butthesevengreatarmamentsorcrusadeswereexcitedbysomeimpendingorrecentcalamity:thenationsweremovedbytheauthorityoftheirpontiffs，andtheexampleoftheirkings:
theirzealwaskindled，andtheirreasonwassilenced，bythevoiceoftheirholyorators；andamongthese，Bernard，^28themonk，orthesaint，mayclaimthemosthonorableplace。AbouteightyearsbeforethefirstconquestofJerusalem，hewasbornofanoblefamilyinBurgundy；attheageofthree—and—twentyheburiedhimselfinthemonasteryofCiteaux，thenintheprimitivefervoroftheinstitution；attheendoftwoyearsheledforthherthirdcolony，ordaughter，tothevalleyofClairvaux^29inChampagne；andwascontent，tillthehourofhisdeath，withthehumblestationofabbotofhisowncommunity。Aphilosophicagehasabolished，withtooliberalandindiscriminatedisdain，thehonorsofthesespiritualheroes。Themeanestamongthemaredistinguishedbysomeenergiesofthemind；theywereatleastsuperiortotheirvotariesanddisciples；and，intheraceofsuperstition，theyattainedtheprizeforwhichsuchnumberscontended。Inspeech，inwriting，inaction，Bernardstoodhighabovehisrivalsandcontemporaries；hiscompositionsarenotdevoidofwitandeloquence；andheseemstohavepreservedasmuchreasonandhumanityasmaybereconciledwiththecharacterofasaint。Inasecularlife，hewouldhavesharedtheseventhpartofaprivateinheritance；byavowofpovertyandpenance，byclosinghiseyesagainstthevisibleworld，^30bytherefusalofallecclesiasticaldignities，theabbotofClairvauxbecametheoracleofEurope，andthefounderofonehundredandsixtyconvents。Princesandpontiffstrembledatthefreedomofhisapostolicalcensures:France，England，andMilan，consultedandobeyedhisjudgmentinaschismofthechurch:thedebtwasrepaidbythegratitudeofInnocenttheSecond；andhissuccessor，EugeniustheThird，wasthefriendanddiscipleoftheholyBernard。ItwasintheproclamationofthesecondcrusadethatheshoneasthemissionaryandprophetofGod，whocalledthenationstothedefenceofhisholysepulchre。^31AttheparliamentofVezelayhespokebeforetheking；andLouistheSeventh，withhisnobles，receivedtheircrossesfromhishand。
TheabbotofClairvauxthenmarchedtothelesseasyconquestoftheemperorConrad:aphlegmaticpeople，ignorantofhislanguage，wastransportedbythepatheticvehemenceofhistoneandgestures；andhisprogress，fromConstancetoCologne，wasthetriumphofeloquenceandzeal。BernardapplaudshisownsuccessinthedepopulationofEurope；affirmsthatcitiesandcastleswereemptiedoftheirinhabitants；andcomputes，thatonlyonemanwasleftbehindfortheconsolationofsevenwidows。
^32Theblindfanaticsweredesirousofelectinghimfortheirgeneral；buttheexampleofthehermitPeterwasbeforehiseyes；
andwhileheassuredthecrusadersofthedivinefavor，heprudentlydeclinedamilitarycommand，inwhichfailureandvictorywouldhavebeenalmostequallydisgracefultohischaracter。^33Yet，afterthecalamitousevent，theabbotofClairvauxwasloudlyaccusedasafalseprophet，theauthorofthepublicandprivatemourning；hisenemiesexulted，hisfriendsblushed，andhisapologywasslowandunsatisfactory。Hejustifieshisobediencetothecommandsofthepope；expatiatesonthemysteriouswaysofProvidence；imputesthemisfortunesofthepilgrimstotheirownsins；andmodestlyinsinuates，thathismissionhadbeenapprovedbysignsandwonders。^34Hadthefactbeencertain，theargumentwouldbedecisive；andhisfaithfuldisciples，whoenumeratetwentyorthirtymiraclesinaday，appealtothepublicassembliesofFranceandGermany，inwhichtheywereperformed。^35Atthepresenthour，suchprodigieswillnotobtaincreditbeyondtheprecinctsofClairvaux；butinthepreternaturalcuresoftheblind，thelame，andthesick，whowerepresentedtothemanofGod，itisimpossibleforustoascertaintheseparatesharesofaccident，offancy，ofimposture，andoffiction。
