andeventheArabsofAndalusiaweresometimestemptedtoassistoropposetheMoslemsofanadversesect。Intherevolutionofhumanevents，anewambuscadewasconcealedintheCaudineForks，thefieldsofCannaewerebedewedasecondtimewiththebloodoftheAfricans，andthesovereignofRomeagainattackedordefendedthewallsofCapuaandTarentum。AcolonyofSaracenshadbeenplantedatBari，whichcommandstheentranceoftheAdriaticGulf；andtheirimpartialdepredationsprovokedtheresentment，andconciliatedtheunionofthetwoemperors。AnoffensivealliancewasconcludedbetweenBasiltheMacedonian，thefirstofhisrace，andLewisthegreat—grandsonofCharlemagne；^3andeachpartysuppliedthedeficienciesofhisassociate。ItwouldhavebeenimprudentintheByzantinemonarchtotransporthisstationarytroopsofAsiatoanItaliancampaign；andtheLatinarmswouldhavebeeninsufficientifhissuperiornavyhadnotoccupiedthemouthoftheGulf。ThefortressofBariwasinvestedbytheinfantryoftheFranks，andbythecavalryandgalleysoftheGreeks；and，afteradefenceoffouryears，theArabianemirsubmittedtotheclemencyofLewis，whocommandedinpersontheoperationsofthesiege。ThisimportantconquesthadbeenachievedbytheconcordoftheEastandWest；buttheirrecentamitywassoonimbitteredbythemutualcomplaintsofjealousyandpride。TheGreeksassumedastheirownthemeritoftheconquestandthepompofthetriumph；
extolledthegreatnessoftheirpowers，andaffectedtoderidetheintemperanceandslothofthehandfulofBarbarianswhoappearedunderthebannersoftheCarlovingianprince。Hisreplyisexpressedwiththeeloquenceofindignationandtruth:\"Weconfessthemagnitudeofyourpreparation，\"saysthegreat—
grandsonofCharlemagne。\"Yourarmieswereindeedasnumerousasacloudofsummerlocusts，whodarkentheday，flaptheirwings，and，afterashortflight，tumblewearyandbreathlesstotheground。Likethem，yesunkafterafeebleeffort；yewerevanquishedbyyourowncowardice；andwithdrewfromthesceneofactiontoinjureanddespoilourChristiansubjectsoftheSclavoniancoast。Wewerefewinnumber，andwhywerewefew?
Because，afteratediousexpectationofyourarrival，Ihaddismissedmyhost，andretainedonlyachosenbandofwarriorstocontinuetheblockadeofthecity。Iftheyindulgedtheirhospitablefeastsinthefaceofdangeranddeath，didthesefeastsabatethevigoroftheirenterprise?IsitbyyourfastingthatthewallsofBarihavebeenoverturned?DidnotthesevaliantFranks，diminishedastheywerebylanguorandfatigue，interceptandvanishthethreemostpowerfulemirsoftheSaracens?anddidnottheirdefeatprecipitatethefallofthecity?Bariisnowfallen；Tarentumtrembles；Calabriawillbedelivered；and，ifwecommandthesea，theIslandofSicilymayberescuedfromthehandsoftheinfidels。Mybrother，\"
accelerateanamemostoffensivetothevanityoftheGreek，
\"accelerateyournavalsuccors，respectyourallies，anddistrustyourflatterers。\"^4
[Footnote1:ForthegeneralhistoryofItalyintheixthandxthcenturies，Imayproperlyrefertothevth，vith，andviithbooksofSigoniusdeRegnoItaliae，inthesecondvolumeofhisworks，Milan，1732；theAnnalsofBaronius，withthecriticismofPagi；
theviithandviiithbooksoftheIstoriaCiviledelRegnodiNapoliofGiannone；theviithandviiithvolumestheoctavoeditionoftheAnnalid\'ItaliaofMuratori，andthe2dvolumeoftheAbregeChronologiqueofM。deSt。Marc，aworkwhich，underasuperficialtitle，containsmuchgenuinelearningandindustry。Butmylong—accustomedreaderwillgivemecreditforsaying，thatImyselfhaveascendedtothefountainhead，asoftenassuchascentcouldbeeitherprofitableorpossible；andthatIhavediligentlyturnedovertheoriginalsinthefirstvolumesofMuratori\'sgreatcollectionoftheScriptoresRerumItalicarum。]
