[Footnote95:Seethetragicandscandalousfateofanarchdeaconofroyalbirth，whowasslainbytheTurksashereposedinanorchard，playingatdicewithaSyrianconcubine。]
[Footnote96:Thevalueofanoxrosefromfivesolidi，fifteenshillings，atChristmastotwomarks，fourpounds，andafterwardsmuchhigher；akidorlamb，fromoneshillingtoeighteenofourpresentmoney:inthesecondfamine，aloafofbread，ortheheadofananimal，soldforapieceofgold。Moreexamplesmightbeproduced；butitistheordinary，nottheextraordinary，prices，thatdeservethenoticeofthephilosopher。]
[Footnote97:Allimulti，quorumnominanontenemus；quia，deletadelibrovitae，praesentioperinonsuntinserenda，Will。Tyr。
l。vi。c。5，p。715。Guibertp。518，523attemptstoexcuseHughtheGreat，andevenStephenofChartres。]
[Footnote*:Peterfellduringthesiege:hewentafterwardsonanembassytoKerbogaWilken。vol。i。p。217。—M。]
[Footnote98:Seetheprogressofthecrusade，theretreatofAlexius，thevictoryofAntioch，andtheconquestofJerusalem，intheAlexiad，l。xi。p。317—327。Annawassopronetoexaggeration，thatshemagnifiestheexploitsoftheLatins。]
Fortheirsalvationandvictory，theywereindebtedtothesamefanaticismwhichhadledthemtothebrinkofruin。Insuchacause，andinsuchanarmy，visions，prophecies，andmiracles，werefrequentandfamiliar。InthedistressofAntioch，theywererepeatedwithunusualenergyandsuccess:St。Ambrosehadassuredapiousecclesiastic，thattwoyearsoftrialmustprecedetheseasonofdeliveranceandgrace；thedeserterswerestoppedbythepresenceandreproachesofChristhimself；thedeadhadpromisedtoariseandcombatwiththeirbrethren；theVirginhadobtainedthepardonoftheirsins；andtheirconfidencewasrevivedbyavisiblesign，theseasonableandsplendiddiscoveryoftheHolyLance。Thepolicyoftheirchiefshasonthisoccasionbeenadmired，andmightsurelybeexcused；butapiousbaudisseldomproducedbythecoolconspiracyofmanypersons；
andavoluntaryimpostormightdependonthesupportofthewiseandthecredulityofthepeople。OfthedioceseofMarseilles，therewasapriestoflowcunningandloosemanners，andhisnamewasPeterBartholemy。Hepresentedhimselfatthedoorofthecouncil—chamber，todiscloseanapparitionofSt。Andrew，whichhadbeenthricereiteratedinhissleepwithadreadfulmenace，ifhepresumedtosuppressthecommandsofHeaven。\"AtAntioch，\"
saidtheapostle，\"inthechurchofmybrotherSt。Peter，nearthehighaltar，isconcealedthesteelheadofthelancethatpiercedthesideofourRedeemer。Inthreedaysthatinstrumentofeternal，andnowoftemporal，salvation，willbemanifestedtohisdisciples。Search，andyeshallfind:bearitaloftinbattle；andthatmysticweaponshallpenetratethesoulsofthemiscreants。\"Thepope\'slegate，thebishopofPuy，affectedtolistenwithcoldnessanddistrust；buttherevelationwaseagerlyacceptedbyCountRaymond，whomhisfaithfulsubject，inthenameoftheapostle，hadchosenfortheguardianoftheholylance。
Theexperimentwasresolved；andonthethirddayafteraduepreparationofprayerandfasting，thepriestofMarseillesintroducedtwelvetrustyspectators，amongwhomwerethecountandhischaplain；andthechurchdoorswerebarredagainsttheimpetuousmultitude。Thegroundwasopenedintheappointedplace；buttheworkmen，whorelievedeachother，dugtothedepthoftwelvefeetwithoutdiscoveringtheobjectoftheirsearch。
