17，18，describesthepalaceofCairo。Inthecaliph\'streasurewerefoundapearlaslargeasapigeon\'segg，arubyweighingseventeenEgyptiandrams，anemeraldapalmandahalfinlength，andmanyvasesofcrystalandporcelainofChina，Renaudot，p。
536。]
[Footnote42:Mamluc，plur。Mamalic，isdefinedbyPocock，Prolegom。adAbulpharag。p。7，andD\'Herbelot，p。545，servumemptitium，seuquipretionumeratoindominipossessionemcedit。
TheyfrequentlyoccurinthewarsofSaladin，Bohadin，p。236，&c。；anditwasonlytheBahartieMamalukesthatwerefirstintroducedintoEgyptbyhisdescendants。]
[Footnote43:JacobusaVitriacop。1116givesthekingofJerusalemnomorethan374knights。BoththeFranksandtheMoslemsreportthesuperiornumbersoftheenemy；adifferencewhichmaybesolvedbycountingoromittingtheunwarlikeEgyptians。]
[Footnote44:ItwastheAlexandriaoftheArabs，amiddleterminextentandrichesbetweentheperiodoftheGreeksandRomans，andthatoftheTurks，Savary，Lettressurl\'Egypte，tom。i。p。
25，26。]
[Footnote*:ThetreatystipulatedthatboththeChristiansandtheArabsshouldwithdrawfromEgypt。Wilken，vol。iii。partii。
p。113。—M。]
[Footnote!:TheKnightsTemplars，abhorringtheperfidiousbreachoftreatypartly，perhaps，outofjealousyoftheHospitallers，refusedtojoininthisenterprise。Will。Tyrec。
xx。p。5。Wilken，vol。iii。partii。p。117—M。]
[Footnote45:ForthisgreatrevolutionofEgypt，seeWilliamofTyre，l。xix。5，6，7，12—31，xx。5—12，Bohadin，inVit。
Saladin，p。30—39，Abulfeda，inExcerpt。Schultens，p。1—
12，D\'Herbelot，Bibliot。Orient。Adhed，Fathemah，butveryincorrect，Renaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。522—525，532—
537，Vertot，Hist。desChevaliersdeMalthe，tom。i。p。141—
163，in4to。，andM。deGuignes，tom。ii。p。185—215。]
ThehillycountrybeyondtheTigrisisoccupiedbythepastoraltribesoftheCurds；^46apeoplehardy，strong，savageimpatientoftheyoke，addictedtorapine，andtenaciousofthegovernmentoftheirnationalchiefs。Theresemblanceofname，situation，andmanners，seemstoidentifythemwiththeCarduchiansoftheGreeks；^47andtheystilldefendagainsttheOttomanPortetheantiquefreedomwhichtheyassertedagainstthesuccessorsofCyrus。Povertyandambitionpromptedthemtoembracetheprofessionofmercenarysoldiers:theserviceofhisfatherandunclepreparedthereignofthegreatSaladin；^48andthesonofJoborAyud，asimpleCurd，magnanimouslysmiledathispedigree，whichflatterydeducedfromtheArabiancaliphs。
^49SounconsciouswasNoureddinoftheimpendingruinofhishouse，thatheconstrainedthereluctantyouthtofollowhisuncleShiracouhintoEgypt:hismilitarycharacterwasestablishedbythedefenceofAlexandria；and，ifwemaybelievetheLatins，hesolicitedandobtainedfromtheChristiangeneraltheprofanehonorsofknighthood。^50OnthedeathofShiracouh，theofficeofgrandvizierwasbestowedonSaladin，astheyoungestandleastpowerfuloftheemirs；butwiththeadviceofhisfather，whomheinvitedtoCairo，hisgeniusobtainedtheascendantoverhisequals，andattachedthearmytohispersonandinterest。WhileNoureddinlived，theseambitiousCurdswerethemosthumbleofhisslaves；andtheindiscreetmurmursofthedivanweresilencedbytheprudentAyub，wholoudlyprotestedthatatthecommandofthesultanhehimselfwouldleadhissonsinchainstothefootofthethrone。\"Suchlanguage，\"headdedinprivate，\"wasprudentandproperinanassemblyofyourrivals；
