Solimanwasratherprovokedthandismayedbythelossofhiscapital:headmonishedhissubjectsandalliesofthisstrangeinvasionoftheWesternBarbarians；theTurkishemirsobeyedthecallofloyaltyorreligion；theTurkmanhordesencampedroundhisstandard；andhiswholeforceislooselystatedbytheChristiansattwohundred，oreventhreehundredandsixtythousandhorse。YethepatientlywaitedtilltheyhadleftbehindthemtheseaandtheGreekfrontier；andhoveringontheflanks，observedtheircarelessandconfidentprogressintwocolumnsbeyondtheviewofeachother。SomemilesbeforetheycouldreachDorylaeuminPhrygia，theleft，andleastnumerous，divisionwassurprised，andattacked，andalmostoppressed，bytheTurkishcavalry。^84Theheatoftheweather，thecloudsofarrows，andthebarbarousonset，overwhelmedthecrusaders；theylosttheirorderandconfidence，andthefaintingfightwassustainedbythepersonalvalor，ratherthanbythemilitaryconduct，ofBohemond，Tancred，andRobertofNormandy。TheywererevivedbythewelcomebannersofDukeGodfrey，whoflewtotheirsuccor，withthecountofVermandois，andsixtythousandhorse；
andwasfollowedbyRaymondofTholouse，thebishopofPuy，andtheremainderofthesacredarmy。Withoutamoment\'spause，theyformedinneworder，andadvancedtoasecondbattle。Theywerereceivedwithequalresolution；and，intheircommondisdainfortheunwarlikepeopleofGreeceandAsia，itwasconfessedonbothsides，thattheTurksandtheFranksweretheonlynationsentitledtotheappellationofsoldiers。^85Theirencounterwasvaried，andbalancedbythecontrastofarmsanddiscipline；ofthedirectcharge，andwheelingevolutions；ofthecouchedlance，andthebrandishedjavelin；ofaweightybroadsword，andacrookedsabre；ofcumbrousarmor，andthinflowingrobes；andofthelongTartarbow，andthearbalistorcrossbow，adeadlyweapon，yetunknowntotheOrientals。^86Aslongasthehorseswerefresh，andthequiversfull，Solimanmaintainedtheadvantageoftheday；andfourthousandChristianswerepiercedbytheTurkisharrows。Intheevening，swiftnessyieldedtostrength:oneitherside，thenumberswereequaloratleastasgreatasanygroundcouldhold，oranygeneralscouldmanage；butinturningthehills，thelastdivisionofRaymondandhisprovincialswasled，perhapswithoutdesignontherearofanexhaustedenemy；andthelongcontestwasdetermined。Besidesanamelessandunaccountedmultitude，threethousandPaganknightswereslaininthebattleandpursuit；thecampofSolimanwaspillaged；andinthevarietyofpreciousspoil，thecuriosityoftheLatinswasamusedwithforeignarmsandapparel，andthenewaspectofdromedariesandcamels。Theimportanceofthevictorywasprovedbythehastyretreatofthesultan:reservingtenthousandguardsoftherelicsofhisarmy，SolimanevacuatedthekingdomofRoum，andhastenedtoimploretheaid，andkindletheresentment，ofhisEasternbrethren。Inamarchoffivehundredmiles，thecrusaderstraversedtheLesserAsia，throughawastedlandanddesertedtowns，withoutfindingeitherafriendoranenemy。Thegeographer^87maytracethepositionofDorylaeum，AntiochofPisidia，Iconium，Archelais，andGermanicia，andmaycomparethoseclassicappellationswiththemodernnamesofEskishehrtheoldcity，Akshehrthewhitecity，Cogni，Erekli，andMarash。Asthepilgrimspassedoveradesert，whereadraughtofwaterisexchangedforsilver，theyweretormentedbyintolerablethirst；andonthebanksofthefirstrivulet，theirhasteandintemperancewerestillmorepernicioustothedisorderlythrong。TheyclimbedwithtoilanddangerthesteepandslipperysidesofMountTaurus；manyofthesoldierscastawaytheirarmstosecuretheirfootsteps；andhadnotterrorprecededtheirvan，thelongandtremblingfilemighthavebeendrivendowntheprecipicebyahandfulofresoluteenemies。Twooftheirmostrespectablechiefs，thedukeofLorraineandthecountofTholouse，werecarriedinlitters:Raymondwasraised，asitissaidbymiracle，fromahopelessmalady；andGodfreyhadbeentornbyabear，ashepursuedthatroughandperilouschaseinthemountainsofPisidia。
