yetwemaypraisethemoreselfishlenityofRaymond，whograntedacapitulationandsafe—conducttothegarrisonofthecitadel。
^111Theholysepulchrewasnowfree；andthebloodyvictorspreparedtoaccomplishtheirvow。Bareheadedandbarefoot，withcontritehearts，andinanhumbleposture，theyascendedthehillofCalvary，amidsttheloudanthemsoftheclergy；kissedthestonewhichhadcoveredtheSavioroftheworld；andbedewedwithtearsofjoyandpenitencethemonumentoftheirredemption。
Thisunionofthefiercestandmosttenderpassionshasbeenvariouslyconsideredbytwophilosophers；bytheone，^112aseasyandnatural；bytheother，^113asabsurdandincredible。
Perhapsitistoorigorouslyappliedtothesamepersonsandthesamehour；theexampleofthevirtuousGodfreyawakenedthepietyofhiscompanions；whiletheycleansedtheirbodies，theypurifiedtheirminds；norshallIbelievethatthemostardentinslaughterandrapineweretheforemostintheprocessiontotheholysepulchre。
[Footnote105:SeethemasterlydescriptionofTacitus，Hist。v。
11，12，13，whosupposesthattheJewishlawgivershadprovidedforaperpetualstateofhostilityagainsttherestofmankind。
Note:ThisisanexaggeratedinferencefromthewordsofTacitus，whospeaksofthefoundersofthecity，notthelawgivers。Praeviderantconditores，exdiversitatemorum，crebrabella；indecunctaquamvisadversusloagumobsidium。—M。]
[Footnote106:ThelivelyscepticismofVoltaireisbalancedwithsenseanderuditionbytheFrenchauthoroftheEspritdesCroisades，tom。iv。p。386—388，whoobserves，that，accordingtotheArabians，theinhabitantsofJerusalemmusthaveexceeded200，000；thatinthesiegeofTitus，Josephuscollects1，300，000
Jews；thattheyarestatedbyTacitushimselfat600，000；andthatthelargestdefalcation，thathisaccepimuscanjustify，willstillleavethemmorenumerousthantheRomanarmy。]
[Footnote107:Maundrell，whodiligentlyperambulatedthewalls，foundacircuitof4630paces，or4167Englishyards，p。109，110:fromanauthenticplan，D\'Anvilleconcludesameasurenearlysimilar，of1960Frenchtoises，p。23—29，inhisscarceandvaluabletract。ForthetopographyofJerusalem，seeReland，Palestina，tom。ii。p。832—860。]
[Footnote108:JerusalemwaspossessedonlyofthetorrentofKedron，dryinsummer，andofthelittlespringorbrookofSiloe，Reland，tom。i。p。294，300。Bothstrangersandnativescomplainofthewantofwater，which，intimeofwar，wasstudiouslyaggravated。Withinthecity，Tacitusmentionsaperennialfountain，anaqueductandcisternsforrainwater。TheaqueductwasconveyedfromtherivuletTekosorEtham，whichislikewisementionedbyBohadin，inVit。Saludiop。238。]
[Footnote109:GierusalommeLiberata，cantoxiii。ItispleasantenoughtoobservehowTassohascopiedandembellishedtheminutestdetailsofthesiege。]
[Footnote*:ThisdoesnotappearbyWilken\'saccount，p。294。
TheyfoughtinvairthewholeoftheThursday。—M。]
[Footnote110:BesidestheLatins，whoarenotashamedofthemassacre，seeElmacin，Hist。Saracen。p。363，Abulpharagius，Dynast。p。243，andM。DeGuignes，tom。ii。p。ii。p。99，fromAboulmahasen。]
[Footnote111:TheoldtowerPsephina，inthemiddleagesNeblosa，wasnamedCastellumPisanum，fromthepatriarchDaimbert。Itisstillthecitadel，theresidenceoftheTurkishaga，andcommandsaprospectoftheDeadSea，Judea，andArabia，D\'Anville，p。19—23。ItwaslikewisecalledtheTowerofDavid。]
[Footnote112:Hume，inhisHistoryofEngland，vol。i。p。311，312，octavoedition。]
[Footnote113:Voltaire，inhisEssaisurl\'HistoireGenerale，tomii。c。54，p345，346]
