ThehonorofthemonarchyandthesafetyofthecapitalweredeeplywoundedbytherevoltoftheBulgariansandWalachians。
SincethevictoryofthesecondBasil，theyhadsupported，aboveahundredandseventyyears，theloosedominionoftheByzantineprinces；butnoeffectualmeasureshadbeenadoptedtoimposetheyokeoflawsandmannersonthesesavagetribes。BythecommandofIsaac，theirsolemeansofsubsistence，theirflocksandherds，weredrivenaway，tocontributetowardsthepompoftheroyalnuptials；andtheirfiercewarriorswereexasperatedbythedenialofequalrankandpayinthemilitaryservice。PeterandAsan，twopowerfulchiefs，oftheraceoftheancientkings，^20
assertedtheirownrightsandthenationalfreedom；theirdaemoniacimpostorsproclaimedtothecrowd，thattheirgloriouspatronSt。DemetriushadforeverdesertedthecauseoftheGreeks；andtheconflagrationspreadfromthebanksoftheDanubetothehillsofMacedoniaandThrace。Aftersomefaintefforts，IsaacAngelusandhisbrotheracquiescedintheirindependence；
andtheImperialtroopsweresoondiscouragedbythebonesoftheirfellow—soldiers，thatwerescatteredalongthepassesofMountHaemus。BythearmsandpolicyofJohnorJoannices，thesecondkingdomofBulgariawasfirmlyestablished。ThesubtleBarbariansentanembassytoInnocenttheThird，toacknowledgehimselfagenuinesonofRomeindescentandreligion，^21andhumblyreceivedfromthepopethelicenseofcoiningmoney，theroyaltitle，andaLatinarchbishoporpatriarch。TheVaticanexultedinthespiritualconquestofBulgaria，thefirstobjectoftheschism；andiftheGreekscouldhavepreservedtheprerogativesofthechurch，theywouldgladlyhaveresignedtherightsofthemonarchy。
[Footnote20:Ducange，Familiae，Dalmaticae，p。318，319，320。
TheoriginalcorrespondenceoftheBulgariankingandtheRomanpontiffisinscribedintheGestaInnocent。III。c。66—82，p。
513—525。]
[Footnote21:Thepopeacknowledgeshispedigree，anobiliurbisRomaeprosapiagenitorestuioriginemtraxerunt。Thistradition，andthestrongresemblanceoftheLatinandWalachianidioms，isexplainedbyM。D\'Anville，Etatsdel\'Europe，p。258—262。TheItaliancoloniesoftheDaciaofTrajanweresweptawaybythetideofemigrationfromtheDanubetotheVolga，andbroughtbackbyanotherwavefromtheVolgatotheDanube。Possible，butstrange!]
TheBulgariansweremaliciousenoughtoprayforthelonglifeofIsaacAngelus，thesurestpledgeoftheirfreedomandprosperity。Yettheirchiefscouldinvolveinthesameindiscriminatecontemptthefamilyandnationoftheemperor。
\"InalltheGreeks，\"saidAsantohistroops，\"thesameclimate，andcharacter，andeducation，willbeproductiveofthesamefruits。Beholdmylance，\"continuedthewarrior，\"andthelongstreamersthatfloatinthewind。Theydifferonlyincolor；theyareformedofthesamesilk，andfashionedbythesameworkman；
norhasthestripethatisstainedinpurpleanysuperiorpriceorvalueaboveitsfellows。\"^22SeveralofthesecandidatesforthepurplesuccessivelyroseandfellundertheempireofIsaac；
ageneral，whohadrepelledthefleetsofSicily，wasdriventorevoltandruinbytheingratitudeoftheprince；andhisluxuriousreposewasdisturbedbysecretconspiraciesandpopularinsurrections。Theemperorwassavedbyaccident，orthemeritofhisservants:hewasatlengthoppressedbyanambitiousbrother，who，forthehopeofaprecariousdiadem，forgottheobligationsofnature，ofloyalty，andoffriendship。^23WhileIsaacintheThracianvalleyspursuedtheidleandsolitarypleasuresofthechase，hisbrother，AlexiusAngelus，wasinvestedwiththepurple，bytheunanimoussuffrageofthecamp；
