturdayofeachweek:duringthefirstweekofLenttheypermittedtheuseofmilkandcheese；^6theirinfirmmonkswereindulgedinthetasteofflesh；andanimalgreasewassubstitutedforthewantofvegetableoil:theholychrismorunctioninbaptismwasreservedtotheepiscopalorder:
thebishops，asthebridegroomsoftheirchurches，weredecoratedwithrings；theirpriestsshavedtheirfaces，andbaptizedbyasingleimmersion。SuchwerethecrimeswhichprovokedthezealofthepatriarchsofConstantinople；andwhichwerejustifiedwithequalzealbythedoctorsoftheLatinchurch。^7
[Footnote2:Phot。Epist。p。47，edit。Montacut。TheOrientalpatriarchcontinuestoapplytheimagesofthunder，earthquake，hail，wildboar，precursorsofAntichrist，&c。，&c。]
[Footnote3:ThemysterioussubjectoftheprocessionoftheHolyGhostisdiscussedinthehistorical，theological，andcontroversialsense，ornonsense，bytheJesuitPetavius。
DogmataTheologica，tom。ii。l。vii。p。362—440。]
[Footnote4:BeforetheshrineofSt。Peterheplacedtwoshieldsoftheweightof941/2poundsofpuresilver；onwhichheinscribedthetextofbothcreeds，utroquesymbolo，proamoreetcautelaorthodoxaefidei，Anastas。inLeon。III。inMuratori，tom。iii。pars。i。p。208。Hislanguagemostclearlyproves，thatneitherthefilioque，northeAthanasiancreedwerereceivedatRomeabouttheyear830。]
[Footnote5:TheMissiofCharlemagnepressedhimtodeclare，thatallwhorejectedthefilioque，oratleastthedoctrine，mustbedamned。All，repliesthepope，arenotcapableofreachingthealtioramysteriaquipotuerit，etnonvoluerit，salvusessenonpotest，Collect。Concil。tom。ix。p。277—286。
Thepotueritwouldleavealargeloopholeofsalvation!]
[Footnote6:InFrance，aftersomeharsherlaws，theecclesiasticaldisciplineisnowrelaxed:milk，cheese，andbutter，arebecomeaperpetual，andeggsanannual，indulgenceinLent，ViepriveedesFrancois，tom。ii。p。27—38。]
[Footnote7:Theoriginalmonumentsoftheschism，ofthechargesoftheGreeksagainsttheLatins，aredepositedintheepistlesofPhotius，EpistEncyclica，ii。p。47—61，andofMichaelCerularius，CanisiiAntiq。Lectiones，tom。iii。p。i。p。281—
324，edit。Basnage，withtheprolixanswerofCardinalHumbert。]
Bigotryandnationalaversionarepowerfulmagnifiersofeveryobjectofdispute；buttheimmediatecauseoftheschismoftheGreeksmaybetracedintheemulationoftheleadingprelates，whomaintainedthesupremacyoftheoldmetropolissuperiortoall，andofthereigningcapital，inferiortonone，intheChristianworld。Aboutthemiddleoftheninthcentury，Photius，^8anambitiouslayman，thecaptainoftheguardsandprincipalsecretary，waspromotedbymeritandfavortothemoredesirableofficeofpatriarchofConstantinople。Inscience，evenecclesiasticalscience，hesurpassedtheclergyoftheage；
andthepurityofhismoralshasneverbeenimpeached:buthisordinationwashasty，hisrisewasirregular；andIgnatius，hisabdicatedpredecessor，wasyetsupportedbythepubliccompassionandtheobstinacyofhisadherents。TheyappealedtothetribunalofNicholastheFirst，oneoftheproudestandmostaspiringoftheRomanpontiffs，whoembracedthewelcomeopportunityofjudgingandcondemninghisrivaloftheEast。
