[Footnote133:Alaterreperdue，toutfutperdu，isthevigorousexpressionoftheAssise，c。281。YetJerusalemcapitulatedwithSaladin；thequeenandtheprincipalChristiansdepartedinpeace；andacodesopreciousandsoportablecouldnotprovoketheavariceoftheconquerors。IhavesometimessuspectedtheexistenceofthisoriginalcopyoftheHolySepulchre，whichmightbeinventedtosanctifyandauthenticatethetraditionarycustomsoftheFrenchinPalestine。]
[Footnote134:Anoblelawyer，RaouldeTabarie，deniedtheprayerofKingAmauri，A。D。1195—1205，thathewouldcommithisknowledgedtowriting，andfranklydeclared，quedecequ\'ilsavoitneferoit—iljanulborjoissonpareill，nenullsagehommelettre，c。281。]
[Footnote135:Thecompilerofthiswork，Jeand\'Ibelin，wascountofJaffaandAscalon，lordofBaruthBerytusandRames，anddiedA。D。1266，Sanut，l。iii。p。ii。c。5，8。ThefamilyofIbelin，whichdescendedfromayoungerbrotherofacountofChartresinFrance，longflourishedinPalestineandCyprus，seetheLignagesdedecaMer，ord\'Outremer，c。6，attheendoftheAssisesdeJerusalem，anoriginalbook，whichrecordsthepedigreesoftheFrenchadventurers。]
[Footnote136:Bysixteencommissionerschoseninthestatesoftheisland:theworkwasfinishedthe3dofNovember，1369，sealedwithfoursealsanddepositedinthecathedralofNicosia，seetheprefacetotheAssises。]
Thejusticeandfreedomoftheconstitutionweremaintainedbytwotribunalsofunequaldignity，whichwereinstitutedbyGodfreyofBouillonaftertheconquestofJerusalem。Theking，inperson，presidedintheuppercourt，thecourtofthebarons。
OfthesethefourmostconspicuousweretheprinceofGalilee，thelordofSidonandCaesarea，andthecountsofJaffaandTripoli，who，perhapswiththeconstableandmarshal，^137wereinaspecialmannerthecompeersandjudgesofeachother。Butallthenobles，whoheldtheirlandsimmediatelyofthecrown，wereentitledandboundtoattendtheking\'scourt；andeachbaronexercisedasimilarjurisdictiononthesubordinateassembliesofhisownfeudatories。Theconnectionoflordandvassalwashonorableandvoluntary:reverencewasduetothebenefactor，protectiontothedependant；buttheymutuallypledgedtheirfaithtoeachother；andtheobligationoneithersidemightbesuspendedbyneglectordissolvedbyinjury。Thecognizanceofmarriagesandtestamentswasblendedwithreligion，andusurpedbytheclergy:butthecivilandcriminalcausesofthenobles，theinheritanceandtenureoftheirfiefs，formedtheproperoccupationofthesupremecourt。Eachmemberwasthejudgeandguardianbothofpublicandprivaterights。Itwashisdutytoassertwithhistongueandswordthelawfulclaimsofthelord；butifanunjustsuperiorpresumedtoviolatethefreedomorpropertyofavassal，theconfederatepeersstoodforthtomaintainhisquarrelbywordanddeed。Theyboldlyaffirmedhisinnocenceandhiswrongs；demandedtherestitutionofhislibertyorhislands；suspended，afterafruitlessdemand，theirownservice；rescuedtheirbrotherfromprison；andemployedeveryweaponinhisdefence，withoutofferingdirectviolencetothepersonoftheirlord，whichwaseversacredintheireyes。^138
Intheirpleadings，replies，andrejoinders，theadvocatesofthecourtweresubtleandcopious；buttheuseofargumentandevidencewasoftensupersededbyjudicialcombat；andtheAssiseofJerusalemadmitsinmanycasesthisbarbarousinstitution，whichhasbeenslowlyabolishedbythelawsandmannersofEurope。
[Footnote137:ThecautiousJohnD\'Ibelinargues，ratherthanaffirms，thatTripoliisthefourthbarony，andexpressessomedoubtconcerningtherightorpretensionoftheconstableandmarshal，c。323。]
[Footnote138:Entreseignorethommenen\'aquelafoi；……