thecapitalandtheclergysubscribedtotheirchoice；andthevanityofthenewsovereignrejectedthenameofhisfathersfortheloftyandroyalappellationoftheComnenianrace。OnthedespicablecharacterofIsaacIhaveexhaustedthelanguageofcontempt，andcanonlyadd，that，inareignofeightyears，thebaserAlexius^24wassupportedbythemasculinevicesofhiswifeEuphrosyne。Thefirstintelligenceofhisfallwasconveyedtothelateemperorbythehostileaspectandpursuitoftheguards，nolongerhisown:hefledbeforethemabovefiftymiles，asfarasStagyra，inMacedonia；butthefugitive，withoutanobjectorafollower，wasarrested，broughtbacktoConstantinople，deprivedofhiseyes，andconfinedinalonesometower，onascantyallowanceofbreadandwater。Atthemomentoftherevolution，hissonAlexius，whomheeducatedinthehopeofempire，wastwelveyearsofage。Hewassparedbytheusurper，andreducedtoattendhistriumphbothinpeaceandwar；
butasthearmywasencampedonthesea—shore，anItalianvesselfacilitatedtheescapeoftheroyalyouth；and，inthedisguiseofacommonsailor，heeludedthesearchofhisenemies，passedtheHellespont，andfoundasecurerefugeintheIsleofSicily。
Aftersalutingthethresholdoftheapostles，andimploringtheprotectionofPopeInnocenttheThird，AlexiusacceptedthekindinvitationofhissisterIrene，thewifeofPhilipofSwabia，kingoftheRomans。ButinhispassagethroughItaly，heheardthattheflowerofWesternchivalrywasassembledatVeniceforthedeliveranceoftheHolyLand；andarayofhopewaskindledinhisbosom，thattheirinvincibleswordsmightbeemployedinhisfather\'srestoration。
[Footnote22:Thisparableisinthebestsavagestyle；butI
wishtheWalachhadnotintroducedtheclassicnameofMysians，theexperimentofthemagnetorloadstone，andthepassageofanoldcomicpoet，NicetasinAlex。Comneno，l。i。p。299，300。]
[Footnote23:TheLatinsaggravatetheingratitudeofAlexius，bysupposingthathehadbeenreleasedbyhisbrotherIsaacfromTurkishcaptivityThispathetictalehaddoubtlessbeenrepeatedatVeniceandZarabutIdonotreadilydiscoveritsgroundsintheGreekhistorians。]
[Footnote24:SeethereignofAlexiusAngelus，orComnenus，inthethreebooksofNicetas，p。291—352。]
AbouttenortwelveyearsafterthelossofJerusalem，thenoblesofFrancewereagainsummonedtotheholywarbythevoiceofathirdprophet，lessextravagant，perhaps，thanPeterthehermit，butfarbelowSt。Bernardinthemeritofanoratorandastatesman。AnilliteratepriestoftheneighborhoodofParis，FulkofNeuilly，^25forsookhisparochialduty，toassumethemoreflatteringcharacterofapopularanditinerantmissionary。
Thefameofhissanctityandmiracleswasspreadovertheland；
hedeclaimed，withseverityandvehemence，againstthevicesoftheage；andhissermons，whichhepreachedinthestreetsofParis，convertedtherobbers，theusurers，theprostitutes，andeventhedoctorsandscholarsoftheuniversity。NosoonerdidInnocenttheThirdascendthechairofSt。Peter，thanheproclaimedinItaly，Germany，andFrance，theobligationofanewcrusade。^26TheeloquentpontiffdescribedtheruinofJerusalem，thetriumphofthePagans，andtheshameofChristendom；hisliberalityproposedtheredemptionofsins，aplenaryindulgencetoallwhoshouldserveinPalestine，eitherayearinperson，ortwoyearsbyasubstitute；^27andamonghislegatesandoratorswhoblewthesacredtrumpet，FulkofNeuillywastheloudestandmostsuccessful。Thesituationoftheprincipalmonarchswasaversetothepioussummons。TheemperorFrederictheSecondwasachild；andhiskingdomofGermanywasdisputedbytherivalhousesofBrunswickandSwabia，thememorablefactionsoftheGuelphsandGhibelines。PhilipAugustusofFrancehadperformed，andcouldnotbepersuadedtorenew，theperilousvow；butashewasnotlessambitiousofpraisethanofpower，hecheerfullyinstitutedaperpetualfundforthedefenceoftheHolyLandRichardofEnglandwassatiatedwiththegloryandmisfortunesofhisfirstadventure；andhepresumedtoderidetheexhortationsofFulkofNeuilly，whowasnotabashedinthepresenceofkings。\"Youadviseme，\"saidPlantagenet，\"todismissmythreedaughters，pride，avarice，andincontinence:I
