ScriptoresRerumFrancicarumaDuchesnetom。iv。:Nicetas，inVit。Manuel，l。i。c。4，5，6，p。41—48Cinnamusl。ii。p。41—
49。]
[Footnote10:Forthethirdcrusade，ofFredericBarbarossa，seeNicetasinIsaacAngel。l。ii。c。3—8，p。257—266。Struv。
Corpus。Hist。Germ。p。414，andtwohistorians，whoprobablywerespectators，Tagino，inScriptor。Freher。tom。i。p。406—
416，editStruv。，andtheAnonymusdeExpeditioneAsiaticaFred。
I。inCanisiiAntiq。Lection。tom。iii。p。ii。p。498—526，edit。Basnage。]
I。Oftheswarmsthatsocloselytrodinthefootstepsofthefirstpilgrims，thechiefswereequalinrank，thoughunequalinfameandmerit，toGodfreyofBouillonandhisfellow—adventurers。AttheirheadweredisplayedthebannersofthedukesofBurgundy，Bavaria，andAquitain；thefirstadescendantofHughCapet，thesecond，afatheroftheBrunswickline:thearchbishopofMilan，atemporalprince，transported，forthebenefitoftheTurks，thetreasuresandornamentsofhischurchandpalace；andtheveterancrusaders，HughtheGreatandStephenofChartres，returnedtoconsummatetheirunfinishedvow。
Thehugeanddisorderlybodiesoftheirfollowersmovedforwardintwocolumns；andifthefirstconsistedoftwohundredandsixtythousandpersons，thesecondmightpossiblyamounttosixtythousandhorseandonehundredthousandfoot。^11ThearmiesofthesecondcrusademighthaveclaimedtheconquestofAsia；
thenoblesofFranceandGermanywereanimatedbythepresenceoftheirsovereigns；andboththerankandpersonalcharacterofConradandLouisgaveadignitytotheircause，andadisciplinetotheirforce，whichmightbevainlyexpectedfromthefeudatorychiefs。Thecavalryoftheemperor，andthatoftheking，waseachcomposedofseventythousandknights，andtheirimmediateattendantsinthefield；^12andifthelight—armedtroops，thepeasantinfantry，thewomenandchildren，thepriestsandmonks，berigorouslyexcluded，thefullaccountwillscarcelybesatisfiedwithfourhundredthousandsouls。TheWest，fromRometoBritain，wascalledintoaction；thekingsofPolandandBohemiaobeyedthesummonsofConrad；anditisaffirmedbytheGreeksandLatins，that，inthepassageofastraitorriver，theByzantineagents，afterataleofninehundredthousand，desistedfromtheendlessandformidablecomputation。^13Inthethirdcrusade，astheFrenchandEnglishpreferredthenavigationoftheMediterranean，thehostofFredericBarbarossawaslessnumerous。Fifteenthousandknights，andasmanysquires，werethefloweroftheGermanchivalry:sixtythousandhorse，andonehundredthousandfoot，weremusteredbytheemperorintheplainsofHungary；andaftersuchrepetitions，weshallnolongerbestartledatthesixhundredthousandpilgrims，whichcredulityhasascribedtothislastemigration。^14Suchextravagantreckoningsproveonlytheastonishmentofcontemporaries；buttheirastonishmentmoststronglybearstestimonytotheexistenceofanenormous，thoughindefinite，multitude。TheGreeksmightapplaudtheirsuperiorknowledgeoftheartsandstratagemsofwar，buttheyconfessedthestrengthandcourageoftheFrenchcavalry，andtheinfantryoftheGermans；^15andthestrangersaredescribedasanironrace，ofgiganticstature，whodartedfirefromtheireyes，andspiltbloodlikewaterontheground。
UnderthebannersofConrad，atroopoffemalesrodeintheattitudeandarmorofmen；andthechiefoftheseAmazons，fromhergiltspursandbuskins，obtainedtheepithetoftheGolden—
footedDame。
[Footnote11:Anne，whostatestheselaterswarmsat40，000horseand100，000foot，callsthemNormans，andplacesattheirheadtwobrothersofFlanders。TheGreekswerestrangelyignorantofthenames，families，andpossessionsoftheLatinprinces。]
[Footnote*:Itwasthisarmyofpilgrims，thefirstbodyofwhichwasheadedbythearchbishopofMilanandCountAlbertofBlandras，whichsetforthonthewild，yet，withamoredisciplinedarmy，notimpolitic，enterpriseofstrikingattheheartoftheMahometanpower，byattackingthesultaninBagdad。
Fortheiradventuresandfate，seeWilken，vol。ii。p。120，&c。，Wichaud，bookiv。—M。]
[Footnote12:WilliamofTyre，andMatthewParis，reckon70，000
loricatiineachofthearmies。]
[Footnote13:TheimperfectenumerationismentionedbyCinnamus，andconfirmedbyOdodeDiogiloapudDucangeadCinnamum，withthemoreprecisesumof900，556。Whymustthereforetheversionandcommentsupposethemodestandinsufficientreckoningof90，000?DoesnotGodfreyofViterboPantheon，p。xix。inMuratori，tom。vii。p。462exclaim?