Eightdaysafterthismemorableevent，whichPopeUrbandidnotlivetohear，theLatinchiefsproceededtotheelectionofaking，toguardandgoverntheirconquestsinPalestine。HughtheGreat，andStephenofChartres，hadretiredwithsomelossofreputation，whichtheystrovetoregainbyasecondcrusadeandanhonorabledeath。BaldwinwasestablishedatEdessa，andBohemondatAntioch；andtwoRoberts，thedukeofNormandy^114
andthecountofFlanders，preferredtheirfairinheritanceintheWesttoadoubtfulcompetitionorabarrensceptre。ThejealousyandambitionofRaymondwerecondemnedbyhisownfollowers，andthefree，thejust，theunanimousvoiceofthearmyproclaimedGodfreyofBouillonthefirstandmostworthyofthechampionsofChristendom。Hismagnanimityacceptedatrustasfullofdangerasofglory；butinacitywherehisSaviorhadbeencrownedwiththorns，thedevoutpilgrimrejectedthenameandensignsofroyalty；andthefounderofthekingdomofJerusalemcontentedhimselfwiththemodesttitleofDefenderandBaronoftheHolySepulchre。Hisgovernmentofasingleyear，^115tooshortforthepublichappiness，wasinterruptedinthefirstfortnightbyasummonstothefield，bytheapproachofthevizierorsultanofEgypt，whohadbeentooslowtoprevent，butwhowasimpatienttoavenge，thelossofJerusalem。HistotaloverthrowinthebattleofAscalonsealedtheestablishmentoftheLatinsinSyria，andsignalizedthevaloroftheFrenchprinceswhointhisactionbadealongfarewelltotheholywars。
Someglorymightbederivedfromtheprodigiousinequalityofnumbers，thoughIshallnotcountthemyriadsofhorseandfootonthesideoftheFatimites；but，exceptthreethousandEthiopiansorBlacks，whowerearmedwithflailsorscourgesofiron，theBarbariansoftheSouthfledonthefirstonset，andaffordedapleasingcomparisonbetweentheactivevaloroftheTurksandtheslothandeffeminacyofthenativesofEgypt。
Aftersuspendingbeforetheholysepulchretheswordandstandardofthesultan，thenewkinghedeservesthetitleembracedhisdepartingcompanions，andcouldretainonlywiththegallantTancredthreehundredknights，andtwothousandfoot—soldiersforthedefenceofPalestine。Hissovereigntywassoonattackedbyanewenemy，theonlyoneagainstwhomGodfreywasacoward。
Adhemar，bishopofPuy，whoexcelledbothincouncilandaction，hadbeensweptawayinthelastplagueatAntioch:theremainingecclesiasticspreservedonlytheprideandavariceoftheircharacter；andtheirseditiousclamorshadrequiredthatthechoiceofabishopshouldprecedethatofaking。TherevenueandjurisdictionofthelawfulpatriarchwereusurpedbytheLatinclergy:theexclusionoftheGreeksandSyrianswasjustifiedbythereproachofheresyorschism；^116and，undertheironyokeoftheirdeliverers，theOrientalChristiansregrettedthetoleratinggovernmentoftheArabiancaliphs。
Daimbert，archbishopofPisa，hadlongbeentrainedinthesecretpolicyofRome:hebroughtafleetathiscountrymentothesuccoroftheHolyLand，andwasinstalled，withoutacompetitor，thespiritualandtemporalheadofthechurch。Thenewpatriarch^117immediatelygraspedthesceptrewhichhadbeenacquiredbythetoilandbloodofthevictoriouspilgrims；andbothGodfreyandBohemondsubmittedtoreceiveathishandstheinvestitureoftheirfeudalpossessions。Norwasthissufficient；
DaimbertclaimedtheimmediatepropertyofJerusalemandJaffa；
insteadofafirmandgenerousrefusal，theheronegotiatedwiththepriest；aquarterofeithercitywascededtothechurch；andthemodestbishopwassatisfiedwithaneventualreversionoftherest，onthedeathofGodfreywithoutchildren，oronthefutureacquisitionofanewseatatCairoorDamascus。