butwearenowabovefearandobedience；andthethreatsofNoureddinshallnotextortthetributeofasugar—cane。\"Hisseasonabledeathrelievedthemfromtheodiousanddoubtfulconflict:hisson，aminorofelevenyearsofage，wasleftforawhiletotheemirsofDamascus；andthenewlordofEgyptwasdecoratedbythecaliphwitheverytitle^51thatcouldsanctifyhisusurpationintheeyesofthepeople。NorwasSaladinlongcontentwiththepossessionofEgypt；hedespoiledtheChristiansofJerusalem，andtheAtabeksofDamascus，Aleppo，andDiarbekir:
MeccaandMedinaacknowledgedhimfortheirtemporalprotector:
hisbrothersubduedthedistantregionsofYemen，orthehappyArabia；andatthehourofhisdeath，hisempirewasspreadfromtheAfricanTripolitotheTigris，andfromtheIndianOceantothemountainsofArmenia。Inthejudgmentofhischaracter，thereproachesoftreasonandingratitudestrikeforciblyonourminds，impressed，astheyare，withtheprincipleandexperienceoflawandloyalty。ButhisambitionmayinsomemeasurebeexcusedbytherevolutionsofAsia，^52whichhaderasedeverynotionoflegitimatesuccession；bytherecentexampleoftheAtabeksthemselves；byhisreverencetothesonofhisbenefactor；hishumaneandgenerousbehaviortothecollateralbranches；bytheirincapacityandhismerit；bytheapprobationofthecaliph，thesolesourceofalllegitimatepower；and，aboveall，bythewishesandinterestofthepeople，whosehappinessisthefirstobjectofgovernment。Inhisvirtues，andinthoseofhispatron，theyadmiredthesingularunionoftheheroandthesaint；forbothNoureddinandSaladinarerankedamongtheMahometansaints；andtheconstantmeditationoftheholywarappearstohaveshedaseriousandsobercolorovertheirlivesandactions。Theyouthofthelatter^53wasaddictedtowineandwomen:buthisaspiringspiritsoonrenouncedthetemptationsofpleasureforthegraverfolliesoffameanddominion:thegarmentofSaladinwasofcoarsewoollen；
waterwashisonlydrink；and，whileheemulatedthetemperance，hesurpassedthechastity，ofhisArabianprophet。BothinfaithandpracticehewasarigidMussulman:heeverdeploredthatthedefenceofreligionhadnotallowedhimtoaccomplishthepilgrimageofMecca；butatthestatedhours，fivetimeseachday，thesultandevoutlyprayedwithhisbrethren:theinvoluntaryomissionoffastingwasscrupulouslyrepaid；andhisperusaloftheKoran，onhorsebackbetweentheapproachingarmies，maybequotedasaproof，howeverostentatious，ofpietyandcourage。^54ThesuperstitiousdoctrineofthesectofShafeiwastheonlystudythathedeignedtoencourage:thepoetsweresafeinhiscontempt；butallprofanesciencewastheobjectofhisaversion；andaphilosopher，whohadinventedsomespeculativenovelties，wasseizedandstrangledbythecommandoftheroyalsaint。Thejusticeofhisdivanwasaccessibletothemeanestsuppliantagainsthimselfandhisministers；anditwasonlyforakingdomthatSaladinwoulddeviatefromtheruleofequity。WhilethedescendantsofSeljukandZenghiheldhisstirrupandsmoothedhisgarments，hewasaffableandpatientwiththemeanestofhisservants。Soboundlesswashisliberality，thathedistributedtwelvethousandhorsesatthesiegeofAcre；and，atthetimeofhisdeath，nomorethanforty—sevendramsofsilverandonepieceofgoldcoinwerefoundinthetreasury；yet，inamartialreign，thetributeswerediminished，andthewealthycitizensenjoyed，withoutfearordanger，thefruitsoftheirindustry。Egypt，Syria，andArabia，wereadornedbytheroyalfoundationsofhospitals，colleges，andmosques；andCairowasfortifiedwithawallandcitadel；buthisworkswereconsecratedtopublicuse:^55nordidthesultanindulgehimselfinagardenorpalaceofprivateluxury。Inafanaticage，himselfafanatic，thegenuinevirtuesofSaladincommandedtheesteemoftheChristians；theemperorofGermanygloriedinhisfriendship；^56theGreekemperorsolicitedhisalliance；^57andtheconquestofJerusalemdiffused，andperhapsmagnified，hisfamebothintheEastandWest。