[Footnote28:ThemostauthenticinformationofSt。Bernardmustbedrawnfromhisownwritings，publishedinacorrecteditionbyPereMabillon，andreprintedatVenice，1750，insixvolumesinfolio。Whateverfriendshipcouldrecollect，orsuperstitioncouldadd，iscontainedinthetwolives，byhisdisciples，inthevithvolume:whateverlearningandcriticismcouldascertain，maybefoundintheprefacesoftheBenedictineeditor]
[Footnote*:Gibbon，whoseaccountofthecrusadesisperhapstheleastaccurateandsatisfactorychapterinhisHistory，hasherefailedinthatlucidarrangement，whichingeneralgivesperspicuitytohismostcondensedandcrowdednarratives。Hehasunaccountably，andtothegreatperplexityofthereader，placedthepreachingofStBernardafterthesecondcrusadetowhichiled。—M。]
[Footnote29:Clairvaux，surnamedthevalleyofAbsynth，issituateamongthewoodsnearBarsurAubeinChampagne。St。
Bernardwouldblushatthepompofthechurchandmonastery；hewouldaskforthelibrary，andIknownotwhetherhewouldbemuchedifiedbyatunof800muids，9141—7hogsheads，whichalmostrivalsthatofHeidelberg，Melangestiresd\'uneGrandeBibliotheque，tom。xlvi。p。15—20。]
[Footnote30:ThedisciplesofthesaintVit。ima，l。iii。c。2，p。1232。Vit。iida，c。16，No。45，p。1383recordamarvellousexampleofhispiousapathy。JuxtalacumetiamLausannensemtotiusdieiitinerepergens，penitusnonattenditautseviderenonvidit。Cumenimvesperefactodeeodemlacusociicolloquerentur，interrogabateosubilacusilleesset，etmiratisuntuniversi。ToadmireordespiseSt。Bernardasheought，thereader，likemyself，shouldhavebeforethewindowsofhislibrarythebeautiesofthatincomparablelandscape。]
[Footnote31:OthoFrising。l。i。c。4。Bernard。Epist。363，adFrancosOrientalesOpp。tom。i。p。328。Vit。ima，l。iii。c。4，tom。vi。p。1235。]
[Footnote*:BernardhadanoblerobjectinhisexpeditionintoGermany—toarrestthefierceandmercilesspersecutionoftheJews，whichwaspreparing，underthemonkRadulph，torenewthefrightfulsceneswhichhadprecededthefirstcrusade，intheflourishingcitiesonthebanksoftheRhine。TheJewsacknowledgetheChristianinterventionofSt。Bernard。SeethecuriousextractfromtheHistoryofJosephbenMeir。Wilken，vol。iii。p。1。andp。63—M]
[Footnote32:Mandastisetobedivi……multiplicatisuntsupernumerum；vacuantururbesetcastella；etpenejamnoninveniuntquemapprehendantseptemmulieresunumvirum；adeoubiqueviduaevivisremanentviris。Bernard。Epist。p。247。Wemustbecarefulnottoconstruepeneasasubstantive。]
[Footnote33:Quisegosumutdisponamacies，utegrediarantefaciesarmatorum，autquidtamremotumaprofessionemea，sivires，siperitia，&c。Epist。256，tom。i。p。259。HespeakswithcontemptofthehermitPeter，virquidam，Epist。363。]
[Footnote34:Sicdicuntforsitanisti，undescimusquodaDominosermoegressussit?Quaesignatufacisutcredamustibi?Nonestquodadistaipserespondeam；parcendumverecundiaemeae，respondetuprome，etproteipso，secundumquaevidistietaudisti，etsecundumquodteinspiraveritDeus。Consolat。l。ii。
c。1。Opp。tom。ii。p。421—423。]
[Footnote35:SeethetestimoniesinVitaima，l。iv。c。5，6。
Opp。tom。vi。p。1258—1261，l。vi。c。1—17，p。1286—1314。]
Omnipotenceitselfcannotescapethemurmursofitsdiscordantvotaries；sincethesamedispensationwhichwasapplaudedasadeliveranceinEurope，wasdeplored，andperhapsarraigned，asacalamityinAsia。AfterthelossofJerusalem，theSyrianfugitivesdiffusedtheirconsternationandsorrow；