[Footnote114:TheEnglishascribetoRobertofNormandy，andtheProvincialstoRaymondofTholouse，thegloryofrefusingthecrown；butthehonestvoiceoftraditionhaspreservedthememoryoftheambitionandrevengeVillehardouin，No。136ofthecountofSt。Giles。HediedatthesiegeofTripoli，whichwaspossessedbyhisdescendants。]
[Footnote115:Seetheelection，thebattleofAscalon，&c。，inWilliamofTyrel。ix。c。1—12，andintheconclusionoftheLatinhistoriansofthefirstcrusade。]
[Footnote*:20，000Franks，300，000Mussulmen，accordingtoWilken，vol。ii。p。9—M。]
[Footnote116:Renaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。479。]
[Footnote*:Arnulfwasfirstchosen，butillegitimately，anddegraded。HewaseverafterthesecretenemyofDaimbertorDagobert。Wilken，vol。i。p。306，vol。ii。p。52。—M]
[Footnote117:SeetheclaimsofthepatriarchDaimbert，inWilliamofTyrel。ix。c。15—18，x。4，7，9，whoassertswithmarvellouscandortheindependenceoftheconquerorsandkingsofJerusalem。]
Withoutthisindulgence，theconquerorwouldhavealmostbeenstrippedofhisinfantkingdom，whichconsistedonlyofJerusalemandJaffa，withabouttwentyvillagesandtownsoftheadjacentcountry。^118Withinthisnarrowverge，theMahometanswerestilllodgedinsomeimpregnablecastles:andthehusbandman，thetrader，andthepilgrim，wereexposedtodailyanddomestichostility。BythearmsofGodfreyhimself，andofthetwoBaldwins，hisbrotherandcousin，whosucceededtothethrone，theLatinsbreathedwithmoreeaseandsafety；andatlengththeyequalled，intheextentoftheirdominions，thoughnotinthemillionsoftheirsubjects，theancientprincesofJudahandIsrael。^119AfterthereductionofthemaritimecitiesofLaodicea，Tripoli，Tyre，andAscalon，^120whichwerepowerfullyassistedbythefleetsofVenice，Genoa，andPisa，andevenofFlandersandNorway，^121therangeofsea—coastfromScanderoontothebordersofEgyptwaspossessedbytheChristianpilgrims。IftheprinceofAntiochdisclaimedhissupremacy，thecountsofEdessaandTripoliownedthemselvesthevassalsofthekingofJerusalem:theLatinsreignedbeyondtheEuphrates；andthefourcitiesofHems，Hamah，Damascus，andAleppo，weretheonlyrelicsoftheMahometanconquestsinSyria。^122Thelawsandlanguage，themannersandtitles，oftheFrenchnationandLatinchurch，wereintroducedintothesetransmarinecolonies。
Accordingtothefeudaljurisprudence，theprincipalstatesandsubordinatebaroniesdescendedinthelineofmaleandfemalesuccession:^123butthechildrenofthefirstconquerors，^124amotleyanddegeneraterace，weredissolvedbytheluxuryoftheclimate；thearrivalofnewcrusadersfromEuropewasadoubtfulhopeandacasualevent。Theserviceofthefeudaltenures^125
wasperformedbysixhundredandsixty—sixknights，whomightexpecttheaidoftwohundredmoreunderthebannerofthecountofTripoli；andeachknightwasattendedtothefieldbyfoursquiresorarchersonhorseback。^126Fivethousandandseventysergeants，mostprobablyfoot—soldiers，weresuppliedbythechurchesandcities；andthewholelegalmilitiaofthekingdomcouldnotexceedeleventhousandmen，aslenderdefenceagainstthesurroundingmyriadsofSaracensandTurks。^127ButthefirmestbulwarkofJerusalemwasfoundedontheknightsoftheHospitalofSt。John，^128andofthetempleofSolomon；^129onthestrangeassociationofamonasticandmilitarylife，whichfanaticismmightsuggest，butwhichpolicymustapprove。TheflowerofthenobilityofEuropeaspiredtowearthecross，andtoprofessthevows，oftheserespectableorders；theirspiritanddisciplinewereimmortal；andthespeedydonationoftwenty—eightthousandfarms，ormanors，^130enabledthemtosupportaregularforceofcavalryandinfantryforthedefenceofPalestine。