[Footnote2:CamilloPellegrino，alearnedCapuanofthelastcentury，hasillustratedthehistoryoftheduchyofBeneventum，inhistwobooksHistoriaPrincipumLongobardorum，intheScriptoresofMuratoritom。ii。parsi。p。221—345，andtom。v。
p159—245。]
[Footnote3:SeeConstantin。Porphyrogen。deThematibus，l。ii。cxi。inVitBasil。c。55，p。181。]
[Footnote4:TheorientalepistleoftheemperorLewisII。totheemperorBasil，acuriousrecordoftheage，wasfirstpublishedbyBaronius，Annal。Eccles。A。D。871，No。51—71，fromtheVaticanMs。ofErchempert，orratheroftheanonymoushistorianofSalerno。]TheseloftyhopesweresoonextinguishedbythedeathofLewis，andthedecayoftheCarlovingianhouse；andwhoevermightdeservethehonor，theGreekemperors，Basil，andhissonLeo，securedtheadvantage，ofthereductionofBariTheItaliansofApuliaandCalabriawerepersuadedorcompelledtoacknowledgetheirsupremacy，andanideallinefromMountGarganustotheBayofSalerno，leavesthefargreaterpartofthekingdomofNaplesunderthedominionoftheEasternempire。
Beyondthatline，thedukesorrepublicsofAmalfi^5andNaples，whohadneverforfeitedtheirvoluntaryallegiance，rejoicedintheneighborhoodoftheirlawfulsovereign；andAmalfiwasenrichedbysupplyingEuropewiththeproduceandmanufacturesofAsia。ButtheLombardprincesofBenevento，Salerno，andCapua，^6werereluctantlytornfromthecommunionoftheLatinworld，andtoooftenviolatedtheiroathsofservitudeandtribute。ThecityofBarirosetodignityandwealth，asthemetropolisofthenewthemeorprovinceofLombardy:thetitleofpatrician，andafterwardsthesingularnameofCatapan，^7wasassignedtothesupremegovernor；andthepolicybothofthechurchandstatewasmodelledinexactsubordinationtothethroneofConstantinople。
AslongasthesceptrewasdisputedbytheprincesofItaly，theireffortswerefeebleandadverse；andtheGreeksresistedoreludedtheforcesofGermany，whichdescendedfromtheAlpsundertheImperialstandardoftheOthos。ThefirstandgreatestofthoseSaxonprinceswascompelledtorelinquishthesiegeofBari:thesecond，afterthelossofhisstoutestbishopsandbarons，escapedwithhonorfromthebloodyfieldofCrotona。OnthatdaythescaleofwarwasturnedagainsttheFranksbythevaloroftheSaracens。^8ThesecorsairshadindeedbeendrivenbytheByzantinefleetsfromthefortressesandcoastsofItaly；
butasenseofinterestwasmoreprevalentthansuperstitionorresentment，andthecaliphofEgypthadtransportedfortythousandMoslemstotheaidofhisChristianally。ThesuccessorsofBasilamusedthemselveswiththebelief，thattheconquestofLombardyhadbeenachieved，andwasstillpreservedbythejusticeoftheirlaws，thevirtuesoftheirministers，andthegratitudeofapeoplewhomtheyhadrescuedfromanarchyandoppression。AseriesofrebellionsmightdartarayoftruthintothepalaceofConstantinople；andtheillusionsofflatteryweredispelledbytheeasyandrapidsuccessoftheNormanadventurers。
[Footnote5:SeeanexcellentDissertationdeRepublicaAmalphitana，intheAppendixp。1—42ofHenryBrencman\'sHistoriaPandectarum，TrajectiadRhenum，1722，in4to。]
[Footnote6:Yourmaster，saysNicephorus，hasgivenaidandprotectionprinminibusCapuanoetBeneventano，servismeis，quosoppugnaredispono……NovapotiusnotaresestquodeorumpatresetavinostroImperiotributadederunt，Liutprand，inLegat。p。484。Salernoisnotmentioned，yettheprincechangedhispartyaboutthesametime，andCamilloPellegrinoScript。
Rer。Ital。tom。ii。parsi。p。285hasnicelydiscernedthischangeinthestyleoftheanonymousChronicle。Ontherationalgroundofhistoryandlanguage，Liutprandp。480hadassertedtheLatinclaimtoApuliaandCalabria。]