Bagdadmournedinthedust；thecadhiZeineddinofDamascustorehisbeardinthecaliph\'spresence；andthewholedivanshedtearsathismelancholytale。^36Butthecommandersofthefaithfulcouldonlyweep；theywerethemselvescaptivesinthehandsoftheTurks:sometemporalpowerwasrestoredtothelastageoftheAbbassides；buttheirhumbleambitionwasconfinedtoBagdadandtheadjacentprovince。Theirtyrants，theSeljukiansultans，hadfollowedthecommonlawoftheAsiaticdynasties，theunceasingroundofvalor，greatness，discord，degeneracy，anddecay；theirspiritandpowerwereunequaltothedefenceofreligion；and，inhisdistantrealmofPersia，theChristianswerestrangerstothenameandthearmsofSangiar，thelastheroofhisrace。^37Whilethesultanswereinvolvedinthesilkenweboftheharem，thepioustaskwasundertakenbytheirslaves，theAtabeks，^38aTurkishname，which，liketheByzantinepatricians，maybetranslatedbyFatherofthePrince。Ascansar，avaliantTurk，hadbeenthefavoriteofMalekShaw，fromwhomhereceivedtheprivilegeofstandingontherighthandofthethrone；but，inthecivilwarsthatensuedonthemonarch\'sdeath，helosthisheadandthegovernmentofAleppo。HisdomesticemirsperseveredintheirattachmenttohissonZenghi，whoprovedhisfirstarmsagainsttheFranksinthedefeatofAntioch:thirtycampaignsintheserviceofthecaliphandsultanestablishedhismilitaryfame；andhewasinvestedwiththecommandofMosul，astheonlychampionthatcouldavengethecauseoftheprophet。Thepublichopewasnotdisappointed:afterasiegeoftwenty—fivedays，hestormedthecityofEdessa，andrecoveredfromtheFrankstheirconquestsbeyondtheEuphrates:
^39themartialtribesofCurdistanweresubduedbytheindependentsovereignofMosulandAleppo:hissoldiersweretaughttobeholdthecampastheironlycountry；theytrustedtohisliberalityfortheirrewards；andtheirabsentfamilieswereprotectedbythevigilanceofZenghi。Attheheadoftheseveterans，hissonNoureddingraduallyunitedtheMahometanpowers；addedthekingdomofDamascustothatofAleppo，andwagedalongandsuccessfulwaragainsttheChristiansofSyria；
hespreadhisamplereignfromtheTigristotheNile，andtheAbbassidesrewardedtheirfaithfulservantwithallthetitlesandprerogativesofroyalty。TheLatinsthemselveswerecompelledtoownthewisdomandcourage，andeventhejusticeandpiety，ofthisimplacableadversary。^40Inhislifeandgovernmenttheholywarriorrevivedthezealandsimplicityofthefirstcaliphs。Goldandsilkwerebanishedfromhispalace；
theuseofwinefromhisdominions；thepublicrevenuewasscrupulouslyappliedtothepublicservice；andthefrugalhouseholdofNoureddinwasmaintainedfromhislegitimateshareofthespoilwhichhevestedinthepurchaseofaprivateestate。
Hisfavoritesultanasighedforsomefemaleobjectofexpense。
\"Alas，\"repliedtheking，\"IfearGod，andamnomorethanthetreasureroftheMoslems。TheirpropertyIcannotalienate；butIstillpossessthreeshopsinthecityofHems:theseyoumaytake；andthesealonecanIbestow。\"Hischamberofjusticewastheterrorofthegreatandtherefugeofthepoor。Someyearsafterthesultan\'sdeath，anoppressedsubjectcalledaloudinthestreetsofDamascus，\"ONoureddin，Noureddin，whereartthounow?Arise，arise，topityandprotectus!\"Atumultwasapprehended，andalivingtyrantblushedortrembledatthenameofadepartedmonarch。
[Footnote36:AbulmahasenapuddeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。
ii。p。ii。p。99。]
[Footnote37:SeehisarticleintheBibliothequeOrientaleofD\'Herbelot，andDeGuignes，tom。ii。p。i。p。230—261。Suchwashisvalor，thathewasstyledthesecondAlexander；andsuchtheextravagantloveofhissubjects，thattheyprayedforthesultanayearafterhisdecease。YetSangiarmighthavebeenmadeprisonerbytheFranks，aswellasbytheUzes。Hereignednearfiftyyears，A。D。1103—1152，andwasamunificentpatronofPersianpoetry。]