Theausterityoftheconventsoonevaporatedintheexerciseofarms；theworldwasscandalizedbythepride，avarice，andcorruptionoftheseChristiansoldiers；theirclaimsofimmunityandjurisdictiondisturbedtheharmonyofthechurchandstate；andthepublicpeacewasendangeredbytheirjealousemulation。Butintheirmostdissoluteperiod，theknightsoftheirhospitalandtemplemaintainedtheirfearlessandfanaticcharacter:theyneglectedtolive，buttheywerepreparedtodie，intheserviceofChrist；andthespiritofchivalry，theparentandoffspringofthecrusades，hasbeentransplantedbythisinstitutionfromtheholysepulchretotheIsleofMalta。^131
[Footnote118:Willerm。Tyr。l。x。19。TheHistoriaHierosolimitanaofJacobusaVitriacol。i。c。21—50andtheSecretaFideliumCrucisofMarinusSanutusl。iii。p。1
describethestateandconquestsoftheLatinkingdomofJerusalem。]
[Footnote119:Anactualmuster，notincludingthetribesofLeviandBenjamin，gaveDavidanarmyof1，300，000or1，574，000
fightingmen；which，withtheadditionofwomen，children，andslaves，mayimplyapopulationofthirteenmillions，inacountrysixtyleaguesinlength，andthirtybroad。ThehonestandrationalLeClercCommenton2dSamuelxxiv。and1stChronicles，xxi。aestuatangustoinlimite，andmuttershissuspicionofafalsetranscript；adangeroussuspicion!
Note:Daviddeterminedtotakeacensusofhisvastdominions，whichextendedfromLebanontothefrontiersofEgypt，fromtheEuphratestotheMediterranean。Thenumbersin2Sam。
xxiv。9，and1Chron。xxi。5differ；butthelowestgives800，000menfittobeararmsinIsrael，500，000inJudah。Hist。
ofJews，vol。i。p。248。Gibbonhastakenthehighestcensusinhisestimateofthepopulation，andconfinedthedominionsofDavidtoJordandicPalestine。—M。]
[Footnote120:Thesesiegesarerelated，eachinitsproperplace，inthegreathistoryofWilliamofTyre，fromtheixthtothexviiithbook，andmorebrieflytoldbyBernardusThesaurarius，deAcquisitioneTerraeSanctae，c。89—98，p。732
—740。SomedomesticfactsarecelebratedintheChroniclesofPisa，Genoa，andVenice，inthevith，ixth，andxiithtomesofMuratori。]
[Footnote121:Quidampopulusdeinsulisoccidentisegressus，etmaximedeeapartequaeNorvegiadicitur。WilliamofTyrel。
xi。c。14，p。804markstheircourseperBritannicumMareetCalpentothesiegeofSidon。]
[Footnote122:Benelathir，apudDeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。
ii。partii。p。150，151，A。D。1127。Hemustspeakoftheinlandcountry。]
[Footnote123:Sanutverysensiblydescantsonthemischiefsoffemalesuccession，inalandhostibuscircumdata，ubicunctaviriliaetvirtuosaessedeberent。Yet，atthesummons，andwiththeapprobation，ofherfeudallord，anobledamselwasobligedtochooseahusbandandchampion，AssisesdeJerusalem，c。242，&c。SeeinM。DeGuignestom。i。p。441—471theaccurateandusefultablesofthesedynasties，whicharechieflydrawnfromtheLignagesd\'Outremer。]
[Footnote124:TheywerecalledbyderisionPoullains，Pallani，andtheirnameisneverpronouncedwithoutcontempt，Ducange，Gloss。Latin。tom。v。p。535；andObservationssurJoinville，p。
84，85；Jacob。aVitriacoHist。Hierosol。i。c。67，72；andSanut，l。iii。p。viii。c。2，p。182。Illustriumvirorum，quiadTerraeSanctae……liberationeminipsamanserunt，degeneresfilii……indeliciisenutriti，molleseteffoeminati，&c。]
[Footnote125:ThisauthenticdetailisextractedfromtheAssisesdeJerusalemc。324，326—331。Sanutl。iii。p。viii。