TheirquarrelwasembitteredbyaconflictofjurisdictionoverthekingandnationoftheBulgarians；norwastheirrecentconversiontoChristianityofmuchavailtoeitherprelate，unlesshecouldnumbertheproselytesamongthesubjectsofhispower。WiththeaidofhiscourttheGreekpatriarchwasvictorious；butinthefuriouscontesthedeposedinhisturnthesuccessorofSt。Peter，andinvolvedtheLatinchurchinthereproachofheresyandschism。Photiussacrificedthepeaceoftheworldtoashortandprecariousreign:hefellwithhispatron，theCaesarBardas；andBasiltheMacedonianperformedanactofjusticeintherestorationofIgnatius，whoseageanddignityhadnotbeensufficientlyrespected。Fromhismonastery，orprison，Photiussolicitedthefavoroftheemperorbypatheticcomplaintsandartfulflattery；andtheeyesofhisrivalwerescarcelyclosed，whenhewasagainrestoredtothethroneofConstantinople。AfterthedeathofBasilheexperiencedthevicissitudesofcourtsandtheingratitudeofaroyalpupil:thepatriarchwasagaindeposed，andinhislastsolitaryhourshemightregretthefreedomofasecularandstudiouslife。Ineachrevolution，thebreath，thenod，ofthesovereignhadbeenacceptedbyasubmissiveclergy；andasynodofthreehundredbishopswasalwayspreparedtohailthetriumph，ortostigmatizethefall，oftheholy，ortheexecrable，Photius。^9Byadelusivepromiseofsuccororreward，thepopesweretemptedtocountenancethesevariousproceedings；andthesynodsofConstantinoplewereratifiedbytheirepistlesorlegates。Butthecourtandthepeople，IgnatiusandPhotius，wereequallyadversetotheirclaims；theirministerswereinsultedorimprisoned；theprocessionoftheHolyGhostwasforgotten；
BulgariawasforeverannexedtotheByzantinethrone；andtheschismwasprolongedbytheirrigidcensureofallthemultipliedordinationsofanirregularpatriarch。Thedarknessandcorruptionofthetenthcenturysuspendedtheintercourse，withoutreconcilingtheminds，ofthetwonations。ButwhentheNormanswordrestoredthechurchesofApuliatothejurisdictionofRome，thedepartingflockwaswarned，byapetulantepistleoftheGreekpatriarch，toavoidandabhortheerrorsoftheLatins。
TherisingmajestyofRomecouldnolongerbrooktheinsolenceofarebel；andMichaelCerulariuswasexcommunicatedintheheartofConstantinoplebythepope\'slegates。Shakingthedustfromtheirfeet，theydepositedonthealtarofSt。Sophiaadirefulanathema，^10whichenumeratesthesevenmortalheresiesoftheGreeks，anddevotestheguiltyteachers，andtheirunhappysectaries，totheeternalsocietyofthedevilandhisangels。
Accordingtotheemergenciesofthechurchandstate，afriendlycorrespondencewassometimesresumed；thelanguageofcharityandconcordwassometimesaffected；buttheGreekshaveneverrecantedtheirerrors；thepopeshaveneverrepealedtheirsentence；andfromthisthunderboltwemaydatetheconsummationoftheschism。ItwasenlargedbyeachambitiousstepoftheRomanpontiffs:theemperorsblushedandtrembledattheignominiousfateoftheirroyalbrethrenofGermany；andthepeoplewerescandalizedbythetemporalpowerandmilitarylifeoftheLatinclergy。^11
[Footnote8:ThexthvolumeoftheVeniceeditionoftheCouncilscontainsalltheactsofthesynods，andhistoryofPhotius:theyareabridged，withafainttingeofprejudiceorprudence，byDupinandFleury。]
[Footnote9:ThesynodofConstantinople，heldintheyear869，istheviiithofthegeneralcouncils，thelastassemblyoftheEastwhichisrecognizedbytheRomanchurch。SherejectsthesynodsofConstantinopleoftheyears867and879，whichwere，however，equallynumerousandnoisy；buttheywerefavorabletoPhotius。]
[Footnote10:SeethisanathemaintheCouncils，tom。xi。p。1457
—1460。]
[Footnote11:AnnaComnenaAlexiad，l。i。p。31—33representstheabhorrence，notonlyofthechurch，butofthepalace，forGregoryVII。，thepopesandtheLatincommunion。ThestyleofCinnamusandNicetasisstillmorevehement。Yethowcalmisthevoiceofhistorycomparedwiththatofpolemics!]