[Footnote84:BaroniushasproducedaverydoubtfullettertohisbrotherRoger，A。D。1098，No。15。TheenemiesconsistedofMedes，Persians，Chaldeans:beitso。Thefirstattackwascumnostroincommodo；trueandtender。ButwhyGodfreyofBouillonandHughbrothers!Tancredisstyledfilius；ofwhom?CertainlynotofRoger，norofBohemond。]
[Footnote85:VerumtamendicuntseessedeFrancorumgeneratione；
etquianullushomonaturaliterdebetessemilesnisiFrancietTurci，GestaFrancorum，p。7。ThesamecommunityofbloodandvalorisattestedbyArchbishopBaldric，p。99。]
[Footnote86:Balista，Balestra，Arbalestre。SeeMuratori，Antiq。tom。ii。p。517—524。Ducange，Gloss。Latin。tom。i。p。
531，532。InthetimeofAnnaComnena，thisweapon，whichshedescribesunderthenameofizangra，wasunknownintheEast，l。
x。p。291。Byahumaneinconsistency，thepopestrovetoprohibititinChristianwars。]
[Footnote87:ThecuriousreadermaycomparetheclassiclearningofCellariusandthegeographicalscienceofD\'Anville。WilliamofTyreistheonlyhistorianofthecrusadeswhohasanyknowledgeofantiquity；andM。OttertrodalmostinthefootstepsoftheFranksfromConstantinopletoAntioch，VoyageenTurquieetenPerse，tom。i。p。35—88。
Note:ThejourneyofCol。MacdonaldKinneirinAsiaMinorthrowsconsiderablelightonthegeographyofthismarchofthecrusaders。—M。]
Toimprovethegeneralconsternation，thecousinofBohemondandthebrotherofGodfreyweredetachedfromthemainarmywiththeirrespectivesquadronsoffive，andofseven，hundredknights。Theyoverraninarapidcareerthehillsandsea—coastofCilicia，fromCognitotheSyriangates:theNormanstandardwasfirstplantedonthewallsofTarsusandMalmistra；buttheproudinjusticeofBaldwinatlengthprovokedthepatientandgenerousItalian；andtheyturnedtheirconsecratedswordsagainsteachotherinaprivateandprofanequarrel。Honorwasthemotive，andfamethereward，ofTancred；butfortunesmiledonthemoreselfishenterpriseofhisrival。^88HewascalledtotheassistanceofaGreekorArmeniantyrant，whohadbeensufferedundertheTurkishyoketoreignovertheChristiansofEdessa。Baldwinacceptedthecharacterofhissonandchampion:
butnosoonerwasheintroducedintothecity，thanheinflamedthepeopletothemassacreofhisfather，occupiedthethroneandtreasure，extendedhisconquestsoverthehillsofArmeniaandtheplainofMesopotamia，andfoundedthefirstprincipalityoftheFranksorLatins，whichsubsistedfifty—fouryearsbeyondtheEuphrates。^89
[Footnote88:ThisdetachedconquestofEdessaisbestrepresentedbyFulcheriusCarnotensis，orofChartres，inthecollectionsofBongarsiusDuchesne，andMartenne，thevaliantchaplainofCountBaldwinEspritdesCroisades，tom。i。p。13，14。InthedisputesofthatprincewithTancred，hispartialityisencounteredbythepartialityofRadulphusCadomensis，thesoldierandhistorianofthegallantmarquis。]
[Footnote89:SeedeGuignes，Hist。desHuns，tom。i。p。456。]
BeforetheFrankscouldenterSyria，thesummer，andeventheautumn，werecompletelywasted:thesiegeofAntioch，ortheseparationandreposeofthearmyduringthewinterseason，wasstronglydebatedintheircouncil:theloveofarmsandtheholysepulchreurgedthemtoadvance；andreasonperhapswasonthesideofresolution，sinceeveryhourofdelayabatesthefameandforceoftheinvader，andmultipliestheresourcesofdefensivewar。ThecapitalofSyriawasprotectedbytheRiverOrontes；
andtheironbridge，ofninearches，derivesitsnamefromthemassygatesofthetwotowerswhichareconstructedateitherend。TheywereopenedbytheswordofthedukeofNormandy:hisvictorygaveentrancetothreehundredthousandcrusaders，anaccountwhichmayallowsomescopeforlossesanddesertion，butwhichclearlydetectsmuchexaggerationinthereviewofNice。