Intheevening，whenCountRaymondhadwithdrawntohispost，andthewearyassistantsbegantomurmur，Bartholemy，inhisshirt，andwithouthisshoes，boldlydescendedintothepit；thedarknessofthehourandoftheplaceenabledhimtosecreteanddeposittheheadofaSaracenlance；andthefirstsound，thefirstgleam，ofthesteelwassalutedwithadevoutrapture。Theholylancewasdrawnfromitsrecess，wrappedinaveilofsilkandgold，andexposedtothevenerationofthecrusaders；theiranxioussuspenseburstforthinageneralshoutofjoyandhope，andthedespondingtroopswereagaininflamedwiththeenthusiasmofvalor。Whateverhadbeenthearts，andwhatevermightbethesentimentsofthechiefs，theyskilfullyimprovedthisfortunaterevolutionbyeveryaidthatdisciplineanddevotioncouldafford。Thesoldiersweredismissedtotheirquarterswithaninjunctiontofortifytheirmindsandbodiesfortheapproachingconflict，freelytobestowtheirlastpittanceonthemselvesandtheirhorses，andtoexpectwiththedawnofdaythesignalofvictory。OnthefestivalofSt。PeterandSt。Paul，thegatesofAntiochwerethrownopen:amartialpsalm，\"LettheLordarise，andlethisenemiesbescattered!\"waschantedbyaprocessionofpriestsandmonks；thebattlearraywasmarshalledintwelvedivisions，inhonorofthetwelveapostles；andtheholylance，intheabsenceofRaymond，wasintrustedtothehandsofhischaplain。Theinfluenceofhisrelicortrophy，wasfeltbytheservants，andperhapsbytheenemies，ofChrist；^99anditspotentenergywasheightenedbyanaccident，astratagem，orarumor，ofamiraculouscomplexion。Threeknights，inwhitegarmentsandresplendentarms，eitherissued，orseemedtoissue，fromthehills:thevoiceofAdhemar，thepope\'slegate，proclaimedthemasthemartyrsSt。George，St。Theodore，andSt。
Maurice:thetumultofbattleallowednotimefordoubtorscrutiny；andthewelcomeapparitiondazzledtheeyesortheimaginationofafanaticarmy。Intheseasonofdangerandtriumph，therevelationofBartholemyofMarseilleswasunanimouslyasserted；butassoonasthetemporaryservicewasaccomplished，thepersonaldignityandliberalarmswhichthecountofTholousederivedfromthecustodyoftheholylance，provokedtheenvy，andawakenedthereason，ofhisrivals。A
Normanclerkpresumedtosift，withaphilosophicspirit，thetruthofthelegend，thecircumstancesofthediscovery，andthecharacteroftheprophet；andthepiousBohemondascribedtheirdeliverancetothemeritsandintercessionofChristalone。Forawhile，theProvincialsdefendedtheirnationalpalladiumwithclamorsandarmsandnewvisionscondemnedtodeathandhelltheprofanescepticswhopresumedtoscrutinizethetruthandmeritofthediscovery。TheprevalenceofincredulitycompelledtheauthortosubmithislifeandveracitytothejudgmentofGod。A
pileofdryfagots，fourfeethighandfourteenlong，waserectedinthemidstofthecamp；theflamesburntfiercelytotheelevationofthirtycubits；andanarrowpathoftwelveincheswasleftfortheperiloustrial。TheunfortunatepriestofMarseillestraversedthefirewithdexterityandspeed；butthethighsandbellywerescorchedbytheintenseheat；heexpiredthenextday；*andthelogicofbelievingmindswillpaysomeregardtohisdyingprotestationsofinnocenceandtruth。SomeeffortsweremadebytheProvincialstosubstituteacross，aring，oratabernacle，intheplaceoftheholylance，whichsoonvanishedincontemptandoblivion。^100YettherevelationofAntiochisgravelyassertedbysucceedinghistorians:andsuchistheprogressofcredulity，thatmiraclesmostdoubtfulonthespot，andatthemoment，willbereceivedwithimplicitfaithataconvenientdistanceoftimeandspace。
[Footnote99:TheMahometanAboulmahasenapudDeGuignes，tom。
ii。p。ii。p。95ismorecorrectinhisaccountoftheholylancethantheChristians，AnnaComnenaandAbulpharagius:theGreekprincessconfoundsitwiththenailofthecross，l。xi。
p。326；theJacobiteprimate，withSt。Peter\'sstaff，p。242。]
[Footnote*:TherealcauseofthisvictoryappearstohavebeenthefeudinKerboga\'sarmyWilken，vol。ii。p。40。—M。]
[Footnote**:Thetwelfthdayafter。Hewasmuchinjured，andhisfleshtornoff，fromtheardorofpiouscongratulationwithwhichhewasassailedbythosewhowitnessedhisescape，unhurt，asitwasfirstsupposed。Wilkenvol。ip。263—M。]
