anditmaybepresumed，thatnosoldierwaspermittedtotranscendtheluxuryofhischief。ByanembassyfromNicephorus，theGreekemperor，hewasmovedtoundertaketheconquestofBulgaria；andagiftoffifteenhundredpoundsofgoldwaslaidathisfeettodefraytheexpense，orrewardthetoils，oftheexpedition。Anarmyofsixtythousandmenwasassembledandembarked；theysailedfromtheBorysthenestotheDanube；theirlandingwaseffectedontheMaesianshore；and，afterasharpencounter，theswordsoftheRussiansprevailedagainstthearrowsoftheBulgarianhorse。Thevanquishedkingsunkintothegrave；hischildrenweremadecaptive；andhisdominions，asfarasMountHaemus，weresubduedorravagedbythenortherninvaders。Butinsteadofrelinquishinghisprey，andperforminghisengagements，theVarangianprincewasmoredisposedtoadvancethantoretire；and，hadhisambitionbeencrownedwithsuccess，theseatofempireinthatearlyperiodmighthavebeentransferredtoamoretemperateandfruitfulclimate。Swatoslausenjoyedandacknowledgedtheadvantagesofhisnewposition，inwhichhecouldunite，byexchangeorrapine，thevariousproductionsoftheearth。ByaneasynavigationhemightdrawfromRussiathenativecommoditiesoffurs，wax，andhydromed:HungarysuppliedhimwithabreedofhorsesandthespoilsoftheWest；andGreeceaboundedwithgold，silver，andtheforeignluxuries，whichhispovertyhadaffectedtodisdain。
ThebandsofPatzinacites，Chozars，andTurks，repairedtothestandardofvictory；andtheambassadorofNicephorusbetrayedhistrust，assumedthepurple，andpromisedtosharewithhisnewalliesthetreasuresoftheEasternworld。FromthebanksoftheDanubetheRussianprincepursuedhismarchasfarasAdrianople；
aformalsummonstoevacuatetheRomanprovincewasdismissedwithcontempt；andSwatoslausfiercelyreplied，thatConstantinoplemightsoonexpectthepresenceofanenemyandamaster。
[Footnote67:ThelifeofSwatoslaus，orSviatoslaf，orSphendosthlabus，isextractedfromtheRussianChroniclesbyM。
Levesque，Hist。deRussie，tom。i。p。94—107。]
[Footnote68:ThisresemblancemaybeclearlyseenintheninthbookoftheIliad，205—221，intheminutedetailofthecookeryofAchilles。Bysuchapicture，amodernepicpoetwoulddisgracehiswork，anddisgusthisreader；buttheGreekversesareharmonious—adeadlanguagecanseldomappearloworfamiliar；andatthedistanceoftwothousandsevenhundredyears，weareamusedwiththeprimitivemannersofantiquity。]
Nicephoruscouldnolongerexpelthemischiefwhichhehadintroduced；buthisthroneandwifewereinheritedbyJohnZimisces，^69who，inadiminutivebody，possessedthespiritandabilitiesofahero。ThefirstvictoryofhislieutenantsdeprivedtheRussiansoftheirforeignallies，twentythousandofwhomwereeitherdestroyedbythesword，orprovokedtorevolt，ortemptedtodesert。Thracewasdelivered，butseventythousandBarbarianswerestillinarms；andthelegionsthathadbeenrecalledfromthenewconquestsofSyria，prepared，withthereturnofthespring，tomarchunderthebannersofawarlikeprince，whodeclaredhimselfthefriendandavengeroftheinjuredBulgaria。ThepassesofMountHaemushadbeenleftunguarded；theywereinstantlyoccupied；theRomanvanguardwasformedoftheimmortals，aproudimitationofthePersianstyle；theemperorledthemainbodyoftenthousandfivehundredfoot；andtherestofhisforcesfollowedinslowandcautiousarray，withthebaggageandmilitaryengines。ThefirstexploitofZimisceswasthereductionofMarcianopolis，orPeristhlaba，^70intwodays；thetrumpetssounded；thewallswerescaled；eightthousandfivehundredRussianswereputtothesword；andthesonsoftheBulgariankingwererescuedfromanignominiousprison，andinvestedwithanominaldiadem。Aftertheserepeatedlosses，SwatoslausretiredtothestrongpostofDrista，onthebanksoftheDanube，andwaspursuedbyanenemywhoalternatelyemployedthearmsofcelerityanddelay。TheByzantinegalleysascendedtheriver，thelegionscompletedalineofcircumvallation；andtheRussianprincewasencompassed，assaulted，andfamished，inthefortificationsofthecampandcity。Manydeedsofvalorwereperformed；severaldesperatesallieswereattempted；norwasittillafterasiegeofsixty—fivedaysthatSwatoslausyieldedtohisadversefortune。