maistantquel\'hommedoitasonseignorreverenceentouteschoses，c。206。TousleshommesduditroyaumesontparladiteAssisetenuslesunsasautres……etencellemanierequeleseignormettemainoufacemettreaucorsouaufied\'aucund\'yaussansesgardetsansconnoissansdecourt，quetouslesautresdoiventvenirdevantleseignor，&c。，212。Theformoftheirremonstrancesisconceivedwiththenoblesimplicityoffreedom。]
Thetrialbybattlewasestablishedinallcriminalcaseswhichaffectedthelife，orlimb，orhonor，ofanyperson；andinallciviltransactions，oforabovethevalueofonemarkofsilver。Itappearsthatincriminalcasesthecombatwastheprivilegeoftheaccuser，who，exceptinachargeoftreason，avengedhispersonalinjury，orthedeathofthosepersonswhomhehadarighttorepresent；butwherever，fromthenatureofthecharge，testimonycouldbeobtained，itwasnecessaryforhimtoproducewitnessesofthefact。Incivilcases，thecombatwasnotallowedasthemeansofestablishingtheclaimofthedemandant；buthewasobligedtoproducewitnesseswhohad，orassumedtohave，knowledgeofthefact。Thecombatwasthentheprivilegeofthedefendant；becausehechargedthewitnesswithanattemptbyperjurytotakeawayhisright。Hecamethereforetobeinthesamesituationastheappellantincriminalcases。
Itwasnotthenasamodeofproofthatthecombatwasreceived，norasmakingnegativeevidence，accordingtothesuppositionofMontesquieu；^139butineverycasetherighttoofferbattlewasfoundedontherighttopursuebyarmstheredressofaninjury；andthejudicialcombatwasfoughtonthesameprinciple，andwiththesamespirit，asaprivateduel。Championswereonlyallowedtowomen，andtomenmaimedorpasttheageofsixty。
Theconsequenceofadefeatwasdeathtothepersonaccused，ortothechampionorwitness，aswellastotheaccuserhimself:
butincivilcases，thedemandantwaspunishedwithinfamyandthelossofhissuit，whilehiswitnessandchampionsufferedignominiousdeath。Inmanycasesitwasintheoptionofthejudgetoawardortorefusethecombat:buttwoarespecified，inwhichitwastheinevitableresultofthechallenge；ifafaithfulvassalgavethelietohiscompeer，whounjustlyclaimedanyportionoftheirlord\'sdemesnes；orifanunsuccessfulsuitorpresumedtoimpeachthejudgmentandveracityofthecourt。Hemightimpeachthem，butthetermsweresevereandperilous:inthesamedayhesuccessivelyfoughtallthemembersofthetribunal，eventhosewhohadbeenabsent；asingledefeatwasfollowedbydeathandinfamy；andwherenonecouldhopeforvictory，itishighlyprobablethatnonewouldadventurethetrial。IntheAssiseofJerusalem，thelegalsubtletyofthecountofJaffaismorelaudablyemployedtoelude，thantofacilitate，thejudicialcombat，whichhederivesfromaprincipleofhonorratherthanofsuperstition。^140
[Footnote139:Seel\'EspritdesLoix，l。xxviii。Inthefortyyearssinceitspublication，noworkhasbeenmorereadandcriticized；andthespiritofinquirywhichithasexcitedisnottheleastofourobligationstotheauthor。]
[Footnote140:Fortheintelligenceofthisobscureandobsoletejurisprudencec。80—111Iamdeeplyindebtedtothefriendshipofalearnedlord，who，withanaccurateanddiscerningeye，hassurveyedthephilosophichistoryoflaw。Byhisstudies，posteritymightbeenriched:themeritoftheoratorandthejudgecanbefeltonlybyhiscontemporaries。]