—Numerumsiposcerequaeras，Milliamillenamilitisagmenerat。]
[Footnote14:ThisextravagantaccountisgivenbyAlbertofStade，apudStruvium，p。414；mycalculationisborrowedfromGodfreyofViterbo，ArnoldofLubeck，apudeundem，andBernardThesaur。c。169，p。804。Theoriginalwritersaresilent。TheMahometansgavehim200，000，or260，000，men，Bohadin，inVit。
Saladin，p。110。]
[Footnote15:Imustobserve，that，inthesecondandthirdcrusades，thesubjectsofConradandFredericarestyledbytheGreeksandOrientalsAlamanni。TheLechiandTzechiofCinnamusarethePolesandBohemians；anditisfortheFrenchthathereservestheancientappellationofGermans。
Note:Henamesboth—M。]
II。ThenumberandcharacterofthestrangerswasanobjectofterrortotheeffeminateGreeks，andthesentimentoffearisnearlyalliedtothatofhatred。ThisaversionwassuspendedorsoftenedbytheapprehensionoftheTurkishpower；andtheinvectivesoftheLatinswillnotbiasourmorecandidbelief，thattheemperorAlexiusdissembledtheirinsolence，eludedtheirhostilities，counselledtheirrashness，andopenedtotheirardortheroadofpilgrimageandconquest。ButwhentheTurkshadbeendrivenfromNiceandthesea—coast，whentheByzantineprincesnolongerdreadedthedistantsultansofCogni，theyfeltwithpurerindignationthefreeandfrequentpassageofthewesternBarbarians，whoviolatedthemajesty，andendangeredthesafety，oftheempire。ThesecondandthirdcrusadeswereundertakenunderthereignofManuelComnenusandIsaacAngelus。Oftheformer，thepassionswerealwaysimpetuous，andoftenmalevolent；
andthenaturalunionofacowardlyandamischievoustemperwasexemplifiedinthelatter，who，withoutmeritormercy，couldpunishatyrant，andoccupyhisthrone。Itwassecretly，andperhapstacitly，resolvedbytheprinceandpeopletodestroy，oratleasttodiscourage，thepilgrims，byeveryspeciesofinjuryandoppression；andtheirwantofprudenceanddisciplinecontinuallyaffordedthepretenceortheopportunity。TheWesternmonarchshadstipulatedasafepassageandfairmarketinthecountryoftheirChristianbrethren；thetreatyhadbeenratifiedbyoathsandhostages；andthepoorestsoldierofFrederic\'sarmywasfurnishedwiththreemarksofsilvertodefrayhisexpensesontheroad。Buteveryengagementwasviolatedbytreacheryandinjustice；andthecomplaintsoftheLatinsareattestedbythehonestconfessionofaGreekhistorian，whohasdaredtoprefertruthtohiscountry。^16
Insteadofahospitablereception，thegatesofthecities，bothinEuropeandAsia，werecloselybarredagainstthecrusaders；
andthescantypittanceoffoodwasletdowninbasketsfromthewalls。Experienceorforesightmightexcusethistimidjealousy；
butthecommondutiesofhumanityprohibitedthemixtureofchalk，orotherpoisonousingredients，inthebread；andshouldManuelbeacquittedofanyfoulconnivance，heisguiltyofcoiningbasemoneyforthepurposeoftradingwiththepilgrims。
Ineverystepoftheirmarchtheywerestoppedormisled:thegovernorshadprivateorderstofortifythepassesandbreakdownthebridgesagainstthem:thestragglerswerepillagedandmurdered:thesoldiersandhorseswerepiercedinthewoodsbyarrowsfromaninvisiblehand；thesickwereburntintheirbeds；
andthedeadbodieswerehungongibbetsalongthehighways。
Theseinjuriesexasperatedthechampionsofthecross，whowerenotendowedwithevangelicalpatience；andtheByzantineprinces，whohadprovokedtheunequalconflict，promotedtheembarkationandmarchoftheseformidableguests。OnthevergeoftheTurkishfrontierBarbarossasparedtheguiltyPhiladelphia，^17