[Footnote46:FortheCurds，seeDeGuignes，tom。ii。p。416，417，theIndexGeographicusofSchultensandTavernier，Voyages，p。i。p。308，309。TheAyoubitesdescendedfromthetribeoftheRawadiaei，oneofthenoblest；butastheywereinfectedwiththeheresyoftheMetempsychosis，theorthodoxsultansinsinuatedthattheirdescentwasonlyonthemother\'sside，andthattheirancestorwasastrangerwhosettledamongtheCurds。]
[Footnote47:SeetheivthbookoftheAnabasisofXenophon。ThetenthousandsufferedmorefromthearrowsofthefreeCarduchians，thanfromthesplendidweaknessofthegreatking。]
[Footnote48:WeareindebtedtotheprofessorSchultensLugd。
Bat，1755，infoliofortherichestandmostauthenticmaterials，alifeofSaladinbyhisfriendandministertheCadhiBohadin，andcopiousextractsfromthehistoryofhiskinsmantheprinceAbulfedaofHamah。Tothesewemayadd，thearticleofSalaheddinintheBibliothequeOrientale，andallthatmaybegleanedfromtheDynastiesofAbulpharagius。]
[Footnote49:SinceAbulfedawashimselfanAyoubite，hemaysharethepraise，forimitating，atleasttacitly，themodestyofthefounder。]
[Footnote50:Hist。Hierosol。intheGestaDeiperFrancos，p。
1152。AsimilarexamplemaybefoundinJoinville，p。42，editionduLouvre；butthepiousSt。LouisrefusedtodignifyinfidelswiththeorderofChristianknighthood，Ducange，Observations，p70。]
[Footnote51:IntheseArabictitles，religionismustalwaysbeunderstood；Noureddin，lumenr。；Ezzodin，decus；Amadoddin，columen:ourhero\'spropernamewasJoseph，andhewasstyledSalahoddin，salus；AlMalichus，AlNasirus，rexdefensor；AbuModaffer，patervictoriae，Schultens，Praefat。]
[Footnote52:Abulfeda，whodescendedfromabrotherofSaladin，observes，frommanyexamples，thatthefoundersofdynastiestooktheguiltforthemselves，andlefttherewardtotheirinnocentcollaterals，Excerptp。10。]
[Footnote53:SeehislifeandcharacterinRenaudot，p。537—
548。]
[Footnote54:HiscivilandreligiousvirtuesarecelebratedinthefirstchapterofBohadin，p。4—30，himselfaneye—witness，andanhonestbigot。]
[Footnote55:Inmanyworks，particularlyJoseph\'swellinthecastleofCairo，theSultanandthePatriarchhavebeenconfoundedbytheignoranceofnativesandtravellers。]
[Footnote56:Anonym。Canisii，tom。iii。p。ii。p。504。]
[Footnote57:Bohadin，p。129，130。]
Duringhisshortexistence，thekingdomofJerusalem^58wassupportedbythediscordoftheTurksandSaracens；andboththeFatimitecaliphsandthesultansofDamascusweretemptedtosacrificethecauseoftheirreligiontothemeanerconsiderationsofprivateandpresentadvantage。ButthepowersofEgypt，Syria，andArabia，werenowunitedbyahero，whomnatureandfortunehadarmedagainsttheChristians。Allwithoutnowborethemostthreateningaspect；andallwasfeebleandhollowintheinternalstateofJerusalem。AfterthetwofirstBaldwins，thebrotherandcousinofGodfreyofBouillon，thesceptredevolvedbyfemalesuccessiontoMelisenda，daughterofthesecondBaldwin，andherhusbandFulk，countofAnjou，thefather，byaformermarriage，ofourEnglishPlantagenets。Theirtwosons，BaldwintheThird，andAmaury，wagedastrenuous，andnotunsuccessful，waragainsttheinfidels；butthesonofAmaury，BaldwintheFourth，wasdeprived，bytheleprosy，agiftofthecrusades，ofthefacultiesbothofmindandbody。