andthewallsofCairoweredecoratedwithacircleofChristianheads。^97ThekingofFrancewasloadedwithchains；butthegenerousvictor，agreat—grandsonofthebrotherofSaladin，sentarobeofhonortohisroyalcaptive，andhisdeliverance，withthatofhissoldiers，wasobtainedbytherestitutionofDamietta^98andthepaymentoffourhundredthousandpiecesofgold。Inasoftandluxuriousclimate，thedegeneratechildrenofthecompanionsofNoureddinandSaladinwereincapableofresistingtheflowerofEuropeanchivalry:theytriumphedbythearmsoftheirslavesorMamalukes，thehardynativesofTartary，whoatatenderagehadbeenpurchasedoftheSyrianmerchants，andwereeducatedinthecampandpalaceofthesultan。ButEgyptsoonaffordedanewexampleofthedangerofpraetorianbands；andtherageoftheseferociousanimals，whohadbeenletlooseonthestrangers，wasprovokedtodevourtheirbenefactor。Intheprideofconquest，TouranShaw，thelastofhisrace，wasmurderedbyhisMamalukes；andthemostdaringoftheassassinsenteredthechamberofthecaptiveking，withdrawncimeters，andtheirhandsimbruedinthebloodoftheirsultan。ThefirmnessofLouiscommandedtheirrespect；^99theiravariceprevailedovercrueltyandzeal；thetreatywasaccomplished；andthekingofFrance，withtherelicsofhisarmy，waspermittedtoembarkforPalestine。HewastedfouryearswithinthewallsofAcre，unabletovisitJerusalem，andunwillingtoreturnwithoutglorytohisnativecountry。
[Footnote96:ThelasteditorshaveenrichedtheirJoinvillewithlargeandcuriousextractsfromtheArabichistorians，Macrizi，Abulfeda，&c。SeelikewiseAbulpharagius，Dynast。p。322—
325，whocallshimbythecorruptnameofRedefrans。MatthewParisp。683，684hasdescribedtherivalfollyoftheFrenchandEnglishwhofoughtandfellatMassoura。]
[Footnote97:Savary，inhisagreeableLetterssurL\'Egypte，hasgivenadescriptionofDamietta，tom。i。lettrexxiii。p。274—
290，andanarrativeoftheexpositionofSt。Louis，xxv。p。
306—350。]
[Footnote98:FortheransomofSt。Louis，amillionofbyzantswasaskedandgranted；butthesultan\'sgenerosityreducedthatsumto800，000byzants，whicharevaluedbyJoinvilleat400，000
Frenchlivresofhisowntime，andexpressedbyMatthewParisby100，000marksofsilver，Ducange，Dissertationxx。surJoinville。]
[Footnote99:TheideaoftheemirstochooseLouisfortheirsultanisseriouslyattestedbyJoinville，p。77，78，anddoesnotappeartomesoabsurdastoM。deVoltaire，Hist。Generale，tom。ii。p。386，387。TheMamalukesthemselveswerestrangers，rebels，andequals:theyhadfelthisvalor，theyhopedhisconversion；andsuchamotion，whichwasnotseconded，mightbemade，perhapsbyasecretChristianintheirtumultuousassembly。
Note:Wilken，vol。vii。p。257，thinksthepropositioncouldnothavebeenmadeinearnest。—M。]
ThememoryofhisdefeatexcitedLouis，aftersixteenyearsofwisdomandrepose，toundertaketheseventhandlastofthecrusades。Hisfinanceswererestored，hiskingdomwasenlarged；
anewgenerationofwarriorshadarisen，andheadvancedwithfreshconfidenceattheheadofsixthousandhorseandthirtythousandfoot。ThelossofAntiochhadprovokedtheenterprise；
awildhopeofbaptizingthekingofTunistemptedhimtosteerfortheAfricancoast；andthereportofanimmensetreasurereconciledhistroopstothedelayoftheirvoyagetotheHolyLand。Insteadofaproselyte，hefoundasiege:theFrenchpantedanddiedontheburningsands:St。Louisexpiredinhistent；andnosoonerhadheclosedhiseyes，thanhissonandsuccessorgavethesignaloftheretreat。^100\"Itisthus，\"saysalivelywriter，\"thataChristiankingdiedneartheruinsofCarthage，wagingwaragainstthesectariesofMahomet，inalandtowhichDidohadintroducedthedeitiesofSyria。\"^101
[Footnote100:SeetheexpeditionintheannalsofSt。Louis，byWilliamdeNangis，p。270—287；andtheArabicextracts，p。545，555，oftheLouvreeditionofJoinville。]
[Footnote101:Voltaire，Hist。Generale，tom。ii。p。391。]
Amoreunjustandabsurdconstitutioncannotbedevisedthanthatwhichcondemnsthenativesofacountrytoperpetualservitude，underthearbitrarydominionofstrangersandslaves。