rewardedthehospitableLaodicea，anddeploredthehardnecessitythathadstainedhisswordwithanydropsofChristianblood。IntheirintercoursewiththemonarchsofGermanyandFrance，theprideoftheGreekswasexposedtoananxioustrial。TheymightboastthatonthefirstinterviewtheseatofLouiswasalowstool，besidethethroneofManuel；^18butnosoonerhadtheFrenchkingtransportedhisarmybeyondtheBosphorus，thanherefusedtheofferofasecondconference，unlesshisbrotherwouldmeethimonequalterms，eitherontheseaorland。WithConradandFrederic，theceremonialwasstillnicerandmoredifficult:likethesuccessorsofConstantine，theystyledthemselvesemperorsoftheRomans；^19andfirmlymaintainedthepurityoftheirtitleanddignity。ThefirstoftheserepresentativesofCharlemagnewouldonlyconversewithManuelonhorsebackintheopenfield；thesecond，bypassingtheHellespontratherthantheBosphorus，declinedtheviewofConstantinopleanditssovereign。Anemperor，whohadbeencrownedatRome，wasreducedintheGreekepistlestothehumbleappellationofRex，orprince，oftheAlemanni；andthevainandfeebleAngelusaffectedtobeignorantofthenameofoneofthegreatestmenandmonarchsoftheage。WhiletheyviewedwithhatredandsuspiciontheLatinpilgrimstheGreekemperorsmaintainedastrict，thoughsecret，alliancewiththeTurksandSaracens。IsaacAngeluscomplained，thatbyhisfriendshipforthegreatSaladinhehadincurredtheenmityoftheFranks；andamosquewasfoundedatConstantinopleforthepublicexerciseofthereligionofMahomet。^20
[Footnote16:Nicetaswasachildatthesecondcrusade，butinthethirdhecommandedagainsttheFrankstheimportantpostofPhilippopolis。Cinnamusisinfectedwithnationalprejudiceandpride。]
[Footnote17:TheconductofthePhiladelphiansisblamedbyNicetas，whiletheanonymousGermanaccusestherudenessofhiscountrymen，culpanostra。Historywouldbepleasant，ifwewereembarrassedonlybysuchcontradictions。ItislikewisefromNicetas，thatwelearnthepiousandhumanesorrowofFrederic。]
[Footnote18:CinnamustranslatesintoLatin。Ducangeworksveryhardtosavehiskingandcountryfromsuchignominy，surJoinville，dissertat。xxvii。p。317—320。Louisafterwardsinsistedonameetinginmariexaequo，notexequo，accordingtothelaughablereadingsofsomeMSS。]
[Footnote19:EgoRomanorumimperatorsum，illeRomaniorum，AnonymCanis。p。512。]
[Footnote20:IntheEpistlesofInnocentIII。，xiii。p。184，
andtheHistoryofBohadin，p。129，130，seetheviewsofapopeandacadhionthissingulartoleration。]
III。TheswarmsthatfollowedthefirstcrusadeweredestroyedinAnatoliabyfamine，pestilence，andtheTurkisharrows；andtheprincesonlyescapedwithsomesquadronsofhorsetoaccomplishtheirlamentablepilgrimage。Ajustopinionmaybeformedoftheirknowledgeandhumanity；oftheirknowledge，fromthedesignofsubduingPersiaandChorasanintheirwaytoJerusalem；oftheirhumanity，fromthemassacreoftheChristianpeople，afriendlycity，whocameouttomeetthemwithpalmsandcrossesintheirhands。ThearmsofConradandLouiswerelesscruelandimprudent；buttheeventofthesecondcrusadewasstillmoreruinoustoChristendom；andtheGreekManuelisaccusedbyhisownsubjectsofgivingseasonableintelligencetothesultan，andtreacherousguidestotheLatinprinces。Insteadofcrushingthecommonfoe，byadoubleattackatthesametimebutondifferentsides，theGermanswereurgedbyemulation，andtheFrenchwereretardedbyjealousy。LouishadscarcelypassedtheBosphoruswhenhewasmetbythereturningemperor，whohadlostthegreaterpartofhisarmyinglorious，butunsuccessful，actionsonthebanksoftheMaender。