InthedescriptionofAntioch，^90itisnoteasytodefineamiddletermbetweenherancientmagnificence，underthesuccessorsofAlexanderandAugustus，andthemodernaspectofTurkishdesolation。TheTetrapolis，orfourcities，iftheyretainedtheirnameandposition，musthaveleftalargevacuityinacircumferenceoftwelvemiles；andthatmeasure，aswellasthenumberoffourhundredtowers，arenotperfectlyconsistentwiththefivegates，sooftenmentionedinthehistoryofthesiege。YetAntiochmusthavestillflourishedasagreatandpopulouscapital。AttheheadoftheTurkishemirs，Baghisian，aveteranchief，commandedintheplace:hisgarrisonwascomposedofsixorseventhousandhorse，andfifteenortwentythousandfoot:onehundredthousandMoslemsaresaidtohavefallenbythesword；andtheirnumberswereprobablyinferiortotheGreeks，Armenians，andSyrians，whohadbeennomorethanfourteenyearstheslavesofthehouseofSeljuk。Fromtheremainsofasolidandstatelywall，itappearstohavearisentotheheightofthreescorefeetinthevalleys；andwhereverlessartandlaborhadbeenapplied，thegroundwassupposedtobedefendedbytheriver，themorass，andthemountains。Notwithstandingthesefortifications，thecityhadbeenrepeatedlytakenbythePersians，theArabs，theGreeks，andtheTurks；solargeacircuitmusthaveyieldedmanyperviouspointsofattack；andinasiegethatwasformedaboutthemiddleofOctober，thevigoroftheexecutioncouldalonejustifytheboldnessoftheattempt。
Whateverstrengthandvalorcouldperforminthefieldwasabundantlydischargedbythechampionsofthecross:inthefrequentoccasionsofsallies，offorage，oftheattackanddefenceofconvoys，theywereoftenvictorious；andwecanonlycomplain，thattheirexploitsaresometimesenlargedbeyondthescaleofprobabilityandtruth。TheswordofGodfrey^91dividedaTurkfromtheshouldertothehaunch；andonehalfoftheinfidelfelltotheground，whiletheotherwastransportedbyhishorsetothecitygate。AsRobertofNormandyrodeagainsthisantagonist，\"Idevotethyhead，\"hepiouslyexclaimed，\"tothedaemonsofhell；\"andthatheadwasinstantlycloventothebreastbytheresistlessstrokeofhisdescendingfalchion。Buttherealityorthereportofsuchgiganticprowess^92musthavetaughttheMoslemstokeepwithintheirwalls:andagainstthosewallsofearthorstone，theswordandthelancewereunavailingweapons。Intheslowandsuccessivelaborsofasiege，thecrusadersweresupineandignorant，withoutskilltocontrive，ormoneytopurchase，orindustrytouse，theartificialenginesandimplementsofassault。IntheconquestofNice，theyhadbeenpowerfullyassistedbythewealthandknowledgeoftheGreekemperor:hisabsencewaspoorlysuppliedbysomeGenoeseandPisanvessels，thatwereattractedbyreligionortradetothecoastofSyria:thestoreswerescanty，thereturnprecarious，andthecommunicationdifficultanddangerous。IndolenceorweaknesshadpreventedtheFranksfrominvestingtheentirecircuit；andtheperpetualfreedomoftwogatesrelievedthewantsandrecruitedthegarrisonofthecity。Attheendofsevenmonths，aftertheruinoftheircavalry，andanenormouslossbyfamine，desertionandfatigue，theprogressofthecrusaderswasimperceptible，andtheirsuccessremote，iftheLatinUlysses，theartfulandambitiousBohemond，hadnotemployedthearmsofcunninganddeceit。TheChristiansofAntiochwerenumerousanddiscontented:Phirouz，aSyrianrenegado，hadacquiredthefavoroftheemirandthecommandofthreetowers；andthemeritofhisrepentancedisguisedtotheLatins，andperhapstohimself，thefouldesignofperfidyandtreason。Asecretcorrespondence，fortheirmutualinterest，wassoonestablishedbetweenPhirouzandtheprinceofTarento；andBohemonddeclaredinthecouncilofthechiefs，thathecoulddeliverthecityintotheirhands。ButheclaimedthesovereigntyofAntiochastherewardofhisservice；andtheproposalwhichhadbeenrejectedbytheenvy，wasatlengthextortedfromthedistress，ofhisequals。ThenocturnalsurprisewasexecutedbytheFrenchandNormanprinces，whoascendedinpersonthescaling—laddersthatwerethrownfromthewalls:theirnewproselyte，afterthemurderofhistooscrupulousbrother，embracedandintroducedtheservantsofChrist；thearmyrushedthroughthegates；andtheMoslemssoonfound，thatalthoughmercywashopeless，resistancewasimpotent。
