thattenpiecesofgoldshouldbepaidforeachman，fiveforeachwoman，andoneforeverychild；andthatthosewhowereunabletopurchasetheirfreedomshouldbedetainedinperpetualslavery。OfsomewritersitisafavoriteandinvidiousthemetocomparethehumanityofSaladinwiththemassacreofthefirstcrusade。Thedifferencewouldbemerelypersonal；butweshouldnotforgetthattheChristianshadofferedtocapitulate，andthattheMahometansofJerusalemsustainedthelastextremitiesofanassaultandstorm。JusticeisindeedduetothefidelitywithwhichtheTurkishconquerorfulfilledtheconditionsofthetreaty；andhemaybedeservedlypraisedfortheglanceofpitywhichhecastonthemiseryofthevanquished。Insteadofarigorousexactionofhisdebt，heacceptedasumofthirtythousandbyzants，fortheransomofseventhousandpoor；twoorthreethousandmoreweredismissedbyhisgratuitousclemency；
andthenumberofslaveswasreducedtoelevenorfourteenthousandpersons。Inthisinterviewwiththequeen，hiswords，andevenhistearssuggestedthekindestconsolations；hisliberalalmsweredistributedamongthosewhohadbeenmadeorphansorwidowsbythefortuneofwar；andwhiletheknightsofthehospitalwereinarmsagainsthim，heallowedtheirmorepiousbrethrentocontinue，duringthetermofayear，thecareandserviceofthesick。IntheseactsofmercythevirtueofSaladindeservesouradmirationandlove:hewasabovethenecessityofdissimulation，andhissternfanaticismwouldhavepromptedhimtodissemble，ratherthantoaffect，thisprofanecompassionfortheenemiesoftheKoran。AfterJerusalemhadbeendeliveredfromthepresenceofthestrangers，thesultanmadehistriumphalentry，hisbannerswavinginthewind，andtotheharmonyofmartialmusic。ThegreatmosqueofOmar，whichhadbeenconvertedintoachurch，wasagainconsecratedtooneGodandhisprophetMahomet:thewallsandpavementwerepurifiedwithrose—water；andapulpit，thelaborofNoureddin，waserectedinthesanctuary。Butwhenthegoldencrossthatglitteredonthedomewascastdown，anddraggedthroughthestreets，theChristiansofeverysectutteredalamentablegroan，whichwasansweredbythejoyfulshoutsoftheMoslems。Infourivorycheststhepatriarchhadcollectedthecrosses，theimages，thevases，andtherelicsoftheholyplace；theywereseizedbytheconqueror，whowasdesirousofpresentingthecaliphwiththetrophiesofChristianidolatry。Hewaspersuaded，however，tointrustthemtothepatriarchandprinceofAntioch；andthepiouspledgewasredeemedbyRichardofEngland，attheexpenseoffifty—twothousandbyzantsofgold。^64
[Footnote63:Renaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。545。]
[Footnote64:FortheconquestofJerusalem，Bohadinp。67—75
andAbulfedap。40—43areourMoslemwitnesses。OftheChristian，BernardThesaurariusc。151—167isthemostcopiousandauthentic；seelikewiseMatthewParis，p。120—
124。]
ThenationsmightfearandhopetheimmediateandfinalexpulsionoftheLatinsfromSyria；whichwasyetdelayedaboveacenturyafterthedeathofSaladin。^65Inthecareerofvictory，hewasfirstcheckedbytheresistanceofTyre；thetroopsandgarrisons，whichhadcapitulated，wereimprudentlyconductedtothesameport:theirnumberswereadequatetothedefenceoftheplace；andthearrivalofConradofMontferratinspiredthedisorderlycrowdwithconfidenceandunion。Hisfather，avenerablepilgrim，hadbeenmadeprisonerinthebattleofTiberias；butthatdisasterwasunknowninItalyandGreece，whenthesonwasurgedbyambitionandpietytovisittheinheritanceofhisroyalnephew，theinfantBaldwin。TheviewoftheTurkishbannerswarnedhimfromthehostilecoastofJaffa；andConradwasunanimouslyhailedastheprinceandchampionofTyre，whichwasalreadybesiegedbytheconquerorofJerusalem。