[Footnote100:Thetwoantagonistswhoexpressthemostintimateknowledgeandthestrongestconvictionofthemiracle，andofthefraud，areRaymonddesAgiles，andRadulphusCadomensis，theoneattachedtothecountofTholouse，theothertotheNormanprince。FulcheriusCarnotensispresumestosay，Auditefraudemetnonfraudem!andafterwards，Invenitlanceam，fallaciteroccultatamforsitan。Therestoftheherdareloudandstrenuous。]
TheprudenceorfortuneoftheFrankshaddelayedtheirinvasiontillthedeclineoftheTurkishempire。^101Underthemanlygovernmentofthethreefirstsultans，thekingdomsofAsiawereunitedinpeaceandjustice；andtheinnumerablearmieswhichtheyledinpersonwereequalincourage，andsuperiorindiscipline，totheBarbariansoftheWest。Butatthetimeofthecrusade，theinheritanceofMalekShawwasdisputedbyhisfoursons；theirprivateambitionwasinsensibleofthepublicdanger；and，inthevicissitudesoftheirfortune，theroyalvassalswereignorant，orregardless，ofthetrueobjectoftheirallegiance。Thetwenty—eightemirswhomarchedwiththestandardorKerbogawerehisrivalsorenemies:theirhastyleviesweredrawnfromthetownsandtentsofMesopotamiaandSyria；andtheTurkishveteranswereemployedorconsumedinthecivilwarsbeyondtheTigris。ThecaliphofEgyptembracedthisopportunityofweaknessanddiscordtorecoverhisancientpossessions；andhissultanAphdalbesiegedJerusalemandTyre，expelledthechildrenofOrtok，andrestoredinPalestinethecivilandecclesiasticalauthorityoftheFatimites。^102TheyheardwithastonishmentofthevastarmiesofChristiansthathadpassedfromEuropetoAsia，andrejoicedinthesiegesandbattleswhichbrokethepoweroftheTurks，theadversariesoftheirsectandmonarchy。ButthesameChristiansweretheenemiesoftheprophet；andfromtheoverthrowofNiceandAntioch，themotiveoftheirenterprise，whichwasgraduallyunderstood，wouldurgethemforwardstothebanksoftheJordan，orperhapsoftheNile。
Anintercourseofepistlesandembassies，whichroseandfellwiththeeventsofwar，wasmaintainedbetweenthethroneofCairoandthecampoftheLatins；andtheiradversepridewastheresultofignoranceandenthusiasm。TheministersofEgyptdeclaredinahaughty，orinsinuatedinamilder，tone，thattheirsovereign，thetrueandlawfulcommanderofthefaithful，hadrescuedJerusalemfromtheTurkishyoke；andthatthepilgrims，iftheywoulddividetheirnumbers，andlayasidetheirarms，shouldfindasafeandhospitablereceptionatthesepulchreofJesus。Inthebeliefoftheirlostcondition，thecaliphMostalidespisedtheirarmsandimprisonedtheirdeputies:
theconquestandvictoryofAntiochpromptedhimtosolicitthoseformidablechampionswithgiftsofhorsesandsilkrobes，ofvases，andpursesofgoldandsilver；andinhisestimateoftheirmeritorpower，thefirstplacewasassignedtoBohemond，andthesecondtoGodfrey。Ineitherfortune，theanswerofthecrusaderswasfirmanduniform:theydisdainedtoinquireintotheprivateclaimsorpossessionsofthefollowersofMahomet；
whatsoeverwashisnameornation，theusurperofJerusalemwastheirenemy；andinsteadofprescribingthemodeandtermsoftheirpilgrimage，itwasonlybyatimelysurrenderofthecityandprovince，theirsacredright，thathecoulddeservetheiralliance，ordeprecatetheirimpendingandirresistibleattack。
^103
[Footnote101:SeeM。DeGuignes，tom。ii。p。ii。p。223，&c。；
andthearticlesofBarkidrok，Mohammed，Sangiar，inD\'Herbelot。]
[Footnote102:Theemir，orsultan，Aphdal，recoveredJerusalemandTyre，A。H。489，Renaudot，Hist。Patriarch。Alexandrin。p。
478。DeGuignes，tom。i。p。249，fromAbulfedaandBenSchounah。
Jerusalemanteadventumvestrumrecuperavimus，Turcosejecimus，saytheFatimiteambassadors]
[Footnote103:SeethetransactionsbetweenthecaliphofEgyptandthecrusadersinWilliamofTyrel。iv。c。24，l。vi。c。19