Butthecitadelstillrefusedtosurrender；andthevictimsthemselveswerespeedilyencompassedandbesiegedbytheinnumerableforcesofKerboga，princeofMosul，who，withtwenty—eightTurkishemirs，advancedtothedeliveranceofAntioch。Five—and—twentydaystheChristiansspentonthevergeofdestruction；andtheproudlieutenantofthecaliphandthesultanleftthemonlythechoiceofservitudeordeath。^93Inthisextremitytheycollectedtherelicsoftheirstrength，salliedfromthetown，andinasinglememorableday，annihilatedordispersedthehostofTurksandArabians，whichtheymightsafelyreporttohaveconsistedofsixhundredthousandmen。^94
TheirsupernaturalalliesIshallproceedtoconsider:thehumancausesofthevictoryofAntiochwerethefearlessdespairoftheFranks；andthesurprise，thediscord，perhapstheerrors，oftheirunskilfulandpresumptuousadversaries。Thebattleisdescribedwithasmuchdisorderasitwasfought；butwemayobservethetentofKerboga，amovableandspaciouspalace，enrichedwiththeluxuryofAsia，andcapableofholdingabovetwothousandpersons；wemaydistinguishhisthreethousandguards，whowerecased，thehorseaswellasthemen，incompletesteel。[Footnote*:ThisbridgewasovertheIfrin，nottheOrontes，atadistanceofthreeleaguesfromAntioch。SeeWilken，vol。i。p。172。—M。]
[Footnote90:ForAntioch，seePocock，DescriptionoftheEast，vol。ii。p。i。p。188—193，Otter，VoyageenTurquie，&c。，tom。i。p。81，&c。，theTurkishgeographer，inOtter\'snotes，
theIndexGeographicusofSchultens，adcalcemBohadin。Vit。
Saladin。，andAbulfeda，TabulaSyriae，p。115，116，vers。
Reiske。]
[Footnote91:Ensemelevat，eumqueasinistrapartescapularum，tantavirtuteintorsit，utquodpectusmediumdisjunxitspinametvitaliainterrupit；etsiclubricusensissupercrusdextrumintegerexivit:sicquecaputintegrumcumdextrapartecorporisimmersitgurgite，partemquequaeequopraesidebatremisitcivitati，Robert。Mon。p。50。Cujusensetrajectus，TurcusduofactusestTurci:utinferioralterinurbemequitaret，alterarcitenensinfluminenataret，Radulph。Cadom。c。53，p。304。
YethejustifiesthedeedbythestupendisviribusofGodfrey；
andWilliamofTyrecoversitbyobstupuitpopulusfactinovitate……mirabilis，l。v。c。6，p。701。Yetitmustnothaveappearedincredibletotheknightsofthatage。]
[Footnote92:SeetheexploitsofRobert，Raymond，andthemodestTancredwhoimposedsilenceonhissquire，Randulph。Cadom。c。
53。]
[Footnote*:SeetheinterestingextractfromKemaleddin\'sHistoryofAleppoinWilken，prefacetovol。ii。p。36。Phirouz，orAzzerrad，thebreastplatemaker，hadbeenpillagedandputtothetorturebyBagiSejan，theprinceofAntioch。—M。]
[Footnote93:AftermentioningthedistressandhumblepetitionoftheFranks，AbulpharagiusaddsthehaughtyreplyofCodbuka，orKerboga，\"Nonevasuriestisnisipergladium，\"Dynast。p。
242。]
[Footnote94:IndescribingthehostofKerboga，mostoftheLatinhistorians，theauthoroftheGesta，p。17，RobertMonachus，p。56，Baldric，p。111，FulcheriusCarnotensis，p。
392，Guibert，p。512，WilliamofTyre，l。vi。c。3，p。714，
BernardThesaurarius，c。39，p。695，arecontentwiththevagueexpressionsofinfinitamultitudo，immensumagmen，innumeraecopiaeorgentes，whichcorrespondwithAnnaComnena，Alexias，l。xi。p。318—320。ThenumbersoftheTurksarefixedbyAlbertAquensisat200，000，l。iv。c。10，p。242，andbyRadulphusCadomensisat400，000horse，c。72，p。309。]