Thefirmnessofhiszeal，andperhapshisknowledgeofagenerousfoe，enabledhimtobravethethreatsofthesultan，andtodeclare，thatshouldhisagedparentbeexposedbeforethewalls，hehimselfwoulddischargethefirstarrow，andgloryinhisdescentfromaChristianmartyr。^66TheEgyptianfleetwasallowedtoentertheharborofTyre；butthechainwassuddenlydrawn，andfivegalleyswereeithersunkortaken:athousandTurkswereslaininasally；andSaladin，afterburninghisengines，concludedagloriouscampaignbyadisgracefulretreattoDamascus。Hewassoonassailedbyamoreformidabletempest。Thepatheticnarratives，andeventhepictures，thatrepresentedinlivelycolorstheservitudeandprofanationofJerusalem，awakenedthetorpidsensibilityofEurope:theemperorFredericBarbarossa，andthekingsofFranceandEngland，assumedthecross；andthetardymagnitudeoftheirarmamentswasanticipatedbythemaritimestatesoftheMediterraneanandtheOcean。TheskilfulandprovidentItaliansfirstembarkedintheshipsofGenoa，Pisa，andVenice。TheywerespeedilyfollowedbythemosteagerpilgrimsofFrance，Normandy，andtheWesternIsles。ThepowerfulsuccorofFlanders，Frise，andDenmark，fillednearahundredvessels:andtheNorthernwarriorsweredistinguishedinthefieldbyaloftystatureandaponderousbattle—axe。^67
TheirincreasingmultitudescouldnolongerbeconfinedwithinthewallsofTyre，orremainobedienttothevoiceofConrad。
Theypitiedthemisfortunes，andreveredthedignity，ofLusignan，whowasreleasedfromprison，perhaps，todividethearmyoftheFranks。HeproposedtherecoveryofPtolemais，orAcre，thirtymilestothesouthofTyre；andtheplacewasfirstinvestedbytwothousandhorseandthirtythousandfootunderhisnominalcommand。Ishallnotexpatiateonthestoryofthismemorablesiege；whichlastedneartwoyears，andconsumed，inanarrowspace，theforcesofEuropeandAsia。Neverdidtheflameofenthusiasmburnwithfiercerandmoredestructiverage；norcouldthetruebelievers，acommonappellation，whoconsecratedtheirownmartyrs，refusesomeapplausetothemistakenzealandcourageoftheiradversaries。Atthesoundoftheholytrumpet，theMoslemsofEgypt，Syria，Arabia，andtheOrientalprovinces，assembledundertheservantoftheprophet:^68hiscampwaspitchedandremovedwithinafewmilesofAcre；andhelabored，nightandday，forthereliefofhisbrethrenandtheannoyanceoftheFranks。Ninebattles，notunworthyofthename，werefoughtintheneighborhoodofMountCarmel，withsuchvicissitudeoffortune，thatinoneattack，thesultanforcedhiswayintothecity；thatinonesally，theChristianspenetratedtotheroyaltent。Bythemeansofdiversandpigeons，aregularcorrespondencewasmaintainedwiththebesieged；and，asoftenastheseawasleftopen，theexhaustedgarrisonwaswithdrawn，andafreshsupplywaspouredintotheplace。TheLatincampwasthinnedbyfamine，theswordandtheclimate；butthetentsofthedeadwerereplenishedwithnewpilgrims，whoexaggeratedthestrengthandspeedoftheirapproachingcountrymen。Thevulgarwasastonishedbythereport，thatthepopehimself，withaninnumerablecrusade，wasadvancedasfarasConstantinople。ThemarchoftheemperorfilledtheEastwithmoreseriousalarms:
theobstacleswhichheencounteredinAsia，andperhapsinGreece，wereraisedbythepolicyofSaladin:hisjoyonthedeathofBarbarossawasmeasuredbyhisesteem；andtheChristianswereratherdismayedthanencouragedatthesightofthedukeofSwabiaandhisway—wornremnantoffivethousandGermans。Atlength，inthespringofthesecondyear，theroyalfleetsofFranceandEnglandcastanchorintheBayofAcre，andthesiegewasmorevigorouslyprosecutedbytheyouthfulemulationofthetwokings，PhilipAugustusandRichardPlantagenet。