[Footnote38:SeetheChronologyoftheAtabeksofIrakandSyria，inDeGuignes，tom。i。p。254；andthereignsofZenghiandNoureddininthesamewriter，tom。ii。p。ii。p。147—221，
whousestheArabictextofBenelathir，BenSchounaandAbulfeda；
theBibliothequeOrientale，underthearticlesAtabeksandNoureddin，andtheDynastiesofAbulpharagius，p。250—267，vers。Pocock。]
[Footnote39:WilliamofTyrel。xvi。c。4，5，7describesthelossofEdessa，andthedeathofZenghi。ThecorruptionofhisnameintoSanguin，affordedtheLatinsacomfortableallusiontohissanguinarycharacterandend，fitsanguinesanguinolentus。]
[Footnote*:OnNoureddin\'sconquestofDamascus，seeextractsfromArabianwritersprefixedtothesecondpartofthethirdvolumeofWilken。—M。]
[Footnote40:NoradinussaysWilliamofTyre，l。xx。33maximusnominisetfideiChristianaepersecutor；princepstamenjustus，vafer，providus\'etsecundumgentissuaetraditionesreligiosus。
TothisCatholicwitnesswemayaddtheprimateoftheJacobites，Abulpharag。p。267，quononaltereratinterregesvitaerationemagislaudabili，autquaepluribusjustitiaeexperimentisabundaret。Thetruepraiseofkingsisaftertheirdeath，andfromthemouthoftheirenemies。]
ChapterLIX:TheCrusades。
PartII。
BythearmsoftheTurksandFranks，theFatimiteshadbeendeprivedofSyria。InEgyptthedecayoftheircharacterandinfluencewasstillmoreessential。Yettheywerestillreveredasthedescendantsandsuccessorsoftheprophet；theymaintainedtheirinvisiblestateinthepalaceofCairo；andtheirpersonwasseldomviolatedbytheprofaneeyesofsubjectsorstrangers。
TheLatinambassadors^41havedescribedtheirownintroduction，throughaseriesofgloomypassages，andglitteringporticos:thescenewasenlivenedbythewarblingofbirdsandthemurmuroffountains:itwasenrichedbyadisplayofrichfurnitureandrareanimals；oftheImperialtreasures，somethingwasshown，andmuchwassupposed；andthelongorderofunfoldingdoorswasguardedbyblacksoldiersanddomesticeunuchs。Thesanctuaryofthepresencechamberwasveiledwithacurtain；andthevizier，whoconductedtheambassadors，laidasidethecimeter，andprostratedhimselfthreetimesontheground；theveilwasthenremoved；andtheybeheldthecommanderofthefaithful，whosignifiedhispleasuretothefirstslaveofthethrone。Butthisslavewashismaster:theviziersorsultanshadusurpedthesupremeadministrationofEgypt；theclaimsoftherivalcandidatesweredecidedbyarms；andthenameofthemostworthy，ofthestrongest，wasinsertedintheroyalpatentofcommand。
ThefactionsofDarghamandShaweralternatelyexpelledeachotherfromthecapitalandcountry；andtheweakersideimploredthedangerousprotectionofthesultanofDamascus，orthekingofJerusalem，theperpetualenemiesofthesectandmonarchyoftheFatimites。ByhisarmsandreligiontheTurkwasmostformidable；buttheFrank，inaneasy，directmarch，couldadvancefromGazatotheNile；whiletheintermediatesituationofhisrealmcompelledthetroopsofNoureddintowheelroundtheskirtsofArabia，alongandpainfulcircuit，whichexposedthemtothirst，fatigue，andtheburningwindsofthedesert。ThesecretzealandambitionoftheTurkishprinceaspiredtoreigninEgyptunderthenameoftheAbbassides；buttherestorationofthesuppliantShawerwastheostensiblemotiveofthefirstexpedition；andthesuccesswasintrustedtotheemirShiracouh，avaliantandveterancommander。Darghamwasoppressedandslain；