IntheeventfulperiodofthesiegeanddefenceofAntioch，thecrusaderswerealternatelyexaltedbyvictoryorsunkindespair；eitherswelledwithplentyoremaciatedwithhunger。A
speculativereasonermightsuppose，thattheirfaithhadastrongandseriousinfluenceontheirpractice；andthatthesoldiersofthecross，thedeliverersoftheholysepulchre，preparedthemselvesbyasoberandvirtuouslifeforthedailycontemplationofmartyrdom。Experienceblowsawaythischaritableillusion；andseldomdoesthehistoryofprofanewardisplaysuchscenesofintemperanceandprostitutionaswereexhibitedunderthewallsofAntioch。ThegroveofDaphnenolongerflourished；buttheSyrianairwasstillimpregnatedwiththesamevices；theChristianswereseducedbyeverytemptation^95thatnatureeitherpromptsorreprobates；theauthorityofthechiefswasdespised；andsermonsandedictswerealikefruitlessagainstthosescandalousdisorders，notlesspernicioustomilitarydiscipline，thanrepugnanttoevangelicpurity。InthefirstdaysofthesiegeandthepossessionofAntioch，theFranksconsumedwithwantonandthoughtlessprodigalitythefrugalsubsistenceofweeksandmonths:thedesolatecountrynolongeryieldedasupply；andfromthatcountrytheywereatlengthexcludedbythearmsofthebesiegingTurks。Disease，thefaithfulcompanionofwant，wasenvenomedbytherainsofthewinter，thesummerheats，unwholesomefood，andthecloseimprisonmentofmultitudes。Thepicturesoffamineandpestilencearealwaysthesame，andalwaysdisgustful；andourimaginationmaysuggestthenatureoftheirsufferingsandtheirresources。
Theremainsoftreasureorspoilwereeagerlylavishedinthepurchaseofthevilestnourishment；anddreadfulmusthavebeenthecalamitiesofthepoor，since，afterpayingthreemarksofsilverforagoatandfifteenforaleancamel，^96thecountofFlanderswasreducedtobegadinner，andDukeGodfreytoborrowahorse。Sixtythousandhorsehadbeenreviewedinthecamp:
beforetheendofthesiegetheywerediminishedtotwothousand，andscarcelytwohundredfitforservicecouldbemusteredonthedayofbattle。Weaknessofbodyandterrorofmindextinguishedtheardententhusiasmofthepilgrims；andeverymotiveofhonorandreligionwassubduedbythedesireoflife。^97Amongthechiefs，threeheroesmaybefoundwithoutfearorreproach:
GodfreyofBouillonwassupportedbyhismagnanimouspiety；
Bohemondbyambitionandinterest；andTancreddeclared，inthetruespiritofchivalry，thataslongashewasattheheadoffortyknights，hewouldneverrelinquishtheenterpriseofPalestine。ButthecountofTholouseandProvencewassuspectedofavoluntaryindisposition；thedukeofNormandywasrecalledfromthesea—shorebythecensuresofthechurch:HughtheGreat，thoughheledthevanguardofthebattle，embracedanambiguousopportunityofreturningtoFranceandStephen，countofChartres，baselydesertedthestandardwhichhebore，andthecouncilinwhichhepresided。ThesoldierswerediscouragedbytheflightofWilliam，viscountofMelun，surnamedtheCarpenter，fromtheweightystrokesofhisaxe；andthesaintswerescandalizedbythefallofPetertheHermit，who，afterarmingEuropeagainstAsia，attemptedtoescapefromthepenanceofanecessaryfast。Ofthemultitudeofrecreantwarriors，thenamessaysanhistorianareblottedfromthebookoflife；andtheopprobriousepithetoftherope—dancerswasappliedtothedeserterswhodroppedinthenightfromthewallsofAntioch。TheemperorAlexius，^98whoseemedtoadvancetothesuccoroftheLatins，wasdismayedbytheassuranceoftheirhopelesscondition。Theyexpectedtheirfateinsilentdespair；oathsandpunishmentsweretriedwithouteffect；andtorousethesoldierstothedefenceofthewalls，itwasfoundnecessarytosetfiretotheirquarters。