Aftereveryresourcehadbeentried，andeveryhopewasexhausted，thedefendersofAcresubmittedtotheirfate；acapitulationwasgranted，buttheirlivesandlibertiesweretaxedatthehardconditionsofaransomoftwohundredthousandpiecesofgold，thedeliveranceofonehundrednobles，andfifteenhundredinferiorcaptives，andtherestorationofthewoodoftheholycross。Somedoubtsintheagreement，andsomedelayintheexecution，rekindledthefuryoftheFranks，andthreethousandMoslems，almostinthesultan\'sview，werebeheadedbythecommandofthesanguinaryRichard。^69BytheconquestofAcre，theLatinpowersacquiredastrongtownandaconvenientharbor；buttheadvantagewasmostdearlypurchased。
TheministerandhistorianofSaladincomputes，fromthereportoftheenemy，thattheirnumbers，atdifferentperiods，amountedtofiveorsixhundredthousand；thatmorethanonehundredthousandChristianswereslain；thatafargreaternumberwaslostbydiseaseorshipwreck；andthatasmallportionofthismightyhostcouldreturninsafetytotheirnativecountries。^70
[Footnote65:ThesiegesofTyreandAcrearemostcopiouslydescribedbyBernardThesaurarius，deAcquisitioneTerraeSanctae，c。167—179，theauthoroftheHistoriaHierosolymitana，p。1150—1172，inBongarnius，Abulfeda，p。
43—50，andBohadin，p。75—179。]
[Footnote66:Ihavefollowedamoderateandprobablerepresentationofthefact；byVertot，whoadoptswithoutreluctancearomantictaletheoldmarquisisactuallyexposedtothedartsofthebesieged。]
[Footnote67:NorthmannietGothi，etcaeteripopuliinsularumquaeinteroccidentemetseptentrionemsitaesunt，gentesbellicosae，corporisprocerimortisintrepidae，bipenbibusarmatae，navibusrotundis，quaeYsnachiaedicuntur，advectae。]
[Footnote68:ThehistorianofJerusalemp。1108addsthenationsoftheEastfromtheTigristoIndia，andtheswarthytribesofMoorsandGetulians，sothatAsiaandAfricafoughtagainstEurope。]
[Footnote69:Bohadin，p。180；andthismassacreisneitherdeniednorblamedbytheChristianhistorians。Alacriterjussacomplentes，theEnglishsoldiers，saysGalfridusaVinesauf，l。iv。c。4，p。346，whofixesat2700thenumberofvictims；
whoaremultipliedto5000byRogerHoveden，p。697，698。ThehumanityoravariceofPhilipAugustuswaspersuadedtoransomhisprisoners，JacobaVitriaco，l。i。c。98，p。1122。]
[Footnote70:Bohadin，p。14。HequotesthejudgmentofBalianus，andtheprinceofSidon，andadds，exillomundoquasihominumpaucissimiredierunt。AmongtheChristianswhodiedbeforeSt。Johnd\'Acre，IfindtheEnglishnamesofDeFerrersearlofDerby，Dugdale，Baronage，parti。p。260，Mowbray，idem，p。124，DeMandevil，DeFiennes，St。John，Scrope，Bigot，Talbot，&c。]
ChapterLIX:TheCrusades。
PartIII。
PhilipAugustus，andRichardtheFirst，aretheonlykingsofFranceandEnglandwhohavefoughtunderthesamebanners；buttheholyserviceinwhichtheywereenlistedwasincessantlydisturbedbytheirnationaljealousy；andthetwofactions，whichtheyprotectedinPalestine，weremoreaversetoeachotherthantothecommonenemy。IntheeyesoftheOrientals；theFrenchmonarchwassuperiorindignityandpower；and，intheemperor\'sabsence，theLatinsreveredhimastheirtemporalchief。^71Hisexploitswerenotadequatetohisfame。Philipwasbrave，butthestatesmanpredominatedinhischaracter；hewassoonwearyofsacrificinghishealthandinterestonabarrencoast:thesurrenderofAcrebecamethesignalofhisdeparture；norcouldhejustifythisunpopulardesertion，byleavingthedukeofBurgundywithfivehundredknightsandtenthousandfoot，fortheserviceoftheHolyLand。ThekingofEngland，thoughinferiorindignity，surpassedhisrivalinwealthandmilitaryrenown；
^72andifheroismbeconfinedtobrutalandferociousvalor，RichardPlantagenetwillstandhighamongtheheroesoftheage。