TheaversionoftheGreeksandLatinswasnourishedandmanifestedinthethreefirstexpeditionstotheHolyLand。
AlexiusComnenuscontrivedtheabsenceatleastoftheformidablepilgrims:hissuccessors，ManuelandIsaacAngelus，conspiredwiththeMoslemsfortheruinofthegreatestprincesoftheFranks；andtheircrookedandmalignantpolicywassecondedbytheactiveandvoluntaryobedienceofeveryorderoftheirsubjects。Ofthishostiletemper，alargeportionmaydoubtlessbeascribedtothedifferenceoflanguage，dress，andmanners，whichseversandalienatesthenationsoftheglobe。Thepride，aswellastheprudence，ofthesovereignwasdeeplywoundedbytheintrusionofforeignarmies，thatclaimedarightoftraversinghisdominions，andpassingunderthewallsofhiscapital:hissubjectswereinsultedandplunderedbytherudestrangersoftheWest:andthehatredofthepusillanimousGreekswassharpenedbysecretenvyoftheboldandpiousenterprisesoftheFranks。Buttheseprofanecausesofnationalenmitywerefortifiedandinflamedbythevenomofreligiouszeal。Insteadofakindembrace，ahospitablereceptionfromtheirChristianbrethrenoftheEast，everytonguewastaughttorepeatthenamesofschismaticandheretic，moreodioustoanorthodoxearthanthoseofpaganandinfidel:insteadofbeinglovedforthegeneralconformityoffaithandworship，theywereabhorredforsomerulesofdiscipline，somequestionsoftheology，inwhichthemselvesortheirteachersmightdifferfromtheOrientalchurch。InthecrusadeofLouistheSeventh，theGreekclergywashedandpurifiedthealtarswhichhadbeendefiledbythesacrificeofaFrenchpriest。ThecompanionsofFredericBarbarossadeploretheinjurieswhichtheyendured，bothinwordanddeed，fromthepeculiarrancorofthebishopsandmonks。
TheirprayersandsermonsexcitedthepeopleagainsttheimpiousBarbarians；andthepatriarchisaccusedofdeclaring，thatthefaithfulmightobtaintheredemptionofalltheirsinsbytheextirpationoftheschismatics。^12Anenthusiast，namedDorotheus，alarmedthefears，andrestoredtheconfidence，oftheemperor，byapropheticassurance，thattheGermanheretic，afterassaultingthegateofBlachernes，wouldbemadeasignalexampleofthedivinevengeance。Thepassageofthesemightyarmieswererareandperilousevents；butthecrusadesintroducedafrequentandfamiliarintercoursebetweenthetwonations，whichenlargedtheirknowledgewithoutabatingtheirprejudices。ThewealthandluxuryofConstantinopledemandedtheproductionsofeveryclimatetheseimportswerebalancedbytheartandlaborofhernumerousinhabitants；hersituationinvitesthecommerceoftheworld；and，ineveryperiodofherexistence，thatcommercehasbeeninthehandsofforeigners。AfterthedeclineofAmalphi，theVenetians，Pisans，andGenoese，introducedtheirfactoriesandsettlementsintothecapitaloftheempire:theirserviceswererewardedwithhonorsandimmunities；theyacquiredthepossessionoflandsandhouses；theirfamiliesweremultipliedbymarriageswiththenatives；and，afterthetolerationofaMahometanmosque，itwasimpossibletointerdictthechurchesoftheRomanrite。^13ThetwowivesofManuelComnenus^14wereoftheraceoftheFranks:thefirst，asister—in—lawoftheemperorConrad；thesecond，adaughteroftheprinceofAntioch:heobtainedforhissonAlexiusadaughterofPhilipAugustus，kingofFrance；andhebestowedhisowndaughteronamarquisofMontferrat，whowaseducatedanddignifiedinthepalaceofConstantinople。TheGreekencounteredthearms，andaspiredtotheempire，oftheWest:heesteemedthevalor，andtrustedthefidelity，oftheFranks；^15theirmilitarytalentswereunfitlyrecompensedbythelucrativeofficesofjudgesandtreasures；thepolicyofManuelhadsolicitedtheallianceofthepope；andthepopularvoiceaccusedhimofapartialbiastothenationandreligionoftheLatins。^16Duringhisreign，andthatofhissuccessorAlexius，theywereexposedatConstantinopletothereproachofforeigners，heretics，andfavorites；andthistripleguiltwasseverelyexpiatedinthetumult，whichannouncedthereturnandelevationofAndronicus。^17Thepeopleroseinarms:
fromtheAsiaticshorethetyrantdespatchedhistroopsandgalleystoassistthenationalrevenge；andthehopelessresistanceofthestrangersservedonlytojustifytherage，andsharpenthedaggers，oftheassassins。Neitherage，norsex，northetiesoffriendshiporkindred，couldsavethevictimsofnationalhatred，andavarice，andreligiouszeal；theLatinswereslaughteredintheirhousesandinthestreets；theirquarterwasreducedtoashes；theclergywereburntintheirchurches，andthesickintheirhospitals；andsomeestimatemaybeformedoftheslainfromtheclemencywhichsoldabovefourthousandChristiansinperpetualslaverytotheTurks。Thepriestsandmonksweretheloudestandmostactiveinthedestructionoftheschismatics；andtheychantedathanksgivingtotheLord，whentheheadofaRomancardinal，thepope\'slegate，wasseveredfromhisbody，fastenedtothetailofadog，anddragged，withsavagemockery，throughthecity。Themorediligentofthestrangershadretreated，onthefirstalarm，totheirvessels，andescapedthroughtheHellespontfromthesceneofblood。Intheirflight，theyburntandravagedtwohundredmilesofthesea—coast；
inflictedasevererevengeontheguiltlesssubjectsoftheempire；markedthepriestsandmonksastheirpeculiarenemies；
andcompensated，bytheaccumulationofplunder，thelossoftheirpropertyandfriends。Ontheirreturn，theyexposedtoItalyandEuropethewealthandweakness，theperfidyandmalice，oftheGreeks，whoseviceswerepaintedasthegenuinecharactersofheresyandschism。Thescruplesofthefirstcrusadershadneglectedthefairestopportunitiesofsecuring，bythepossessionofConstantinople，thewaytotheHolyLand:domesticrevolutioninvited，andalmostcompelled，theFrenchandVenetianstoachievetheconquestoftheRomanempireoftheEast。
[Footnote12:HisanonymoushistoriandeExpedit。Asiat。Fred。
I。inCanisiiLection。Antiq。tom。iii。parsii。p。511，edit。
BasnagementionsthesermonsoftheGreekpatriarch，quomodoGraecisinjunxeratinremissionempeccatorumperegrinosoccidereetdeleredeterra。Taginoobserves，inScriptoresFreher。tom。
i。p。409，edit。Struv。，Graecihaereticosnosappellant:
clericietmonachidictisetfactispersequuntur。WemayaddthedeclarationoftheemperorBaldwinfifteenyearsafterwards:HaecestgensquaeLatinosomnesnonhominumnomine，sedcanumdignabatur；quorumsanguinemeffunderepeneintermeritareputabant，GestaInnocent。III。，c。92，inMuratori，Script。
RerumItalicarum，tom。iii。parsi。p。536。Theremaybesomeexaggeration，butitwasaseffectualfortheactionandreactionofhatred。]
[Footnote13:SeeAnnaComnena，Alexiad，l。vi。p。161，162，
andaremarkablepassageofNicetas，inManuel，l。v。c。9，whoobservesoftheVenetians，&c。]
[Footnote14:Ducange，Fam。Byzant。p。186，187。]
[Footnote15:NicetasinManuel。l。vii。c。2。RegnanteenimManuele……apudeumtantamLatinuspopulusrepereratgratiamutneglectisGraeculissuistanquamvirismollibuseteffoeminatis，……solisLatinisgrandiacommitteretnegotia……ergaeosprofusaliberalitateabundabat……exomniorbeadeumtanquamadbenefactoremnobilesetignobilesconcurrebant。Willelm。Tyr。xxii。c。10。]