Amongthecauseswhichenfranchisedtheplebeiansfromtheyokeoffeudaltyranny，theinstitutionofcitiesandcorporationsisoneofthemostpowerful；andifthoseofPalestinearecoevalwiththefirstcrusade，theymayberankedwiththemostancientoftheLatinworld。Manyofthepilgrimshadescapedfromtheirlordsunderthebannerofthecross；anditwasthepolicyoftheFrenchprincestotempttheirstaybytheassuranceoftherightsandprivilegesoffreemen。ItisexpresslydeclaredintheAssiseofJerusalem，thatafterinstituting，forhisknightsandbarons，thecourtofpeers，inwhichhepresidedhimself，GodfreyofBouillonestablishedasecondtribunal，inwhichhispersonwasrepresentedbyhisviscount。Thejurisdictionofthisinferiorcourtextendedovertheburgessesofthekingdom；anditwascomposedofaselectnumberofthemostdiscreetandworthycitizens，whoweresworntojudge，accordingtothelawsoftheactionsandfortunesoftheirequals。^141Intheconquestandsettlementofnewcities，theexampleofJerusalemwasimitatedbythekingsandtheirgreatvassals；andabovethirtysimilarcorporationswerefoundedbeforethelossoftheHolyLand。Anotherclassofsubjects，theSyrians，^142orOrientalChristians，wereoppressedbythezealoftheclergy，andprotectedbythetolerationofthestate。
Godfreylistenedtotheirreasonableprayer，thattheymightbejudgedbytheirownnationallaws。Athirdcourtwasinstitutedfortheiruse，oflimitedanddomesticjurisdiction:theswornmemberswereSyrians，inblood，language，andreligion；buttheofficeofthepresidentinArabic，oftheraiswassometimesexercisedbytheviscountofthecity。Atanimmeasurabledistancebelowthenobles，theburgesses，andthestrangers，theAssiseofJerusalemcondescendstomentionthevillainsandslaves，thepeasantsofthelandandthecaptivesofwar，whowerealmostequallyconsideredastheobjectsofproperty。Therelieforprotectionoftheseunhappymenwasnotesteemedworthyofthecareofthelegislator；buthediligentlyprovidesfortherecovery，thoughnotindeedforthepunishment，ofthefugitives。
Likehounds，orhawks，whohadstrayedfromthelawfulowner，theymightbelostandclaimed:theslaveandfalconwereofthesamevalue；butthreeslaves，ortwelveoxen，wereaccumulatedtoequalthepriceofthewar—horse；andasumofthreehundredpiecesofgoldwasfixed，intheageofchivalry，astheequivalentofthemorenobleanimal。^143
[Footnote141:LouisleGros，whoisconsideredasthefatherofthisinstitutioninFrance，didnotbeginhisreigntillnineyearsA。D。1108afterGodfreyofBouillon，Assises，c。2，324。Foritsoriginandeffects，seethejudiciousremarksofDr。Robertson，HistoryofCharlesV。vol。i。p。30—36，251—
265，quartoedition。]
[Footnote142:EveryreaderconversantwiththehistoriansofthecrusadeswillunderstandbythepeupledesSuriens，theOrientalChristians，Melchites，Jacobites，orNestorians，whohadalladoptedtheuseoftheArabiclanguage，vol。iv。p。593。]
[Footnote143:SeetheAssisesdeJerusalem，310，311，312。
Theselawswereenactedaslateastheyear1350，inthekingdomofCyprus。Inthesamecentury，inthereignofEdwardI。，I
understand，fromalatepublication，ofhisBookofAccount，
thatthepriceofawar—horsewasnotlessexorbitantinEngland。]
EndHistoryOfTheDeclineAndFallOfTheRomanEmpireEdwardGibbon，Esq。
WithnotesbytheRev。H。H。MilmanVol。6
ChapterLIX:TheCrusades。
PartI。
PreservationOfTheGreekEmpire。—Numbers，Passage，AndEvent，OfTheSecondAndThirdCrusades。—St。Bernard。—ReignOfSaladinInEgyptAndSyria。—HisConquestOfJerusalem。—
NavalCrusades。—RichardTheFirstOfEngland。—PopeInnocentTheThird；AndTheFourthAndFifthCrusades。—TheEmperorFredericTheSecond。—LouisTheNinthOfFrance；AndTheTwoLastCrusades。—ExpulsionOfTheLatinsOrFranksByTheMamelukes。
Inastylelessgravethanthatofhistory，IshouldperhapscomparetheemperorAlexius^1tothejackal，whoissaidtofollowthesteps，andtodevourtheleavings，ofthelion。