ThememoryofCoeurdeLion，ofthelion—heartedprince，waslongdearandglorioustohisEnglishsubjects；and，atthedistanceofsixtyyears，itwascelebratedinproverbialsayingsbythegrandsonsoftheTurksandSaracens，againstwhomhehadfought:
histremendousnamewasemployedbytheSyrianmotherstosilencetheirinfants；andifahorsesuddenlystartedfromtheway，hisriderwaswonttoexclaim，\"DostthouthinkKingRichardisinthatbush?\"^73HiscrueltytotheMahometanswastheeffectoftemperandzeal；butIcannotbelievethatasoldier，sofreeandfearlessintheuseofhislance，wouldhavedescendedtowhetadaggeragainsthisvaliantbrotherConradofMontferrat，whowasslainatTyrebysomesecretassassins。^74AfterthesurrenderofAcre，andthedepartureofPhilip，thekingofEnglandledthecrusaderstotherecoveryofthesea—coast；andthecitiesofCaesareaandJaffawereaddedtothefragmentsofthekingdomofLusignan。AmarchofonehundredmilesfromAcretoAscalonwasagreatandperpetualbattleofelevendays。Inthedisorderofhistroops，Saladinremainedonthefieldwithseventeenguards，withoutloweringhisstandard，orsuspendingthesoundofhisbrazenkettle—drum:heagainralliedandrenewedthecharge；andhispreachersorheraldscalledaloudontheunitarians，manfullytostandupagainsttheChristianidolaters。Buttheprogressoftheseidolaterswasirresistible；anditwasonlybydemolishingthewallsandbuildingsofAscalon，thatthesultancouldpreventthemfromoccupyinganimportantfortressontheconfinesofEgypt。Duringaseverewinter，thearmiesslept；butinthespring，theFranksadvancedwithinaday\'smarchofJerusalem，undertheleadingstandardoftheEnglishking；andhisactivespiritinterceptedaconvoy，orcaravan，ofseventhousandcamels。Saladin^75hadfixedhisstationintheholycity；butthecitywasstruckwithconsternationanddiscord:hefasted；heprayed；hepreached；heofferedtosharethedangersofthesiege；buthisMamalukes，whorememberedthefateoftheircompanionsatAcre，pressedthesultanwithloyalorseditiousclamors，toreservehispersonandtheircourageforthefuturedefenceofthereligionandempire。^76TheMoslemsweredeliveredbythesudden，or，astheydeemed，themiraculous，retreatoftheChristians；^77andthelaurelsofRichardwereblastedbytheprudence，orenvy，ofhiscompanions。Thehero，ascendingahill，andveilinghisface，exclaimedwithanindignantvoice，\"Thosewhoareunwillingtorescue，areunworthytoview，thesepulchreofChrist!\"AfterhisreturntoAcre，onthenewsthatJaffawassurprisedbythesultan，hesailedwithsomemerchantvessels，andleapedforemostonthebeach:thecastlewasrelievedbyhispresence；andsixtythousandTurksandSaracensfledbeforehisarms。Thediscoveryofhisweakness，provokedthemtoreturninthemorning；andtheyfoundhimcarelesslyencampedbeforethegateswithonlyseventeenknightsandthreehundredarchers。Withoutcountingtheirnumbers，hesustainedtheircharge；andwelearnfromtheevidenceofhisenemies，thatthekingofEngland，graspinghislance，rodefuriouslyalongtheirfront，fromtherighttotheleftwing，withoutmeetinganadversarywhodaredtoencounterhiscareer。
^78AmIwritingthehistoryofOrlandoorAmadis?
[Footnote71:Magnushicapudeos，interqueregeseorumtumvirtutetummajestateeminens……summusrerumarbiter，Bohadin，p。159。HedoesnotseemtohaveknownthenameseitherofPhiliporRichard。]
[Footnote72:RexAngliae，praestrenuus……regeGallorumminorapudeoscensebaturrationeregniatquedignitatis；sedtumdivitiisflorentior，tumbellicavirtutemultoeratcelebrior，Bohadin，p。161。Astrangermightadmirethoseriches；thenationalhistorianswilltellwithwhatlawlessandwastefuloppressiontheywerecollected。]
[Footnote73:Joinville，p。17。Cuides—tuquecesoitleroiRichart?]