andAlbertAquensis，l。iii。c。59，whoaremoresensibleoftheirimportancethanthecontemporarywriters。]
Yetthisattack，whentheywerewithintheviewandreachoftheirgloriousprize，wassuspendedabovetenmonthsafterthedefeatofKerboga。Thezealandcourageofthecrusaderswerechilledinthemomentofvictory；andinsteadofmarchingtoimprovetheconsternation，theyhastilydispersedtoenjoytheluxury，ofSyria。Thecausesofthisstrangedelaymaybefoundinthewantofstrengthandsubordination。InthepainfulandvariousserviceofAntioch，thecavalrywasannihilated；manythousandsofeveryrankhadbeenlostbyfamine，sickness，anddesertion:thesameabuseofplentyhadbeenproductiveofathirdfamine；andthealternativeofintemperanceanddistresshadgeneratedapestilence，whichsweptawayabovefiftythousandofthepilgrims。Fewwereabletocommand，andnonewerewillingtoobey；thedomesticfeuds，whichhadbeenstifledbycommonfear，wereagainrenewedinacts，oratleastinsentiments，ofhostility；thefortuneofBaldwinandBohemondexcitedtheenvyoftheircompanions；thebravestknightswereenlistedforthedefenceoftheirnewprincipalities；andCountRaymondexhaustedhistroopsandtreasuresinanidleexpeditionintotheheartofSyria。Thewinterwasconsumedindiscordanddisorder；asenseofhonorandreligionwasrekindledinthespring；andtheprivatesoldiers，lesssusceptibleofambitionandjealousy，awakenedwithangryclamorstheindolenceoftheirchiefs。InthemonthofMay，therelicsofthismightyhostproceededfromAntiochtoLaodicea:aboutfortythousandLatins，ofwhomnomorethanfifteenhundredhorse，andtwentythousandfoot，werecapableofimmediateservice。TheireasymarchwascontinuedbetweenMountLibanusandthesea—shore:theirwantswereliberallysuppliedbythecoastingtradersofGenoaandPisa；andtheydrewlargecontributionsfromtheemirsofTripoli，Tyre，Sidon，Acre，andCaesarea，whograntedafreepassage，andpromisedtofollowtheexampleofJerusalem。FromCaesareatheyadvancedintothemidlandcountry；theirclerksrecognizedthesacredgeographyofLydda，Ramla，Emmaus，andBethlem，andassoonastheydescriedtheholycity，thecrusadersforgottheirtoilsandclaimedtheirreward。^104
[Footnote*:Thisisnotquitecorrect:hetookMarraonhisroad。HisexcursionswerepartlytoobtainprovisionsforthearmyandfodderforthehorsesWilken，vol。i。p。226。—M。]
[Footnote*:ScarcelyofBethlehem，tothesouthofJerusalem。—
M。]
[Footnote104:ThegreatestpartofthemarchoftheFranksistraced，andmostaccuratelytraced，inMaundrell\'sJourneyfromAleppotoJerusalem，p。11—67；undesmeilleursmorceaux，sanscontreditqu\'onaitdanscegenre，D\'Anville，MemoiresurJerusalem，p。27。]
ChapterLVIII:TheFirstCrusade。
PartV。
Jerusalemhasderivedsomereputationfromthenumberandimportanceofhermemorablesieges。ItwasnottillafteralongandobstinatecontestthatBabylonandRomecouldprevailagainsttheobstinacyofthepeople，thecraggygroundthatmightsupersedethenecessityoffortifications，andthewallsandtowersthatwouldhavefortifiedthemostaccessibleplain。^105
Theseobstacleswerediminishedintheageofthecrusades。Thebulwarkshadbeencompletelydestroyedandimperfectlyrestored:
theJews，theirnation，andworship，wereforeverbanished；butnatureislesschangeablethanman，andthesiteofJerusalem，thoughsomewhatsoftenedandsomewhatremoved，wasstillstrongagainsttheassaultsofanenemy。Bytheexperienceofarecentsiege，andathreeyears\'possession，theSaracensofEgypthadbeentaughttodiscern，andinsomedegreetoremedy，thedefectsofaplace，whichreligionaswellashonorforbadethemtoresign。Aladin，orIftikhar，thecaliph\'slieutenant，wasintrustedwiththedefence:hispolicystrovetorestrainthenativeChristiansbythedreadoftheirownruinandthatoftheholysepulchre；toanimatetheMoslemsbytheassuranceoftemporalandeternalrewards。HisgarrisonissaidtohaveconsistedoffortythousandTurksandArabians；andifhecouldmustertwentythousandoftheinhabitants，itmustbeconfessedthatthebesiegedweremorenumerousthanthebesiegingarmy。