[Footnote16:ThesuspicionsoftheGreekswouldhavebeenconfirmed，iftheyhadseenthepoliticalepistlesofManueltoPopeAlexanderIII。，theenemyofhisenemyFredericI。，inwhichtheemperordeclareshiswishofunitingtheGreeksandLatinsasoneflockunderoneshephero，&cSeeFleury，Hist。Eccles。tom。
xv。p。187，213，243。]
[Footnote17:SeetheGreekandLatinnarrativesinNicetasinAlexioComneno，c。10andWilliamofTyre，l。xxii。c。10，11，12，13；thefirstsoftandconcise，thesecondloud，copious，andtragical。]
IntheseriesoftheByzantineprinces，Ihaveexhibitedthehypocrisyandambition，thetyrannyandfall，ofAndronicus，thelastmaleoftheComnenianfamilywhoreignedatConstantinople。
Therevolution，whichcasthimheadlongfromthethrone，savedandexaltedIsaacAngelus，^18whodescendedbythefemalesfromthesameImperialdynasty。ThesuccessorofasecondNeromighthavefounditaneasytasktodeservetheesteemandaffectionofhissubjects；theysometimeshadreasontoregrettheadministrationofAndronicus。Thesoundandvigorousmindofthetyrantwascapableofdiscerningtheconnectionbetweenhisownandthepublicinterest；andwhilehewasfearedbyallwhocouldinspirehimwithfear，theunsuspectedpeople，andtheremoteprovinces，mightblesstheinexorablejusticeoftheirmaster。
Buthissuccessorwasvainandjealousofthesupremepower，whichhewantedcourageandabilitiestoexercise:hisviceswerepernicious，hisvirtuesifhepossessedanyvirtueswereuseless，tomankind；andtheGreeks，whoimputedtheircalamitiestohisnegligence，deniedhimthemeritofanytransientoraccidentalbenefitsofthetimes。Isaacsleptonthethrone，andwasawakenedonlybythesoundofpleasure:hisvacanthourswereamusedbycomediansandbuffoons，andeventothesebuffoonstheemperorwasanobjectofcontempt:hisfeastsandbuildingsexceededtheexamplesofroyalluxury:thenumberofhiseunuchsanddomesticsamountedtotwentythousand；andadailysumoffourthousandpoundsofsilverwouldswelltofourmillionssterlingtheannualexpenseofhishouseholdandtable。Hispovertywasrelievedbyoppression；andthepublicdiscontentwasinflamedbyequalabusesinthecollection，andtheapplication，oftherevenue。WhiletheGreeksnumberedthedaysoftheirservitude，aflatteringprophet，whomherewardedwiththedignityofpatriarch，assuredhimofalongandvictoriousreignofthirty—twoyears；duringwhichheshouldextendhisswaytoMountLibanus，andhisconquestsbeyondtheEuphrates。ButhisonlysteptowardstheaccomplishmentofthepredictionwasasplendidandscandalousembassytoSaladin，^19todemandtherestitutionoftheholysepulchre，andtoproposeanoffensiveanddefensiveleaguewiththeenemyoftheChristianname。Intheseunworthyhands，ofIsaacandhisbrother，theremainsoftheGreekempirecrumbledintodust。TheIslandofCyprus，whosenameexcitestheideasofeleganceandpleasure，wasusurpedbyhisnamesake，aComnenianprince；andbyastrangeconcatenationofevents，theswordofourEnglishRichardbestowedthatkingdomonthehouseofLusignan，arichcompensationforthelossofJerusalem。
[Footnote18:ThehistoryofthereignofIsaacAngelusiscomposed，inthreebooks，bythesenatorNicetas，p。228—290；
andhisofficesoflogothete，orprincipalsecretary，andjudgeoftheveilorpalace，couldnotbribetheimpartialityofthehistorian。Hewrote，itistrue，afterthefallanddeathofhisbenefactor。]
[Footnote19:SeeBohadin，Vit。Saladin。p。129—131，226，vers。
Schultens。TheambassadorofIsaacwasequallyversedintheGreek，French，andArabiclanguages；arareinstanceinthosetimes。Hisembassieswerereceivedwithhonor，dismissedwithouteffect，andreportedwithscandalintheWest。]