ThecontrastofthepompofhisrivalhastenedtheretreatofConrad:^!thedesertionofhisindependentvassalsreducedhimtohishereditarytroops；andheborrowedsomeGreekvesselstoexecutebyseathepilgrimageofPalestine。Withoutstudyingthelessonsofexperience，orthenatureofthewar，thekingofFranceadvancedthroughthesamecountrytoasimilarfate。Thevanguard，whichboretheroyalbannerandtheoriflammeofSt。
Denys，^21haddoubledtheirmarchwithrashandinconsideratespeed；andtherear，whichthekingcommandedinperson，nolongerfoundtheircompanionsintheeveningcamp。Indarknessanddisorder，theywereencompassed，assaulted，andoverwhelmed，bytheinnumerablehostofTurks，who，intheartofwar，weresuperiortotheChristiansofthetwelfthcentury。Louis，whoclimbedatreeinthegeneraldiscomfiture，wassavedbyhisownvalorandtheignoranceofhisadversaries；andwiththedawnofdayheescapedalive，butalmostalone，tothecampofthevanguard。Butinsteadofpursuinghisexpeditionbyland，hewasrejoicedtosheltertherelicsofhisarmyinthefriendlyseaportofSatalia。FromthenceheembarkedforAntioch；butsopenuriouswasthesupplyofGreekvessels，thattheycouldonlyaffordroomforhisknightsandnobles；andtheplebeiancrowdofinfantrywaslefttoperishatthefootofthePamphylianhills。
TheemperorandthekingembracedandweptatJerusalem；theirmartialtrains，theremnantofmightyarmies，werejoinedtotheChristianpowersofSyria，andafruitlesssiegeofDamascuswasthefinaleffortofthesecondcrusade。ConradandLouisembarkedforEuropewiththepersonalfameofpietyandcourage；
buttheOrientalshadbravedthesepotentmonarchsoftheFranks，withwhosenamesandmilitaryforcestheyhadbeensooftenthreatened。^22PerhapstheyhadstillmoretofearfromtheveterangeniusofFrederictheFirst，whoinhisyouthhadservedinAsiaunderhisuncleConrad。FortycampaignsinGermanyandItalyhadtaughtBarbarossatocommand；andhissoldiers，eventheprincesoftheempire，wereaccustomedunderhisreigntoobey。AssoonashelostsightofPhiladelphiaandLaodicea，thelastcitiesoftheGreekfrontier，heplungedintothesaltandbarrendesert，alandsaysthehistorianofhorrorandtribulation。^23Duringtwentydays，everystepofhisfaintingandsicklymarchwasbesiegedbytheinnumerablehordesofTurkmans，^24whosenumbersandfuryseemedaftereachdefeattomultiplyandinflame。Theemperorcontinuedtostruggleandtosuffer；andsuchwasthemeasureofhiscalamities，thatwhenhereachedthegatesofIconium，nomorethanonethousandknightswereabletoserveonhorseback。Byasuddenandresoluteassaulthedefeatedtheguards，andstormedthecapitalofthesultan，^25whohumblysuedforpardonandpeace。Theroadwasnowopen，andFredericadvancedinacareeroftriumph，tillhewasunfortunatelydrownedinapettytorrentofCilicia。^26TheremainderofhisGermanswasconsumedbysicknessanddesertion:
andtheemperor\'ssonexpiredwiththegreatestpartofhisSwabianvassalsatthesiegeofAcre。AmongtheLatinheroes，GodfreyofBouillonandFredericBarbarossacouldaloneachievethepassageoftheLesserAsia；yeteventheirsuccesswasawarning；andinthelastandmostexperiencedageofthecrusades，everynationpreferredtheseatothetoilsandperilsofaninlandexpedition。^27
[Footnote*:ThiswasthedesignofthepilgrimsunderthearchbishopofMilan。Seenote，p。102。—M。]