YetsuchhasbeenthestateofEgyptabovefivehundredyears。
ThemostillustrioussultansoftheBahariteandBorgitedynasties^102werethemselvespromotedfromtheTartarandCircassianbands；andthefour—and—twentybeys，ormilitarychiefs，haveeverbeensucceeded，notbytheirsons，butbytheirservants。Theyproducethegreatcharteroftheirliberties，thetreatyofSelimtheFirstwiththerepublic:^103andtheOthmanemperorstillacceptsfromEgyptaslightacknowledgmentoftributeandsubjection。Withsomebreathingintervalsofpeaceandorder，thetwodynastiesaremarkedasaperiodofrapineandbloodshed:^104buttheirthrone，howevershaken，reposedonthetwopillarsofdisciplineandvalor:theirswayextendedoverEgypt，Nubia，Arabia，andSyria:theirMamalukesweremultipliedfromeighthundredtotwenty—fivethousandhorse；andtheirnumberswereincreasedbyaprovincialmilitiaofonehundredandseventhousandfoot，andtheoccasionalaidofsixty—sixthousandArabs。^105Princesofsuchpowerandspiritcouldnotlongendureontheircoastahostileandindependentnation；andiftheruinoftheFrankswaspostponedaboutfortyyears，theywereindebtedtothecaresofanunsettledreign，totheinvasionoftheMoguls，andtotheoccasionalaidofsomewarlikepilgrims。
Amongthese，theEnglishreaderwillobservethenameofourfirstEdward，whoassumedthecrossinthelifetimeofhisfatherHenry。AttheheadofathousandsoldiersthefutureconquerorofWalesandScotlanddeliveredAcrefromasiege；marchedasfarasNazarethwithanarmyofninethousandmen；emulatedthefameofhisuncleRichard；extorted，byhisvalor，atenyears\'truce；
andescaped，withadangerouswound，fromthedaggerofafanaticassassin。^106^!Antioch，^107whosesituationhadbeenlessexposedtothecalamitiesoftheholywar，wasfinallyoccupiedandruinedbyBondocdar，orBibars，sultanofEgyptandSyria；theLatinprincipalitywasextinguished；andthefirstseatoftheChristiannamewasdispeopledbytheslaughterofseventeen，andthecaptivityofonehundred，thousandofherinhabitants。ThemaritimetownsofLaodicea，Gabala，Tripoli，Berytus，Sidon，TyreandJaffa，andthestrongercastlesoftheHospitallersandTemplars，successivelyfell；andthewholeexistenceoftheFrankswasconfinedtothecityandcolonyofSt。JohnofAcre，whichissometimesdescribedbythemoreclassictitleofPtolemais。
[Footnote102:ThechronologyofthetwodynastiesofMamalukes，theBaharites，TurksorTartarsofKipzak，andtheBorgites，Circassians，isgivenbyPocockProlegom。adAbulpharag。p。6—
31andDeGuignestom。i。p。264—270；theirhistoryfromAbulfeda，Macrizi，&c。，tothebeginningofthexvthcentury，bythesameM。DeGuignes，tom。iv。p。110—328。]
[Footnote103:Savary，Lettressurl\'Egypte，tom。ii。lettrexv。
p。189—208。Imuchquestiontheauthenticityofthiscopy；yetitistrue，thatSultanSelimconcludedatreatywiththeCircassiansorMamalukesofEgypt，andlefttheminpossessionofarms，riches，andpower。SeeanewAbregedel\'HistoireOttomane，composedinEgypt，andtranslatedbyM。Digeon，tom。
i。p。55—58，Paris，1781，acurious，authentic，andnationalhistory。]
[Footnote104:Sitotumquoregnumoccuparunttempusrespicias，praesertimquodfinipropius，reperiesilludbellis，pugnis，injuriis，acrapinisrefertum，AlJannabi，apudPocock，p。31。
ThereignofMohammedA。D。1311—1341affordsahappyexception，DeGuignes，tom。iv。p。208—210。]
[Footnote105:Theyarenowreducedto8500:buttheexpenseofeachMamalukemayberatedatahundredlouis:andEgyptgroansundertheavariceandinsolenceofthesestrangers，VoyagesdeVolney，tom。i。p。89—187。]
[Footnote*:GibboncolorsratherhighlythesuccessofEdward。
Wilkenismoreaccuratevol。vii。p。593，&c。—M。]
[Footnote106:SeeCarte\'sHistoryofEngland，vol。ii。p。165—
175，andhisoriginalauthors，ThomasWikesandWalterHemingford，l。iii。c。34，35，inGale\'sCollection，tom。ii。
p。97，589—592。TheyarebothignorantoftheprincessEleanor\'spietyinsuckingthepoisonedwound，andsavingherhusbandattheriskofherownlife。]