Whateverhadbeenhisfearsandtoilsinthepassageofthefirstcrusade，theywereamplyrecompensedbythesubsequentbenefitswhichhederivedfromtheexploitsoftheFranks。HisdexterityandvigilancesecuredtheirfirstconquestofNice；andfromthisthreateningstationtheTurkswerecompelledtoevacuatetheneighborhoodofConstantinople。Whilethecrusaders，withblindvalor，advancedintothemidlandcountriesofAsia，thecraftyGreekimprovedthefavorableoccasionwhentheemirsofthesea—coastwererecalledtothestandardofthesultan。TheTurksweredrivenfromtheIslesofRhodesandChios:thecitiesofEphesuandSmyrna，ofSardes，Philadelphia，andLaodicea，wererestoredtotheempire，whichAlexiusenlargedfromtheHellesponttothebanksoftheMaeander，andtherockyshoresofPamphylia。Thechurchesresumedtheirsplendor:thetownswererebuiltandfortified；andthedesertcountrywaspeopledwithcoloniesofChristians，whoweregentlyremovedfromthemoredistantanddangerousfrontier。Inthesepaternalcares，wemayforgiveAlexius，ifheforgotthedeliveranceoftheholysepulchre；but，bytheLatins，hewasstigmatizedwiththefoulreproachoftreasonanddesertion。Theyhadswornfidelityandobediencetohisthrone；buthehadpromisedtoassisttheirenterpriseinperson，or，atleast，withhistroopsandtreasures:hisbaseretreatdissolvedtheirobligations；andthesword，whichhadbeentheinstrumentoftheirvictory，wasthepledgeandtitleoftheirjustindependence。ItdoesnotappearthattheemperorattemptedtorevivehisobsoleteclaimsoverthekingdomofJerusalem；^2butthebordersofCiliciaandSyriaweremorerecentinhispossession，andmoreaccessibletohisarms。Thegreatarmyofthecrusaderswasannihilatedordispersed；theprincipalityofAntiochwasleftwithoutahead，bythesurpriseandcaptivityofBohemond；hisransomhadoppressedhimwithaheavydebt；andhisNormanfollowerswereinsufficienttorepelthehostilitiesoftheGreeksandTurks。Inthisdistress，Bohemondembracedamagnanimousresolution，ofleavingthedefenceofAntiochtohiskinsman，thefaithfulTancred；ofarmingtheWestagainsttheByzantineempire；andofexecutingthedesignwhichheinheritedfromthelessonsandexampleofhisfatherGuiscard。Hisembarkationwasclandestine:
and，ifwemaycreditataleoftheprincessAnne，hepassedthehostileseacloselysecretedinacoffin。^3ButhisreceptioninFrancewasdignifiedbythepublicapplause，andhismarriagewiththeking\'sdaughter:hisreturnwasglorious，sincethebravestspiritsoftheageenlistedunderhisveterancommand；
andherepassedtheAdriaticattheheadoffivethousandhorseandfortythousandfoot，assembledfromthemostremoteclimatesofEurope。^4ThestrengthofDurazzo，andprudenceofAlexius，theprogressoffamineandapproachofwinter，eludedhisambitioushopes；andthevenalconfederateswereseducedfromhisstandard。Atreatyofpeace^5suspendedthefearsoftheGreeks；
andtheywerefinallydeliveredbythedeathofanadversary，whomneitheroathscouldbind，nordangerscouldappal，norprosperitycouldsatiate。HischildrensucceededtotheprincipalityofAntioch；buttheboundarieswerestrictlydefined，thehomagewasclearlystipulated，andthecitiesofTarsusandMalmistrawererestoredtotheByzantineemperors。OfthecoastofAnatolia，theypossessedtheentirecircuitfromTrebizondtotheSyriangates。TheSeljukiandynastyofRoum^6
wasseparatedonallsidesfromtheseaandtheirMussulmanbrethren；thepowerofthesultanwasshakenbythevictoriesandeventhedefeatsoftheFranks；andafterthelossofNice，theyremovedtheirthronetoCogniorIconium，anobscureandinlandtownabovethreehundredmilesfromConstantinople。^7Insteadoftremblingfortheircapital，theComnenianprinceswagedanoffensivewaragainsttheTurks，andthefirstcrusadepreventedthefallofthedecliningempire。