buttheingratitude，thejealousy，thejustapprehensions，ofhismorefortunaterival，soonprovokedhimtoinvitethekingofJerusalemtodeliverEgyptfromhisinsolentbenefactors。TothisuniontheforcesofShiracouhwereunequal:herelinquishedtheprematureconquest；andtheevacuationofBelbeisorPelusiumwastheconditionofhissaferetreat。AstheTurksdefiledbeforetheenemy，andtheirgeneralclosedtherear，withavigilanteye，andabattleaxeinhishand，aFrankpresumedtoaskhimifhewerenotafraidofanattack。\"Itisdoubtlessinyourpowertobegintheattack，\"repliedtheintrepidemir；\"butrestassured，thatnotoneofmysoldierswillgotoparadisetillhehassentaninfideltohell。\"Hisreportoftherichesoftheland，theeffeminacyofthenatives，andthedisordersofthegovernment，revivedthehopesofNoureddin；thecaliphofBagdadapplaudedthepiousdesign；andShiracouhdescendedintoEgyptasecondtimewithtwelvethousandTurksandeleventhousandArabs。
YethisforceswerestillinferiortotheconfederatearmiesoftheFranksandSaracens；andIcandiscernanunusualdegreeofmilitaryart，inhispassageoftheNile，hisretreatintoThebais，hismasterlyevolutionsinthebattleofBabain，thesurpriseofAlexandria，andhismarchesandcountermarchesintheflatsandvalleyofEgypt，fromthetropictothesea。Hisconductwassecondedbythecourageofhistroops，andontheeveofactionaMamaluke^42exclaimed，\"IfwecannotwrestEgyptfromtheChristiandogs，whydowenotrenouncethehonorsandrewardsofthesultan，andretiretolaborwiththepeasants，ortospinwiththefemalesoftheharem?\"Yet，afterallhiseffortsinthefield，^43aftertheobstinatedefenceofAlexandria^44byhisnephewSaladin，anhonorablecapitulationandretreatconcludedthesecondenterpriseofShiracouh；andNoureddinreservedhisabilitiesforathirdandmorepropitiousoccasion。ItwassoonofferedbytheambitionandavariceofAmalricorAmaury，kingofJerusalem，whohadimbibedtheperniciousmaxim，thatnofaithshouldbekeptwiththeenemiesofGod。^!Areligiouswarrior，thegreatmasterofthehospital，encouragedhimtoproceed；theemperorofConstantinopleeithergave，orpromised，afleettoactwiththearmiesofSyria；andtheperfidiousChristian，unsatisfiedwithspoilandsubsidy，aspiredtotheconquestofEgypt。Inthisemergency，theMoslemsturnedtheireyestowardsthesultanofDamascus；thevizier，whomdangerencompassedonallsides，yieldedtotheirunanimouswishes，andNoureddinseemedtobetemptedbythefairofferofonethirdoftherevenueofthekingdom。TheFrankswerealreadyatthegatesofCairo；butthesuburbs，theoldcity，wereburntontheirapproach；theyweredeceivedbyaninsidiousnegotiation，andtheirvesselswereunabletosurmountthebarriersoftheNile。TheyprudentlydeclinedacontestwiththeTurksinthemidstofahostilecountry；andAmauryretiredintoPalestinewiththeshameandreproachthatalwaysadheretounsuccessfulinjustice。Afterthisdeliverance，Shiracouhwasinvestedwitharobeofhonor，whichhesoonstainedwiththebloodoftheunfortunateShawer。Forawhile，theTurkishemirscondescendedtoholdtheofficeofvizier；butthisforeignconquestprecipitatedthefalloftheFatimitesthemselves；andthebloodlesschangewasaccomplishedbyamessageandaword。
Thecaliphshadbeendegradedbytheirownweaknessandthetyrannyoftheviziers:theirsubjectsblushed，whenthedescendantandsuccessoroftheprophetpresentedhisnakedhandtotherudegripeofaLatinambassador；theyweptwhenhesentthehairofhiswomen，asademblemoftheirgriefandterror，toexcitethepityofthesultanofDamascus。BythecommandofNoureddin，andthesentenceofthedoctors，theholynamesofAbubeker，Omar，andOthman，weresolemnlyrestored:thecaliphMosthadi，ofBagdad，wasacknowledgedinthepublicprayersasthetruecommanderofthefaithful；andthegreenliveryofthesonsofAliwasexchangedfortheblackcoloroftheAbbassides。
Thelastofhisrace，thecaliphAdhed，whosurvivedonlytendays，expiredinhappyignoranceofhisfate；histreasuressecuredtheloyaltyofthesoldiers，andsilencedthemurmursofthesectaries；andinallsubsequentrevolutions，EgypthasneverdepartedfromtheorthodoxtraditionoftheMoslems。^45
[Footnote41:Fromtheambassador，WilliamofTyrel。xix。c。