HissisterSybilla，themotherofBaldwintheFifth，washisnaturalheiress:afterthesuspiciousdeathofherchild，shecrownedhersecondhusband，GuyofLusignan，aprinceofahandsomeperson，butofsuchbaserenown，thathisownbrotherJeffreywasheardtoexclaim，\"Sincetheyhavemadehimaking，surelytheywouldhavemademeagod!\"Thechoicewasgenerallyblamed；andthemostpowerfulvassal，RaymondcountofTripoli，whohadbeenexcludedfromthesuccessionandregency，entertainedanimplacablehatredagainsttheking，andexposedhishonorandconsciencetothetemptationsofthesultan。Suchweretheguardiansoftheholycity；aleper，achild，awoman，acoward，andatraitor:yetitsfatewasdelayedtwelveyearsbysomesuppliesfromEurope，bythevalorofthemilitaryorders，andbythedistantordomesticavocationsoftheirgreatenemy。Atlength，oneveryside，thesinkingstatewasencircledandpressedbyahostileline:andthetrucewasviolatedbytheFranks，whoseexistenceitprotected。Asoldieroffortune，ReginaldofChatillon，hadseizedafortressontheedgeofthedesert，fromwhencehepillagedthecaravans，insultedMahomet，andthreatenedthecitiesofMeccaandMedina。Saladincondescendedtocomplain；rejoicedinthedenialofjustice，andattheheadoffourscorethousandhorseandfootinvadedtheHolyLand。ThechoiceofTiberiasforhisfirstsiegewassuggestedbythecountofTripoli，towhomitbelonged；andthekingofJerusalemwaspersuadedtodrainhisgarrison，andtoarmhispeople，forthereliefofthatimportantplace。^59BytheadviceoftheperfidiousRaymond，theChristianswerebetrayedintoacampdestituteofwater:hefledonthefirstonset，withthecursesofbothnations:^60Lusignanwasoverthrown，withthelossofthirtythousandmen；andthewoodofthetruecrossadiremisfortune!wasleftinthepoweroftheinfidels。TheroyalcaptivewasconductedtothetentofSaladin；andashefaintedwiththirstandterror，thegenerousvictorpresentedhimwithacupofsherbet，cooledinsnow，withoutsufferinghiscompanion，ReginaldofChatillon，topartakeofthispledgeofhospitalityandpardon。\"Thepersonanddignityofaking，\"saidthesultan，\"aresacred，butthisimpiousrobbermustinstantlyacknowledgetheprophet，whomhehasblasphemed，ormeetthedeathwhichhehassooftendeserved。\"OntheproudorconscientiousrefusaloftheChristianwarrior，Saladinstruckhimontheheadwithhiscimeter，andReginaldwasdespatchedbytheguards。^61ThetremblingLusignanwassenttoDamascus，toanhonorableprisonandspeedyransom；butthevictorywasstainedbytheexecutionoftwohundredandthirtyknightsofthehospital，theintrepidchampionsandmartyrsoftheirfaith。Thekingdomwasleftwithoutahead；andofthetwograndmastersofthemilitaryorders，theonewasslainandtheotherwasaprisoner。Fromallthecities，bothofthesea—coastandtheinlandcountry，thegarrisonshadbeendrawnawayforthisfatalfield:TyreandTripolialonecouldescapetherapidinroadofSaladin；andthreemonthsafterthebattleofTiberias，heappearedinarmsbeforethegatesofJerusalem。^62
[Footnote58:FortheLatinkingdomofJerusalem，seeWilliamofTyre，fromtheixthtothexxiidbook。JacobaVitriaco，Hist。
Hierosolemli。，andSanutusSecretaFideliumCrucis，l。iii。p。
vi。vii。viii。ix。]
[Footnote59:TemplariiutapesbombabantetHospitalariiutventistridebant，etbaronesseexitioofferebant，etTurcopulitheChristianlighttroopssemetipsiinigneminjiciebant，IspahanideExpugnationeKudsitica，p。18，apudSchultens；aspecimenofArabianeloquence，somewhatdifferentfromthestyleofXenophon!]