[Footnote1:AnnaComnenarelatesherfather\'sconquestsinAsiaMinorAlexiad，l。xi。p。321—325，l。xiv。p。419；hisCilicianwaragainstTancredandBohemond，p。328—324；thewarofEpirus，withtediousprolixity，l。xii。xiii。p。345—406；thedeathofBohemond，l。xiv。p。419。]
[Footnote2:ThekingsofJerusalemsubmitted，however，toanominaldependence，andinthedatesoftheirinscriptions，oneisstilllegibleinthechurchofBethlem，theyrespectfullyplacedbeforetheirownthenameofthereigningemperor，Ducange，DissertationssurJoinvillexxvii。p。319。]
[Footnote3:AnnaComnenaadds，that，tocompletetheimitation，hewasshutupwithadeadcock；andcondescendstowonderhowtheBarbariancouldenduretheconfinementandputrefaction。
ThisabsurdtaleisunknowntotheLatins。
Note:TheGreekwriters，ingeneral，Zonaras，p。2，303，andGlycas，p。334agreeinthisstorywiththeprincessAnne，exceptintheabsurdadditionofthedeadcock。DucangehasalreadyquotedsomeinstanceswhereasimilarstratagemhadbeenadoptedbyNormanprinces。OnthisauthorityWilkerinclinestobelievethefact。Appendixtovol。ii。p。14。—M。]
[Footnote4:IntheByzantinegeography，mustmeanEngland；yetwearemorecrediblyinformed，thatourHenryI。wouldnotsufferhimtolevyanytroopsinhiskingdom，Ducange，Not。adAlexiad。p。41。]
[Footnote5:ThecopyofthetreatyAlexiad。l。xiii。p。406—
416isanoriginalandcuriouspiece，whichwouldrequire，andmightafford，agoodmapoftheprincipalityofAntioch。]
[Footnote6:See，inthelearnedworkofM。DeGuignes，tom。ii。
partii。，thehistoryoftheSeljukiansofIconium，Aleppo，andDamascus，asfarasitmaybecollectedfromtheGreeks，Latins，andArabians。ThelastareignorantorregardlessoftheaffairsofRoum。]
[Footnote7:IconiumismentionedasastationbyXenophon，andbyStrabo，withanambiguoustitle，Cellarius，tom。ii。p。121。
YetSt。PaulfoundinthatplaceamultitudeofJewsandGentiles。underthecorruptnameofKunijah，itisdescribedasagreatcity，withariverandgarden，threeleaguesfromthemountains，anddecoratedIknownotwhywithPlato\'stomb，Abulfeda，tabul。xvii。p。303vers。Reiske；andtheIndexGeographicusofSchulrensfromIbnSaid。]
Inthetwelfthcentury，threegreatemigrationsmarchedbylandfromtheWestforthereliefofPalestine。ThesoldiersandpilgrimsofLombardy，France，andGermanywereexcitedbytheexampleandsuccessofthefirstcrusade。^8Forty—eightyearsafterthedeliveranceoftheholysepulchre，theemperor，andtheFrenchking，ConradtheThirdandLouistheSeventh，undertookthesecondcrusadetosupportthefallingfortunesoftheLatins。
^9AgranddivisionofthethirdcrusadewasledbytheemperorFredericBarbarossa，^10whosympathizedwithhisbrothersofFranceandEnglandinthecommonlossofJerusalem。Thesethreeexpeditionsmaybecomparedintheirresemblanceofthegreatnessofnumbers，theirpassagethroughtheGreekempire，andthenatureandeventoftheirTurkishwarfare，andabriefparallelmaysavetherepetitionofatediousnarrative。Howeversplendiditmayseem，aregularstoryofthecrusadeswouldexhibittheperpetualreturnofthesamecausesandeffects；andthefrequentattemptsforthedefenceorrecoveryoftheHolyLandwouldappearsomanyfaintandunsuccessfulcopiesoftheoriginal。
[Footnote8:Forthissupplementtothefirstcrusade，seeAnnaComnena，Alexias，l。xi。p。331，&c。，andtheviiithbookofAlbertAquensis。]
[Footnote9:Forthesecondcrusade，ofConradIII。andLouisVII。，seeWilliamofTyre，l。xvi。c。18—19，OthoofFrisingen，l。i。c。34—4559，60，MatthewParis，Hist。
Major。p。68，Struvius，CorpusHistGermanicae，p。372，373，