[Footnote7:SeetheGreekandLatinGlossariesofDucangecatapanus，andhisnotesontheAlexias，p。275。Againstthecontemporarynotion，whichderivesitfromjuxtaomne，hetreatsitasacorruptionoftheLatincapitaneus。YetM。deSt。MarchasaccuratelyobservedAbregeChronologique，tom。ii。p。924
thatinthisagethecapitaneiwerenotcaptains，butonlynoblesofthefirstrank，thegreatvalvassorsofItaly。]
[Footnote8:theLombards，Leon。Tactic。c。xv。p。741。ThelittleChronicleofBeneventumtom。ii。parsi。p。280givesafardifferentcharacteroftheGreeksduringthefiveyearsA。D。
891—896thatLeowasmasterofthecity。]
TherevolutionofhumanaffairshadproducedinApuliaandCalabriaamelancholycontrastbetweentheageofPythagorasandthetenthcenturyoftheChristianaera。Attheformerperiod，thecoastofGreatGreeceasitwasthenstyledwasplantedwithfreeandopulentcities:thesecitieswerepeopledwithsoldiers，artists，andphilosophers；andthemilitarystrengthofTarentum；Sybaris，orCrotona，wasnotinferiortothatofapowerfulkingdom。Atthesecondaera，theseonceflourishingprovinceswerecloudedwithignoranceimpoverishedbytyranny，anddepopulatedbyBarbarianwarnorcanweseverelyaccusetheexaggerationofacontemporary，thatafairandampledistrictwasreducedtothesamedesolationwhichhadcoveredtheearthafterthegeneraldeluge。^9AmongthehostilitiesoftheArabs，theFranks，andtheGreeks，inthesouthernItaly，Ishallselecttwoorthreeanecdotesexpressiveoftheirnationalmanners。1。
ItwastheamusementoftheSaracenstoprofane，aswellastopillage，themonasteriesandchurches。AtthesiegeofSalerno，aMussulmanchiefspreadhiscouchonthecommunion—table，andonthataltarsacrificedeachnightthevirginityofaChristiannun。Ashewrestledwithareluctantmaid，abeamintheroofwasaccidentallyordexterouslythrowndownonhishead；andthedeathofthelustfulemirwasimputedtothewrathofChrist，whichwasatlengthawakenedtothedefenceofhisfaithfulspouse。^102。TheSaracensbesiegedthecitiesofBeneventumandCapua:afteravainappealtothesuccessorsofCharlemagne，theLombardsimploredtheclemencyandaidoftheGreekemperor。^11
Afearlesscitizendroppedfromthewalls，passedtheintrenchments，accomplishedhiscommission，andfellintothehandsoftheBarbariansashewasreturningwiththewelcomenews。Theycommandedhimtoassisttheirenterprise，anddeceivehiscountrymen，withtheassurancethatwealthandhonorsshouldbetherewardofhisfalsehood，andthathissinceritywouldbepunishedwithimmediatedeath。Heaffectedtoyield，butassoonashewasconductedwithinhearingoftheChristiansontherampart，\"Friendsandbrethren，\"hecriedwithaloudvoice，\"beboldandpatient，maintainthecity；yoursovereignisinformedofyourdistress，andyourdeliverersareathand。Iknowmydoom，andcommitmywifeandchildrentoyourgratitude。\"TherageoftheArabsconfirmedhisevidence；andtheself—devotedpatriotwastranspiercedwithahundredspears。Hedeservestoliveinthememoryofthevirtuous，buttherepetitionofthesamestoryinancientandmoderntimes，maysprinklesomedoubtsontherealityofthisgenerousdeed。^123。Therecitalofathirdincidentmayprovokeasmileamidstthehorrorsofwar。
Theobald，marquisofCamerinoandSpoleto，^13supportedtherebelsofBeneventum；andhiswantoncrueltywasnotincompatibleinthatagewiththecharacterofahero。HiscaptivesoftheGreeknationorpartywerecastratedwithoutmercy，andtheoutragewasaggravatedbyacrueljest，thathewishedtopresenttheemperorwithasupplyofeunuchs，themostpreciousornamentsoftheByzantinecourt。Thegarrisonofacastlehadbeendefeatedinasally，andtheprisonersweresentencedtothecustomaryoperation。Butthesacrificewasdisturbedbytheintrusionofafranticfemale，who，withbleedingcheeksdishevelledhair，andimportunateclamors，compelledthemarquistolistentohercomplaint。\"Isitthus，\"shecried，\'yemagnanimousheroes，thatyewagewaragainstwomen，againstwomenwhohaveneverinjuredye，andwhoseonlyarmsarethedistaffandtheloom?\"Theobalddeniedthecharge，andprotestedthat，sincetheAmazons，hehadneverheardofafemalewar。\"Andhow，\"