[Footnote!:Conradhadadvancedwithpartofhisarmyalongacentralroad，betweenthatonthecoastandthatwhichledtoIconium。HehadbeenbetrayedbytheGreeks，hisarmydestroyedwithoutabattle。Wilken，vol。iii。p。165。Michaud，vol。ii。p。
156。ConradadvancedagainwithLouisasfarasEphesus，andfromthence，attheinvitationofManuel，returnedtoConstantinople。ItwasLouiswho，atthepassageoftheMaeandes，wasengagedina\"gloriousaction。\"Wilken，vol。iii。
p。179。Michaudvol。ii。p。160。GibbonfollowedNicetas。—M。]
[Footnote21:AscountsofVexin，thekingsofFrancewerethevassalsandadvocatesofthemonasteryofSt。Denys。Thesaint\'speculiarbanner，whichtheyreceivedfromtheabbot，wasofasquareform，andaredorflamingcolor。TheoriflammeappearedattheheadoftheFrencharmiesfromthexiithtothexvthcentury，DucangesurJoinville，Dissert。xviii。p。244—253。]
[Footnote*:Theydescendedtheheightstoabeautifulvalleywhichbybeneaththem。TheTurksseizedtheheightswhichseparatedthetwodivisionsofthearmy。ThemodernhistoriansrepresentdifferentlytheacttowhichLouisowedhissafety，whichGibbonhasdescribedbytheundignifiedphrase，\"heclimbedatree。\"AccordingtoMichaud，vol。ii。p。164，thekinggotuponarock，withhisbackagainstatree；accordingtoWilken，vol。
iii。，hedraggedhimselfuptothetopoftherockbytherootsofatree，andcontinuedtodefendhimselftillnightfall。—M。]
[Footnote22:TheoriginalFrenchhistoriesofthesecondcrusadearetheGestaLudoviciVII。publishedintheivthvolumeofDuchesne\'scollection。Thesamevolumecontainsmanyoriginallettersoftheking，ofSugerhisminister，&c。，thebestdocumentsofauthentichistory。]
[Footnote23:Terramhorrorisetsalsuginis，terramsiccamsterilem，inamoenam。Anonym。Canis。p。517。Theemphaticlanguageofasufferer。]
[Footnote24:Gensinnumera，sylvestris，indomita，praedonessineductore。ThesultanofCognimightsincerelyrejoiceintheirdefeat。Anonym。Canis。p。517，518。]
[Footnote25:See，intheanonymouswriterintheCollectionofCanisius，TaginoandBohadin，Vit。Saladin。p。119，120，theambiguousconductofKilidgeArslan，sultanofCogni，whohatedandfearedbothSaladinandFrederic。]
[Footnote26:ThedesireofcomparingtwogreatmenhastemptedmanywriterstodrownFredericintheRiverCydnus，inwhichAlexandersoimprudentlybathed，Q。Curt。l。iiic。4，5。But，fromthemarchoftheemperor，Iratherjudge，thathisSalephistheCalycadnus，astreamoflessfame，butofalongercourse。
Note:ItisnowcalledtheGirama:itscourseisdescribedinM\'DonaldKinneir\'sTravels。—M。]
[Footnote27:MarinusSanutus，A。D。1321，laysitdownasaprecept，Quodstolusecclesiaeperterramnullatenusestducenda。
Heresolves，bythedivineaid，theobjection，orratherexception，ofthefirstcrusade，SecretaFideliumCrucis，l。ii。
parsii。c。i。p。37。]
Theenthusiasmofthefirstcrusadeisanaturalandsimpleevent，whilehopewasfresh，dangeruntried，andenterprisecongenialtothespiritofthetimes。ButtheobstinateperseveranceofEuropemayindeedexciteourpityandadmiration；
thatnoinstructionshouldhavebeendrawnfromconstantandadverseexperience；thatthesameconfidenceshouldhaverepeatedlygrownfromthesamefailures；thatsixsucceedinggenerationsshouldhaverushedheadlongdowntheprecipicethatwasopenbeforethem；andthatmenofeveryconditionshouldhavestakedtheirpublicandprivatefortunesonthedesperateadventureofpossessingorrecoveringatombstonetwothousandmilesfromtheircountry。InaperiodoftwocenturiesafterthecouncilofClermont，eachspringandsummerproducedanewemigrationofpilgrimwarriorsforthedefenceoftheHolyLand；