[Footnote60:TheLatinsaffirm，theArabiansinsinuate，thetreasonofRaymond；buthadhereallyembracedtheirreligion，hewouldhavebeenasaintandaherointheeyesofthelatter。]
[Footnote*:Raymond\'sadvicewouldhavepreventedtheabandonmentofasecurecampaboundingwithwaternearSepphoris。
TherashandinsolentvalorofthemasteroftheorderofKnightsTemplars，whichhadbeforeexposedtheChristianstoafataldefeatatthebrookKishon，forcedthefeeblekingtoannulthedeterminationofacouncilofwar，andadvancetoacampinanenclosedvalleyamongthemountains，nearHittin，withoutwater。
Raymonddidnotflytillthebattlewasirretrievablylost，andthentheSaracensseemtohaveopenedtheirrankstoallowhimfreepassage。ThechargeofsuggestingthesiegeofTiberiasappearsungroundedRaymond，nodoubt，playedadoublepart:hewasamanofstrongsagacity，whoforesawthedesperatenatureofthecontestwithSaladin，endeavoredbyeverymeanstomaintainthetreaty，and，thoughhejoinedbothhisarmsandhisstillmorevaluablecounselstotheChristianarmy，yetkeptupakindofamicablecorrespondencewiththeMahometans。SeeWilken，vol。
iii。partii。p。276，etseq。Michaud，vol。ii。p。278，etseq。
M。MichaudisstillmorefriendlythanWilkentothememoryofCountRaymond，whodiedsuddenly，shortlyafterthebattleofHittin。HequotesaletterwritteninthenameofSaladinbythecaliphAlfdel，toshowthatRaymondwasconsideredbytheMahometanstheirmostdangerousanddetestedenemy。\"NopersonofdistinctionamongtheChristiansescaped，exceptthecount，ofTripoliwhomGodcurse。Godmadehimdieshortlyafterwards，andsenthimfromthekingdomofdeathtohell。\"—
M。]
[Footnote61:Benaud，Reginald，orArnolddeChatillon，iscelebratedbytheLatinsinhislifeanddeath；butthecircumstancesofthelatteraremoredistinctlyrelatedbyBohadinandAbulfeda；andJoinvilleHist。deSt。Louis，p。70
alludestothepracticeofSaladin，ofneverputtingtodeathaprisonerwhohadtastedhisbreadandsalt。SomeofthecompanionsofArnoldhadbeenslaughtered，andalmostsacrificed，inavalleyofMecca，ubisacrificiamactantur，Abulfeda，p。
32。]
[Footnote62:Vertot，whowelldescribesthelossofthekingdomandcityHist。desChevaliersdeMalthe，tom。i。l。ii。p。226—
278，insertstwooriginalepistlesofaKnightTemplar。]
Hemightexpectthatthesiegeofacitysovenerableonearthandinheaven，sointerestingtoEuropeandAsia，wouldrekindlethelastsparksofenthusiasm；andthat，ofsixtythousandChristians，everymanwouldbeasoldier，andeverysoldieracandidateformartyrdom。ButQueenSybillatrembledforherselfandhercaptivehusband；andthebaronsandknights，whohadescapedfromtheswordandchainsoftheTurks，displayedthesamefactiousandselfishspiritinthepublicruin。ThemostnumerousportionoftheinhabitantswascomposedoftheGreekandOrientalChristians，whomexperiencehadtaughttoprefertheMahometanbeforetheLatinyoke；^63andtheholysepulchreattractedabaseandneedycrowd，withoutarmsorcourage，whosubsistedonlyonthecharityofthepilgrims。SomefeebleandhastyeffortsweremadeforthedefenceofJerusalem:
butinthespaceoffourteendays，avictoriousarmydrovebackthesalliesofthebesieged，plantedtheirengines，openedthewalltothebreadthoffifteencubits，appliedtheirscaling—ladders，anderectedonthebreachtwelvebannersoftheprophetandthesultan。Itwasinvainthatabarefootprocessionofthequeen，thewomen，andthemonks，imploredtheSonofGodtosavehistombandhisinheritancefromimpiousviolation。Theirsolehopewasinthemercyoftheconqueror，andtotheirfirstsuppliantdeputationthatmercywassternlydenied。\"Hehadsworntoavengethepatienceandlong—sufferingoftheMoslems；thehourofforgivenesswaselapsed，andthemomentwasnowarrivedtoexpiate，inblood，theinnocentbloodwhichhadbeenspiltbyGodfreyandthefirstcrusaders。\"ButadesperateandsuccessfulstruggleoftheFranksadmonishedthesultanthathistriumphwasnotyetsecure；helistenedwithreverencetoasolemnadjurationinthenameofthecommonFatherofmankind；andasentimentofhumansympathymollifiedtherigoroffanaticismandconquest。Heconsentedtoacceptthecity，andtosparetheinhabitants。TheGreekandOrientalChristianswerepermittedtoliveunderhisdominion，butitwasstipulated，thatinfortydaysalltheFranksandLatinsshouldevacuateJerusalem，andbesafelyconductedtotheseaportsofSyriaandEgypt；