shefuriouslyexclaimed，\"canyouattackusmoredirectly，howcanyouwoundusinamorevitalpart，thanbyrobbingourhusbandsofwhatwemostdearlycherish，thesourceofourjoys，andthehopeofourposterity?TheplunderofourflocksandherdsIhaveenduredwithoutamurmur，butthisfatalinjury，thisirreparableloss，subduesmypatience，andcallsaloudonthejusticeofheavenandearth。\"Agenerallaughapplaudedhereloquence；thesavageFranks，inaccessibletopity，weremovedbyherridiculous，yetrationaldespair；andwiththedeliveranceofthecaptives，sheobtainedtherestitutionofhereffects。Asshereturnedintriumphtothecastle，shewasovertakenbyamessenger，toinquire，inthenameofTheobald，whatpunishmentshouldbeinflictedonherhusband，wereheagaintakeninarms。
\"Shouldsuch，\"sheansweredwithouthesitation，\"behisguiltandmisfortune，hehaseyes，andanose，andhands，andfeet。Thesearehisown，andthesehemaydeservetoforfeitbyhispersonaloffences。Butletmylordbepleasedtosparewhathislittlehandmaidpresumestoclaimasherpeculiarandlawfulproperty。\"
^14
[Footnote9:Calabriamadeunt，eamqueintersedivisamreperientesfunditusdepopulatisunt，ordepopularunt，itautdesertasitvelutindiluvio。SuchisthetextofHerempert，orErchempert，accordingtothetwoeditionsofCarraccioliRer。
Italic。Script。tom。v。p。23andofCamilloPellegrino，tom。
ii。parsi。p。246。Bothwereextremelyscarce，whentheywerereprintedbyMuratori。]
[Footnote10:BaroniusAnnal。Eccles。A。D。874，No。2hasdrawnthisstoryfromaMs。ofErchempert，whodiedatCapuaonlyfifteenyearsaftertheevent。Butthecardinalwasdeceivedbyafalsetitle，andwecanonlyquotetheanonymousChronicleofSalerno，Paralipomena，c。110，composedtowardstheendofthexthcentury，andpublishedinthesecondvolumeofMuratori\'sCollection。SeetheDissertationsofCamilloPellegrino，tom。
ii。parsi。p。231—281，&c。]
[Footnote11:ConstantinePorphyrogenitusinVit。Basil。c。58，p。183istheoriginalauthorofthisstory。HeplacesitunderthereignsofBasilandLewisII。；yetthereductionofBeneventumbytheGreeksisdatedA。D。891，afterthedeceaseofbothofthoseprinces。]
[Footnote12:Intheyear663，thesametragedyisdescribedbyPaultheDeacon，deGestisLangobard。l。v。c。7，8，p。870，871，edit。Grot。，underthewallsofthesamecityofBeneventum。Buttheactorsaredifferent，andtheguiltisimputedtotheGreeksthemselves，whichintheByzantineeditionisappliedtotheSaracens。InthelatewarinGermany，M。
D\'Assas，aFrenchofficeroftheregimentofAuvergne，issaidtohavedevotedhimselfinasimilarmanner。Hisbehavioristhemoreheroic，asmeresilencewasrequiredbytheenemywhohadmadehimprisoner，Voltaire，SiecledeLouisXV。c。33，tom。ix。
p。172。]
[Footnote13:Theobald，whoisstyledHerosbyLiutprand，wasproperlydukeofSpoletoandmarquisofCamerino，fromtheyear926to935。ThetitleandofficeofmarquiscommanderofthemarchorfrontierwasintroducedintoItalybytheFrenchemperors，AbregeChronologique，tom。ii。p。545—732&c。]
[Footnote14:Liutprand，Hist。l。iv。c。iv。intheRerumItalic。
Script。tom。i。parsi。p。453，454。Shouldthelicentiousnessofthetalebequestioned，Imayexclaim，withpoorSterne，thatitishardifImaynottranscribewithcautionwhatabishopcouldwritewithoutscrupleWhatifIhadtranslated，utviriscertetistesticulosamputare，inquibusnostricorporisrefocillatio，&c。?]