^106HadthediminishedstrengthandnumbersoftheLatinsallowedthemtograspthewholecircumferenceoffourthousandyards，abouttwoEnglishmilesandahalf，^107towhatusefulpurposeshouldtheyhavedescendedintothevalleyofBenHinnomandtorrentofCedron，^108orapproachtheprecipicesofthesouthandeast，fromwhencetheyhadnothingeithertohopeorfear?Theirsiegewasmorereasonablydirectedagainstthenorthernandwesternsidesofthecity。GodfreyofBouillonerectedhisstandardonthefirstswellofMountCalvary:totheleft，asfarasSt。Stephen\'sgate，thelineofattackwascontinuedbyTancredandthetwoRoberts；andCountRaymondestablishedhisquartersfromthecitadeltothefootofMountSion，whichwasnolongerincludedwithintheprecinctsofthecity。Onthefifthday，thecrusadersmadeageneralassault，inthefanatichopeofbatteringdownthewallswithoutengines，andofscalingthemwithoutladders。Bythedintofbrutalforce，theyburstthefirstbarrier；buttheyweredrivenbackwithshameandslaughtertothecamp:theinfluenceofvisionandprophecywasdeadenedbythetoofrequentabuseofthosepiousstratagems；andtimeandlaborwerefoundtobetheonlymeansofvictory。Thetimeofthesiegewasindeedfulfilledinfortydays，buttheywerefortydaysofcalamityandanguish。A
repetitionoftheoldcomplaintoffaminemaybeimputedinsomedegreetothevoraciousordisorderlyappetiteoftheFranks；butthestonysoilofJerusalemisalmostdestituteofwater；thescantyspringsandhastytorrentsweredryinthesummerseason；
norwasthethirstofthebesiegersrelieved，asinthecity，bytheartificialsupplyofcisternsandaqueducts。Thecircumjacentcountryisequallydestituteoftreesfortheusesofshadeorbuilding，butsomelargebeamswerediscoveredinacavebythecrusaders:awoodnearSichem，theenchantedgroveofTasso，^109
wascutdown:thenecessarytimberwastransportedtothecampbythevigoranddexterityofTancred；andtheengineswereframedbysomeGenoeseartists，whohadfortunatelylandedintheharborofJaffa。Twomovableturretswereconstructedattheexpense，andinthestations，ofthedukeofLorraineandthecountofTholouse，androlledforwardswithdevoutlabor，nottothemostaccessible，buttothemostneglected，partsofthefortification。Raymond\'sTowerwasreducedtoashesbythefireofthebesieged，buthiscolleaguewasmorevigilantandsuccessful；theenemiesweredrivenbyhisarchersfromtherampart；thedraw—bridgewasletdown；andonaFriday，atthreeintheafternoon，thedayandhourofthepassion，GodfreyofBouillonstoodvictoriousonthewallsofJerusalem。Hisexamplewasfollowedoneverysidebytheemulationofvalor；andaboutfourhundredandsixtyyearsaftertheconquestofOmar，theholycitywasrescuedfromtheMahometanyoke。Inthepillageofpublicandprivatewealth，theadventurershadagreedtorespecttheexclusivepropertyofthefirstoccupant；andthespoilsofthegreatmosque，seventylampsandmassyvasesofgoldandsilver，rewardedthediligence，anddisplayedthegenerosity，ofTancred。AbloodysacrificewasofferedbyhismistakenvotariestotheGodoftheChristians:resistancemightprovokebutneitheragenorsexcouldmollify，theirimplacablerage:theyindulgedthemselvesthreedaysinapromiscuousmassacre；^110
andtheinfectionofthedeadbodiesproducedanepidemicaldisease。AfterseventythousandMoslemshadbeenputtothesword，andtheharmlessJewshadbeenburntintheirsynagogue，theycouldstillreserveamultitudeofcaptives，whominterestorlassitudepersuadedthemtospare。Ofthesesavageheroesofthecross，Tancredalonebetrayedsomesentimentsofcompassion；