Theliberaltermswhichheobtainedannouncetheprudenceofthevictor，whorespectedthevalor，andapprehendedthedespair，ofanunconqueredmind。ThegreatdukeofRussiaboundhimself，bysolemnimprecations，torelinquishallhostiledesigns；asafepassagewasopenedforhisreturn；thelibertyoftradeandnavigationwasrestored；ameasureofcornwasdistributedtoeachofhissoldiers；andtheallowanceoftwenty—twothousandmeasuresatteststhelossandtheremnantoftheBarbarians。
Afterapainfulvoyage，theyagainreachedthemouthoftheBorysthenes；buttheirprovisionswereexhausted；theseasonwasunfavorable；theypassedthewinterontheice；and，beforetheycouldprosecutetheirmarch，SwatoslauswassurprisedandoppressedbytheneighboringtribeswithwhomtheGreeksentertainedaperpetualandusefulcorrespondence。^71FardifferentwasthereturnofZimisces，whowasreceivedinhiscapitallikeCamillusorMarius，thesaviorsofancientRome。
ButthemeritofthevictorywasattributedbythepiousemperortothemotherofGod；andtheimageoftheVirginMary，withthedivineinfantinherarms，wasplacedonatriumphalcar，adornedwiththespoilsofwar，andtheensignsofBulgarianroyalty。
Zimiscesmadehispublicentryonhorseback；thediademonhishead，acrownoflaurelinhishand；andConstantinoplewasastonishedtoapplaudthemartialvirtuesofhersovereign。^72
[Footnote69:ThissingularepithetisderivedfromtheArmenianlanguage。AsIprofessmyselfequallyignorantofthesewords，I
maybeindulgedinthequestionintheplay，\"Pray，whichofyouistheinterpreter?\"Fromthecontext，theyseemtosignifyAdolescentulus，LeoDiaconl。iv。Ms。apudDucange，Glossar。
Graec。p。1570。
Note:Cerbied。thelearnedArmenian，givesanotherderivation。ThereisacitycalledTschemisch—gaizag，whichmeansabrightorpurplesandal，suchaswomenwearintheEast。HewascalledTschemisch—ghigh，forsohisnameiswritteninArmenian，fromthiscity，hisnativeplace。Hase。NotetoLeoDiac。p。454，inNiebuhr\'sByzant。Hist。—M。]
[Footnote70:IntheSclavonictongue，thenameofPeristhlabaimpliedthegreatorillustriouscity，saysAnnaComnena，Alexiad，l。vii。p。194。FromitspositionbetweenMountHaemusandtheLowerDanube，itappearstofilltheground，oratleastthestation，ofMarcianopolis。ThesituationofDurostolus，orDristra，iswellknownandconspicuous，Comment。Academ。
Petropol。tom。ix。p。415，416。D\'Anville，GeographieAncienne，tom。i。p。307，311。]
[Footnote71:ThepoliticalmanagementoftheGreeks，moreespeciallywiththePatzinacites，isexplainedinthesevenfirstchapters，deAdministrationeImperii。]
[Footnote72:Inthenarrativeofthiswar，LeotheDeaconapudPagi，Critica，tom。iv。A。D。968—973ismoreauthenticandcircumstantialthanCedrenustom。ii。p。660—683andZonaras，tom。ii。p。205—214。Thesedeclaimershavemultipliedto308，000and330，000men，thoseRussianforces，ofwhichthecontemporaryhadgivenamoderateandconsistentaccount。]