[Footnote74:YethewasguiltyintheopinionoftheMoslems，whoattesttheconfessionoftheassassins，thattheyweresentbythekingofEngland，Bohadin，p。225；andhisonlydefenceisanabsurdandpalpableforgery，Hist。del\'AcademiedesInscriptions，tom。xv。p。155—163，apretendedletterfromtheprinceoftheassassins，theSheich，oroldmanofthemountain，whojustifiedRichard，byassumingtohimselftheguiltormeritofthemurder。
Note:VonHammerGeschichtederAssassinen，p。202sumsupagainstRichard，Wilkenvol。iv。p。485asstronglyforacquittal。Michaudvol。ii。p。420deliversnodecidedopinion。ThiscrimewasalsoattributedtoSaladin，whoissaid，byanOrientalauthority，thecontinuatorofTabari，tohaveemployedtheassassinstomurderbothConradandRichard。Itisamelancholyadmission，butitmustbeacknowledged，thatsuchanactwouldbelessinconsistentwiththecharacteroftheChristianthanoftheMahometanking。—M。]
[Footnote75:SeethedistressandpiousfirmnessofSaladin，astheyaredescribedbyBohadin，p。7—9，235—237，whohimselfharanguedthedefendersofJerusalem；theirfearswerenotunknowntotheenemy，Jacob。aVitriaco，l。i。c。100，p。1123。
Vinisauf，l。v。c。50，p。399。]
[Footnote76:Yetunlessthesultan，oranAyoubiteprince，remainedinJerusalem，necCurdiTurcis，necTurciessentobtemperaturiCurdis，Bohadin，p。236。Hedrawsasideacornerofthepoliticalcurtain。]
[Footnote77:Bohadin，p。237，andevenJeffreydeVinisauf，l。vi。c。1—8，p。403—409，ascribetheretreattoRichardhimself；andJacobusaVitriacoobserves，thatinhisimpatiencetodepart，inalterumvirummutatusest，p。1123。YetJoinville，aFrenchknight，accusestheenvyofHughdukeofBurgundy，p。116，withoutsupposing，likeMatthewParis，thathewasbribedbySaladin。]
[Footnote78:TheexpeditionstoAscalon，Jerusalem，andJaffa，arerelatedbyBohadinp。184—249andAbulfeda，p。51，52。
TheauthoroftheItinerary，orthemonkofSt。Alban\'s，cannotexaggeratethecadhi\'saccountoftheprowessofRichard，Vinisauf，l。vi。c。14—24，p。412—421。Hist。Major，p。137
—143；andonthewholeofthiswarthereisamarvellousagreementbetweentheChristianandMahometanwriters，whomutuallypraisethevirtuesoftheirenemies。]
Duringthesehostilities，alanguidandtediousnegotiation^79betweentheFranksandMoslemswasstarted，andcontinued，andbroken，andagainresumed，andagainbroken。Someactsofroyalcourtesy，thegiftofsnowandfruit，theexchangeofNorwayhawksandArabianhorses，softenedtheasperityofreligiouswar:fromthevicissitudeofsuccess，themonarchsmightlearntosuspectthatHeavenwasneutralinthequarrel；
nor，afterthetrialofeachother，couldeitherhopeforadecisivevictory。^80ThehealthbothofRichardandSaladinappearedtobeinadecliningstate；andtheyrespectivelysufferedtheevilsofdistantanddomesticwarfare:PlantagenetwasimpatienttopunishaperfidiousrivalwhohadinvadedNormandyinhisabsence；andtheindefatigablesultanwassubduedbythecriesofthepeople，whowasthevictim，andofthesoldiers，whoweretheinstruments，ofhismartialzeal。ThefirstdemandsofthekingofEnglandweretherestitutionofJerusalem，Palestine，andthetruecross；andhefirmlydeclared，thathimselfandhisbrotherpilgrimswouldendtheirlivesinthepiouslabor，ratherthanreturntoEuropewithignominyandremorse。ButtheconscienceofSaladinrefused，withoutsomeweightycompensation，torestoretheidols，orpromotetheidolatry，oftheChristians；heasserted，withequalfirmness，hisreligiousandcivilclaimtothesovereigntyofPalestine；
descantedontheimportanceandsanctityofJerusalem；andrejectedalltermsoftheestablishment，orpartitionoftheLatins。ThemarriagewhichRichardproposed，ofhissisterwiththesultan\'sbrother，wasdefeatedbythedifferenceoffaith；