bequeaththemtothemostdeserving；mypridetotheknightstemplars，myavaricetothemonksofCisteaux，andmyincontinencetotheprelates。\"Butthepreacherwasheardandobeyedbythegreatvassals，theprincesofthesecondorder；andTheobald，orThibaut，countofChampagne，wastheforemostintheholyrace。Thevaliantyouth，attheageoftwenty—twoyears，wasencouragedbythedomesticexamplesofhisfather，whomarchedinthesecondcrusade，andofhiselderbrother，whohadendedhisdaysinPalestinewiththetitleofKingofJerusalem；
twothousandtwohundredknightsowedserviceandhomagetohispeerage；^28thenoblesofChampagneexcelledinalltheexercisesofwar；^29and，byhismarriagewiththeheiressofNavarre，ThibautcoulddrawabandofhardyGasconsfromeithersideofthePyrenaeanmountains。HiscompanioninarmswasLouis，countofBloisandChartres；likehimselfofregallineage，forboththeprinceswerenephews，atthesametime，ofthekingsofFranceandEngland。Inacrowdofprelatesandbarons，whoimitatedtheirzeal，IdistinguishthebirthandmeritofMatthewofMontmorency；thefamousSimonofMontfort，thescourgeoftheAlbigeois；andavaliantnoble，JeffreyofVillehardouin，^30marshalofChampagne，^31whohascondescended，intherudeidiomofhisageandcountry，^32towriteordictate^33anoriginalnarrativeofthecouncilsandactionsinwhichheboreamemorablepart。Atthesametime，Baldwin，countofFlanders，whohadmarriedthesisterofThibaut，assumedthecrossatBruges，withhisbrotherHenry，andtheprincipalknightsandcitizensofthatrichandindustriousprovince。^34Thevowwhichthechiefshadpronouncedinchurches，theyratifiedintournaments；theoperationsofthewarweredebatedinfullandfrequentassemblies；anditwasresolvedtoseekthedeliveranceofPalestineinEgypt，acountry，sinceSaladin\'sdeath，whichwasalmostruinedbyfamineandcivilwar。
Butthefateofsomanyroyalarmiesdisplayedthetoilsandperilsofalandexpedition；andiftheFlemingsdweltalongtheocean，theFrenchbaronsweredestituteofshipsandignorantofnavigation。Theyembracedthewiseresolutionofchoosingsixdeputiesorrepresentatives，ofwhomVillehardouinwasone，withadiscretionarytrusttodirectthemotions，andtopledgethefaith，ofthewholeconfederacy。ThemaritimestatesofItalywerealonepossessedofthemeansoftransportingtheholywarriorswiththeirarmsandhorses；andthesixdeputiesproceededtoVenice，tosolicit，onmotivesofpietyorinterest，theaidofthatpowerfulrepublic。
[Footnote25:SeeFleury，Hist。Eccles。tom。xvi。p。26，&c。，andVillehardouin，No。1，withtheobservationsofDucange，whichI
alwaysmeantoquotewiththeoriginaltext。]
[Footnote26:ThecontemporarylifeofPopeInnocentIII。，publishedbyBaluzeandMuratori，ScriptoresRerumItalicarum，tom。iii。parsi。p。486—568，ismostvaluablefortheimportantandoriginaldocumentswhichareinsertedinthetext。
Thebullofthecrusademayberead，c。84，85。]
[Footnote27:Por—cequecilpardon，futissigran，sis\'enesmeurentmultlicuersdesgenz，etmults\'encroisierent，porcequelipardonseresugran。Villehardouin，No。1。Ourphilosophersmayrefineonthecausesofthecrusades，butsuchwerethegenuinefeelingsofaFrenchknight。]
[Footnote28:Thisnumberoffiefsofwhich1800owedliegehomagewasenrolledinthechurchofSt。StephenatTroyes，andattestedA。D。1213，bythemarshalandbutlerofChampagne，Ducange，Observ。p。254。]