[Footnote!:ThesultanBibarswasconcernedinthisattemptatassassinationWilken，vol。vii。p。602。PtolemaeusLucensisistheearliestauthorityforthedevotionofEleanora。Ibid。605。
—M。]
[Footnote107:Sanutus，Secret。FideliumCrucis，1。iii。p。xii。
c。9，andDeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。iv。p。143，fromtheArabichistorians。]
AfterthelossofJerusalem，Acre，^108whichisdistantaboutseventymiles，becamethemetropolisoftheLatinChristians，andwasadornedwithstrongandstatelybuildings，withaqueducts，anartificialport，andadoublewall。Thepopulationwasincreasedbytheincessantstreamsofpilgrimsandfugitives:inthepausesofhostilitythetradeoftheEastandWestwasattractedtothisconvenientstation；andthemarketcouldoffertheproduceofeveryclimeandtheinterpretersofeverytongue。Butinthisconfluxofnations，everyvicewaspropagatedandpractised:ofallthedisciplesofJesusandMahomet，themaleandfemaleinhabitantsofAcrewereesteemedthemostcorrupt；norcouldtheabuseofreligionbecorrectedbythedisciplineoflaw。Thecityhadmanysovereigns，andnogovernment。ThekingsofJerusalemandCyprus，ofthehouseofLusignan，theprincesofAntioch，thecountsofTripoliandSidon，thegreatmastersofthehospital，thetemple，andtheTeutonicorder，therepublicsofVenice，Genoa，andPisa，thepope\'slegate，thekingsofFranceandEngland，assumedanindependentcommand:seventeentribunalsexercisedthepoweroflifeanddeath；everycriminalwasprotectedintheadjacentquarter；andtheperpetualjealousyofthenationsoftenburstforthinactsofviolenceandblood。Someadventurers，whodisgracedtheensignofthecross，compensatedtheirwantofpaybytheplunderoftheMahometanvillages:nineteenSyrianmerchants，whotradedunderthepublicfaith，weredespoiledandhangedbytheChristians；andthedenialofsatisfactionjustifiedthearmsofthesultanKhalil。HemarchedagainstAcre，attheheadofsixtythousandhorseandonehundredandfortythousandfoot:histrainofartilleryifImayusethewordwasnumerousandweighty:theseparatetimbersofasingleengineweretransportedinonehundredwagons；andtheroyalhistorianAbulfeda，whoservedwiththetroopsofHamah，washimselfaspectatoroftheholywar。WhatevermightbethevicesoftheFranks，theircouragewasrekindledbyenthusiasmanddespair；buttheyweretornbythediscordofseventeenchiefs，andoverwhelmedonallsidesbythepowersofthesultan。Afterasiegeofthirtythreedays，thedoublewallwasforcedbytheMoslems；theprincipaltoweryieldedtotheirengines；theMamalukesmadeageneralassault；thecitywasstormed；anddeathorslaverywasthelotofsixtythousandChristians。Theconvent，orratherfortress，oftheTemplarsresistedthreedayslonger；butthegreatmasterwaspiercedwithanarrow；and，offivehundredknights，onlytenwereleftalive，lesshappythanthevictimsofthesword，iftheylivedtosufferonascaffold，intheunjustandcruelproscriptionofthewholeorder。ThekingofJerusalem，thepatriarchandthegreatmasterofthehospital，effectedtheirretreattotheshore；buttheseawasrough，thevesselswereinsufficient；andgreatnumbersofthefugitivesweredrownedbeforetheycouldreachtheIsleofCyprus，whichmightcomfortLusignanforthelossofPalestine。
Bythecommandofthesultan，thechurchesandfortificationsoftheLatincitiesweredemolished:amotiveofavariceorfearstillopenedtheholysepulchretosomedevoutanddefencelesspilgrims；andamournfulandsolitarysilenceprevailedalongthecoastwhichhadsolongresoundedwiththeworld\'sdebate。^109
[Footnote108:ThestateofAcreisrepresentedinallthechroniclesoftetimes，andmostaccuratelyinJohnVillani，l。
vii。c。144，inMuratoruScriptoresRerumItalicarum，tom。xiii。
337，338。]
[Footnote109:SeethefinalexpulsionoftheFranks，inSanutus，l。iii。p。xii。c。11—22；Abulfeda，Macrizi，&c。，inDeGuignes，tom。iv。p。162，164；andVertot，tom。i。l。iii。p。307
—428。