c。1，p。174reckonsonly518knights，and5775followers。]
[Footnote126:Thesumtotal，andthedivision，ascertaintheserviceofthethreegreatbaroniesat100knightseach；andthetextoftheAssises，whichextendsthenumberto500，canonlybejustifiedbythissupposition。]
[Footnote127:YetongreatemergenciessaysSanutthebaronsbroughtavoluntaryaid；decentemcomitivammilitumjuxtastatumsuum。]
[Footnote128:WilliamofTyrel。xviii。c。3，4，5relatestheignobleoriginandearlyinsolenceoftheHospitallers，whosoondesertedtheirhumblepatron，St。JohntheEleemosynary，forthemoreaugustcharacterofSt。JohntheBaptist，seetheineffectualstrugglesofPagi，Critica，A。D1099，No。14—18。
Theyassumedtheprofessionofarmsabouttheyear1120；theHospitalwasmater；theTemplefilia；theTeutonicorderwasfoundedA。D。1190，atthesiegeofAcre，MosheimInstitutp。
389，390。]
[Footnote129:SeeSt。BernarddeLaudeNovaeMilitiaeTempli，composedA。D。1132—1136，inOpp。tom。i。p。ii。p。547—563，edit。Mabillon，Venet。1750。Suchanencomium，whichisthrownawayonthedeadTemplars，wouldbehighlyvaluedbythehistoriansofMalta。]
[Footnote130:MatthewParis，Hist。Major，p。544。HeassignstotheHospitallers19，000，totheTemplars9，000maneria，wordofmuchhigherimportasDucangehasrightlyobservedintheEnglishthanintheFrenchidiom。Manorisalordship，manoiradwelling。]
[Footnote131:InthethreefirstbooksoftheHistoiredeChevaliersdeMaltheparl\'AbbedeVertot，thereadermayamusehimselfwithafair，andsometimesflattering，pictureoftheorder，whileitwasemployedforthedefenceofPalestine。ThesubsequentbookspursuetheiremigrationtoRhodesandMalta。]
Thespiritoffreedom，whichpervadesthefeudalinstitutions，wasfeltinitsstrongestenergybythevolunteersofthecross，whoelectedfortheirchiefthemostdeservingofhispeers。AmidsttheslavesofAsia，unconsciousofthelessonorexample，amodelofpoliticallibertywasintroduced；andthelawsoftheFrenchkingdomarederivedfromthepurestsourceofequalityandjustice。Ofsuchlaws，thefirstandindispensableconditionistheassentofthosewhoseobediencetheyrequire，andforwhosebenefittheyaredesigned。NosoonerhadGodfreyofBouillonacceptedtheofficeofsuprememagistrate，thanhesolicitedthepublicandprivateadviceoftheLatinpilgrims，whowerethebestskilledinthestatutesandcustomsofEurope。
Fromthesematerials，withthecounselandapprobationofthepatriarchandbarons，oftheclergyandlaity，GodfreycomposedtheAssiseofJerusalem，^132apreciousmonumentoffeudaljurisprudence。Thenewcode，attestedbythesealsoftheking，thepatriarch，andtheviscountofJerusalem，wasdepositedintheholysepulchre，enrichedwiththeimprovementsofsucceedingtimes，andrespectfullyconsultedasoftenasanydoubtfulquestionaroseinthetribunalsofPalestine。Withthekingdomandcityallwaslost:^133thefragmentsofthewrittenlawwerepreservedbyjealoustradition^134andvariablepracticetillthemiddleofthethirteenthcentury:thecodewasrestoredbythepenofJohnd\'Ibelin，countofJaffa，oneoftheprincipalfeudatories；^135andthefinalrevisionwasaccomplishedintheyearthirteenhundredandsixty—nine，fortheuseoftheLatinkingdomofCyprus。^136
[Footnote132:TheAssisesdeJerusalem，inoldlawFrench，wereprintedwithBeaumanoir\'sCoutumesdeBeauvoisis，BourgesandParis，1690，infolio，andillustratedbyGaspardThaumasdelaThaumassiere，withacommentandglossary。AnItalianversionhadbeenpublishedin1534，atVenice，fortheuseofthekingdomofCyprus。
Note:SeeWilken，vol。i。p。17，&c。，—M。]