[Footnote29:Campania……militiaeprivilegiosingulariusexcellit……intyrociniis……prolusionearmorum，&c。，Duncage，p。249，fromtheoldChronicleofJerusalem，A。D。1177—
1199。]
[Footnote30:ThenameofVillehardouinwastakenfromavillageandcastleinthedioceseofTroyes，neartheRiverAube，betweenBarandArcis。Thefamilywasancientandnoble；theelderbranchofourhistorianexistedaftertheyear1400，theyounger，whichacquiredtheprincipalityofAchaia，mergedinthehouseofSavoy，Ducange，p。235—245。]
[Footnote31:Thisofficewasheldbyhisfatherandhisdescendants；butDucangehasnothunteditwithhisusualsagacity。Ifindthat，intheyear1356，itwasinthefamilyofConflans；buttheseprovincialhavebeenlongsinceeclipsedbythenationalmarshalsofFrance。]
[Footnote32:Thislanguage，ofwhichIshallproducesomespecimens，isexplainedbyVigenereandDucange，inaversionandglossary。ThepresidentDesBrossesMechanismedesLangues，tom。ii。p。83givesitastheexampleofalanguagewhichhasceasedtobeFrench，andisunderstoodonlybygrammarians。]
[Footnote33:Hisage，andhisownexpression，moiquicesteoeuvredicta。No。62，&c。，mayjustifythesuspicionmoreprobablethanMr。Wood\'sonHomerthathecouldneitherreadnorwrite。YetChampagnemayboastofthetwofirsthistorians，thenobleauthorsofFrenchprose，VillehardouinandJoinville。]
[Footnote34:ThecrusadeandreignsofthecountsofFlanders，BaldwinandhisbrotherHenry，arethesubjectofaparticularhistorybytheJesuitDoutremens，ConstantinopolisBelgica；
Turnaci，1638，in4to。，whichIhaveonlyseenwiththeeyesofDucange。]
IntheinvasionofItalybyAttila，Ihavementioned^35theflightoftheVenetiansfromthefallencitiesofthecontinent，andtheirobscureshelterinthechainofislandsthatlinetheextremityoftheAdriaticGulf。Inthemidstofthewaters，free，indigent，laborious，andinaccessible，theygraduallycoalescedintoarepublic:thefirstfoundationsofVenicewerelaidintheIslandofRialto；andtheannualelectionofthetwelvetribuneswassupersededbythepermanentofficeofadukeordoge。Onthevergeofthetwoempires，theVenetiansexultinthebeliefofprimitiveandperpetualindependence。^36AgainsttheLatins，theirantiquefreedomhasbeenassertedbythesword，andmaybejustifiedbythepen。CharlemagnehimselfresignedallclaimsofsovereigntytotheislandsoftheAdriaticGulf:hissonPepinwasrepulsedintheattacksofthelagunasorcanals，toodeepforthecavalry，andtooshallowforthevessels；andineveryage，undertheGermanCaesars，thelandsoftherepublichavebeenclearlydistinguishedfromthekingdomofItaly。ButtheinhabitantsofVenicewereconsideredbythemselves，bystrangers，andbytheirsovereigns，asaninalienableportionoftheGreekempire:^37intheninthandtenthcenturies，theproofsoftheirsubjectionarenumerousandunquestionable；andthevaintitles，theservilehonors，oftheByzantinecourt，soambitiouslysolicitedbytheirdukes，wouldhavedegradedthemagistratesofafreepeople。Butthebandsofthisdependence，whichwasneverabsoluteorrigid，wereimperceptiblyrelaxedbytheambitionofVeniceandtheweaknessofConstantinople。
Obediencewassoftenedintorespect，privilegeripenedintoprerogative，andthefreedomofdomesticgovernmentwasfortifiedbytheindependenceofforeigndominion。ThemaritimecitiesofIstriaandDalmatiabowedtothesovereignsoftheAdriatic；andwhentheyarmedagainsttheNormansinthecauseofAlexius，theemperorapplied，nottothedutyofhissubjects，buttothegratitudeandgenerosityofhisfaithfulallies。Theseawastheirpatrimony:^38thewesternpartsoftheMediterranean，fromTuscanytoGibraltar，wereindeedabandonedtotheirrivalsofPisaandGenoa；buttheVenetiansacquiredanearlyandlucrativeshareofthecommerceofGreeceandEgypt。