Note:AfterthesechaptersofGibbon，themasterlyprizecomposition，\"Essaisur\'InfluencedesCroisadessurl\'Europe，parAH。L。Heeren:traduitdel\'AllemandparCharlesVillars，Paris，1808，\'ortheoriginalGerman，inHeeren\'s\"VermischteSchriften，\"maybereadwithgreatadvantage。—M。]
ChapterLX:TheFourthCrusade。
PartI。
SchismOfTheGreeksAndLatins。—StateOfConstantinople。
—RevoltOfTheBulgarians。—IsaacAngelusDethronedByHisBrotherAlexius。—OriginOfTheFourthCrusade。—AllianceOfTheFrenchAndVenetiansWithTheSonOfIsaac。—TheirNavalExpeditionToConstantinople。—TheTwoSiegesAndFinalConquestOfTheCityByTheLatins。
TherestorationoftheWesternempirebyCharlemagnewasspeedilyfollowedbytheseparationoftheGreekandLatinchurches。^1AreligiousandnationalanimositystilldividesthetwolargestcommunionsoftheChristianworld；andtheschismofConstantinople，byalienatinghermostusefulallies，andprovokinghermostdangerousenemies，hasprecipitatedthedeclineandfalloftheRomanempireintheEast。
[Footnote1:Inthesuccessivecenturies，fromtheixthtothexviiith，MosheimtracestheschismoftheGreekswithlearning，clearness，andimpartiality；thefilioqueInstitut。Hist。
Eccles。p。277，LeoIII。p。303Photius，p。307，308。MichaelCerularius，p。370，371，&c。]
InthecourseofthepresentHistory，theaversionoftheGreeksfortheLatinshasbeenoftenvisibleandconspicuous。Itwasoriginallyderivedfromthedisdainofservitude，inflamed，afterthetimeofConstantine，bytheprideofequalityordominion；andfinallyexasperatedbythepreferencewhichtheirrebellioussubjectshadgiventotheallianceoftheFranks。IneveryagetheGreekswereproudoftheirsuperiorityinprofaneandreligiousknowledge:theyhadfirstreceivedthelightofChristianity；theyhadpronouncedthedecreesofthesevengeneralcouncils；theyalonepossessedthelanguageofScriptureandphilosophy；norshouldtheBarbarians，immersedinthedarknessoftheWest，^2presumetoargueonthehighandmysteriousquestionsoftheologicalscience。ThoseBarbariansdespisedinthenturntherestlessandsubtilelevityoftheOrientals，theauthorsofeveryheresy；andblessedtheirownsimplicity，whichwascontenttoholdthetraditionoftheapostolicchurch。Yetintheseventhcentury，thesynodsofSpain，andafterwardsofFrance，improvedorcorruptedtheNicenecreed，onthemysterioussubjectofthethirdpersonoftheTrinity。^3InthelongcontroversiesoftheEast，thenatureandgenerationoftheChristhadbeenscrupulouslydefined；andthewell—knownrelationoffatherandsonseemedtoconveyafaintimagetothehumanmind。TheideaofbirthwaslessanalogoustotheHolySpirit，who，insteadofadivinegiftorattribute，wasconsideredbytheCatholicsasasubstance，aperson，agod；hewasnotbegotten，butintheorthodoxstyleheproceeded。DidheproceedfromtheFatheralone，perhapsbytheSon?orfromtheFatherandtheSon?ThefirstoftheseopinionswasassertedbytheGreeks，thesecondbytheLatins；andtheadditiontotheNicenecreedofthewordfilioque，kindledtheflameofdiscordbetweentheOrientalandtheGallicchurches。IntheoriginofthedisputestheRomanpontiffsaffectedacharacterofneutralityandmoderation:^4theycondemnedtheinnovation，buttheyacquiescedinthesentiment，oftheirTransalpinebrethren:
theyseemeddesirousofcastingaveilofsilenceandcharityoverthesuperfluousresearch；andinthecorrespondenceofCharlemagneandLeotheThird，thepopeassumestheliberalityofastatesman，andtheprincedescendstothepassionsandprejudicesofapriest。^5ButtheorthodoxyofRomespontaneouslyobeyedtheimpulseofthetemporalpolicy；andthefilioque，whichLeowishedtoerase，wastranscribedinthesymbolandchantedintheliturgyoftheVatican。TheNiceneandAthanasiancreedsareheldastheCatholicfaith，withoutwhichnonecanbesaved；andbothPapistsandProtestantsmustnowsustainandreturntheanathemasoftheGreeks，whodenytheprocessionoftheHolyGhostfromtheSon，aswellasfromtheFather。Sucharticlesoffaitharenotsusceptibleoftreaty；