TheestablishmentoftheNormansinthekingdomsofNaplesandSicily^15isaneventmostromanticinitsorigin，andinitsconsequencesmostimportantbothtoItalyandtheEasternempire。ThebrokenprovincesoftheGreeks，Lombards，andSaracens，wereexposedtoeveryinvader，andeveryseaandlandwereinvadedbytheadventurousspiritoftheScandinavianpirates。Afteralongindulgenceofrapineandslaughter，afairandampleterritorywasaccepted，occupied，andnamed，bytheNormansofFrance:theyrenouncedtheirgodsfortheGodoftheChristians；^16andthedukesofNormandyacknowledgedthemselvesthevassalsofthesuccessorsofCharlemagneandCapet。ThesavagefiercenesswhichtheyhadbroughtfromthesnowymountainsofNorwaywasrefined，withoutbeingcorrupted，inawarmerclimate；thecompanionsofRolloinsensiblymingledwiththenatives；theyimbibedthemanners，language，^17andgallantry，oftheFrenchnation；andinamartialage，theNormansmightclaimthepalmofvalorandgloriousachievements。Ofthefashionablesuperstitions，theyembracedwithardorthepilgrimagesofRome，Italy，andtheHolyLand。^!Inthisactivedevotion，themindsandbodieswereinvigoratedbyexercise:
dangerwastheincentive，noveltytherecompense；andtheprospectoftheworldwasdecoratedbywonder，credulity，andambitioushope。Theyconfederatedfortheirmutualdefence；andtherobbersoftheAlps，whohadbeenalluredbythegarbofapilgrim，wereoftenchastisedbythearmofawarrior。InoneofthesepiousvisitstothecavernofMountGarganusinApulia，whichhadbeensanctifiedbytheapparitionofthearchangelMichael，^18theywereaccostedbyastrangerintheGreekhabit，butwhosoonrevealedhimselfasarebel，afugitive，andamortalfoeoftheGreekempire。HisnamewasMelo；anoblecitizenofBari，who，afteranunsuccessfulrevolt，wascompelledtoseeknewalliesandavengersofhiscountry。TheboldappearanceoftheNormansrevivedhishopesandsolicitedhisconfidence:theylistenedtothecomplaints，andstillmoretothepromises，ofthepatriot。Theassuranceofwealthdemonstratedthejusticeofhiscause；andtheyviewed，astheinheritanceofthebrave，thefruitfullandwhichwasoppressedbyeffeminatetyrants。OntheirreturntoNormandy，theykindledasparkofenterprise，andasmallbutintrepidbandwasfreelyassociatedforthedeliveranceofApulia。TheypassedtheAlpsbyseparateroads，andinthedisguiseofpilgrims；butintheneighborhoodofRometheyweresalutedbythechiefofBari，whosuppliedthemoreindigentwitharmsandhorses，andinstantlyledthemtothefieldofaction。Inthefirstconflict，theirvalorprevailed；butinthesecondengagementtheywereoverwhelmedbythenumbersandmilitaryenginesoftheGreeks，andindignantlyretreatedwiththeirfacestotheenemy。TheunfortunateMeloendedhislifeasuppliantatthecourtofGermany:hisNormanfollowers，excludedfromtheirnativeandtheirpromisedland，wanderedamongthehillsandvalleysofItaly，andearnedtheirdailysubsistencebythesword。TothatformidableswordtheprincesofCapua，Beneventum，Salerno，andNaples，alternatelyappealedintheirdomesticquarrels；thesuperiorspiritanddisciplineoftheNormansgavevictorytothesidewhichtheyespoused；andtheircautiouspolicyobservedthebalanceofpower，lestthepreponderanceofanyrivalstateshouldrendertheiraidlessimportant，andtheirservicelessprofitable。TheirfirstasylumwasastrongcampinthedepthofthemarshesofCampania:buttheyweresoonendowedbytheliberalityofthedukeofNapleswithamoreplentifulandpermanentseat。Eightmilesfromhisresidence，asabulwarkagainstCapua，thetownofAversawasbuiltandfortifiedfortheiruse；andtheyenjoyedastheirownthecornandfruits，themeadowsandgroves，ofthatfertiledistrict。Thereportoftheirsuccessattractedeveryyearnewswarmsofpilgrimsandsoldiers:thepoorwereurgedbynecessity；therichwereexcitedbyhope；andthebraveandactivespiritsofNormandywereimpatientofeaseandambitiousofrenown。TheindependentstandardofAversaaffordedshelterandencouragementtotheoutlawsoftheprovince，toeveryfugitivewhohadescapedfromtheinjusticeorjusticeofhissuperiors；andtheseforeignassociateswerequicklyassimilatedinmannersandlanguagetotheGalliccolony。ThefirstleaderoftheNormanswasCountRainulf；and，intheoriginofsociety，preeminenceofrankistherewardandtheproofofsuperiormerit。^19