TheirrichesincreasedwiththeincreasingdemandofEurope；theirmanufacturesofsilkandglass，perhapstheinstitutionoftheirbank，areofhighantiquity；andtheyenjoyedthefruitsoftheirindustryinthemagnificenceofpublicandprivatelife。Toassertherflag，toavengeherinjuries，toprotectthefreedomofnavigation，therepubliccouldlaunchandmanafleetofahundredgalleys；andtheGreeks，theSaracens，andtheNormans，wereencounteredbyhernavalarms。TheFranksofSyriawereassistedbytheVenetiansinthereductionoftheseacoast；buttheirzealwasneitherblindnordisinterested；andintheconquestofTyre，theysharedthesovereigntyofacity，thefirstseatofthecommerceoftheworld。ThepolicyofVenicewasmarkedbytheavariceofatrading，andtheinsolenceofamaritime，power；yetherambitionwasprudent:nordidsheoftenforgetthatifarmedgalleysweretheeffectandsafeguard，merchantvesselswerethecauseandsupply，ofhergreatness。Inherreligion，sheavoidedtheschismsoftheGreeks，withoutyieldingaservileobediencetotheRomanpontiff；andafreeintercoursewiththeinfidelsofeveryclimeappearstohaveallayedbetimesthefeverofsuperstition。Herprimitivegovernmentwasaloosemixtureofdemocracyandmonarchy；thedogewaselectedbythevotesofthegeneralassembly；aslongashewaspopularandsuccessful，hereignedwiththepompandauthorityofaprince；butinthefrequentrevolutionsofthestate，hewasdeposed，orbanished，orslain，bythejusticeorinjusticeofthemultitude。Thetwelfthcenturyproducedthefirstrudimentsofthewiseandjealousaristocracy，whichhasreducedthedogetoapageant，andthepeopletoacipher。^39
[Footnote35:History，&c。，vol。iii。p。446，447。]
[Footnote36:ThefoundationandindependenceofVenice，andPepin\'sinvasion，arediscussedbyPagiCritica，tom。iii。A。D。
81，No。4，&c。andBeretti，Dissert。Chorograph。ItaliaeMediiAevi，inMuratori，Script。tom。x。p。153。Thetwocriticshaveaslightbias，theFrenchmanadverse，theItalianfavorable，totherepublic。]
[Footnote37:WhenthesonofCharlemagneassertedhisrightofsovereignty，hewasansweredbytheloyalVenetians，Constantin。
Porphyrogenit。deAdministratImperii，parsii。c。28，p。85；
andthereportoftheixthestablishesthefactofthexthcentury，whichisconfirmedbytheembassyofLiutprandofCremona。Theannualtribute，whichtheemperorallowsthemtopaytothekingofItaly，alleviates，bydoubling，theirservitude；butthehatefulwordmustbetranslated，asinthecharterof827，Laugier，Hist。deVenice，tom。i。p。67，&c。，
bythesofterappellationofsubditi，orfideles。]
[Footnote38:SeethexxvthandxxxthdissertationsoftheAntiquitatesMediiAeviofMuratori。FromAnderson\'sHistoryofCommerce，IunderstandthattheVenetiansdidnottradetoEnglandbeforetheyear1323。Themostflourishingstateoftheirwealthandcommerce，inthebeginningofthexvthcentury，isagreeablydescribedbytheAbbeDubos，Hist。delaLiguedeCambray，tom。ii。p。443—480。]
[Footnote39:TheVenetianshavebeenslowinwritingandpublishingtheirhistory。Theirmostancientmonumentsare，1。
TherudeChronicleperhapsofJohnSagorninus，Venezia，1765，inoctavo，whichrepresentsthestateandmannersofVeniceintheyear1008。2。Thelargerhistoryofthedoge，1342—1354，
AndrewDandolo，publishedforthefirsttimeinthexiithtom。ofMuratori，A。D。1728。TheHistoryofVenicebytheAbbeLaugier，Paris，1728，isaworkofsomemerit，whichIhavechieflyusedfortheconstitutionalpart。
Note:ItisscarcelynecessarytomentionthevaluableworkofCountDaru，\"HistorydeVenise，\"ofwhichIhearthatanItaliantranslationhasbeenpublished，withnotesdefensiveoftheancientrepublic。Ihavenotyetseenthiswork。—M。]
ChapterLX:TheFourthCrusade。