PhotiusofConstantinople，apatriarch，whoseambitionwasequaltohiscuriosity，congratulateshimselfandtheGreekchurchontheconversionoftheRussians。^73ThosefierceandbloodyBarbarianshadbeenpersuaded，bythevoiceofreasonandreligion，toacknowledgeJesusfortheirGod，theChristianmissionariesfortheirteachers，andtheRomansfortheirfriendsandbrethren。Histriumphwastransientandpremature。Inthevariousfortuneoftheirpiraticaladventures，someRussianchiefsmightallowthemselvestobesprinkledwiththewatersofbaptism；andaGreekbishop，withthenameofmetropolitan，mightadministerthesacramentsinthechurchofKiow，toacongregationofslavesandnatives。Buttheseedofthegospelwassownonabarrensoil:manyweretheapostates，theconvertswerefew；andthebaptismofOlgamaybefixedastheaeraofRussianChristianity。^74Afemale，perhapsofthebasestorigin，whocouldrevengethedeath，andassumethesceptre，ofherhusbandIgor，musthavebeenendowedwiththoseactivevirtueswhichcommandthefearandobedienceofBarbarians。Inamomentofforeignanddomesticpeace，shesailedfromKiowtoConstantinople；andtheemperorConstantinePorphyrogenitushasdescribed，withminutediligence，theceremonialofherreceptioninhiscapitalandpalace。Thesteps，thetitles，thesalutations，thebanquet，thepresents，wereexquisitelyadjustedtogratifythevanityofthestranger，withduereverencetothesuperiormajestyofthepurple。^75Inthesacramentofbaptism，shereceivedthevenerablenameoftheempressHelena；andherconversionmightbeprecededorfollowedbyheruncle，twointerpreters，sixteendamselsofahigher，andeighteenofalowerrank，twenty—twodomesticsorministers，andforty—fourRussianmerchants，whocomposedtheretinueofthegreatprincessOlga。AfterherreturntoKiowandNovogorod，shefirmlypersistedinhernewreligion；butherlaborsinthepropagationofthegospelwerenotcrownedwithsuccess；andbothherfamilyandnationadheredwithobstinacyorindifferencetothegodsoftheirfathers。HersonSwatoslauswasapprehensiveofthescornandridiculeofhiscompanions；andhergrandsonWolodomirdevotedhisyouthfulzealtomultiplyanddecoratethemonumentsofancientworship。ThesavagedeitiesoftheNorthwerestillpropitiatedwithhumansacrifices:inthechoiceofthevictim，acitizenwaspreferredtoastranger，aChristiantoanidolater；
andthefather，whodefendedhissonfromthesacerdotalknife，wasinvolvedinthesamedoombytherageofafanatictumult。
YetthelessonsandexampleofthepiousOlgahadmadeadeep，thoughsecret，impressioninthemindsoftheprinceandpeople:
theGreekmissionariescontinuedtopreach，todispute，andtobaptize:andtheambassadorsormerchantsofRussiacomparedtheidolatryofthewoodswiththeelegantsuperstitionofConstantinople。TheyhadgazedwithadmirationonthedomeofSt。Sophia:thelivelypicturesofsaintsandmartyrs，therichesofthealtar，thenumberandvestmentsofthepriests，thepompandorderoftheceremonies；theywereedifiedbythealternatesuccessionofdevoutsilenceandharmonioussong；norwasitdifficulttopersuadethem，thatachoirofangelsdescendedeachdayfromheaventojoininthedevotionoftheChristians。^76
ButtheconversionofWolodomirwasdetermined，orhastened，byhisdesireofaRomanbride。Atthesametime，andinthecityofCherson，theritesofbaptismandmarriagewerecelebratedbytheChristianpontiff:thecityherestoredtotheemperorBasil，thebrotherofhisspouse；butthebrazengatesweretransported，asitissaid，toNovogorod，anderectedbeforethefirstchurchasatrophyofhisvictoryandfaith。^77Athisdespoticcommand，Peround，thegodofthunder，whomhehadsolongadored，wasdraggedthroughthestreetsofKiow；andtwelvesturdyBarbariansbatteredwithclubsthemisshapenimage，whichwasindignantlycastintothewatersoftheBorysthenes。TheedictofWolodomirhadproclaimed，thatallwhoshouldrefusetheritesofbaptismwouldbetreatedastheenemiesofGodandtheirprince；andtheriverswereinstantlyfilledwithmanythousandsofobedientRussians，whoacquiescedinthetruthandexcellenceofadoctrinewhichhadbeenembracedbythegreatdukeandhisboyars。Inthenextgeneration，therelicsofPaganismwerefinallyextirpated；butasthetwobrothersofWolodomirhaddiedwithoutbaptism，theirbonesweretakenfromthegrave，andsanctifiedbyanirregularandposthumoussacrament。
[Footnote73:Phot。Epistol。ii。No。35，p。58，edit。Montacut。
ItwasunworthyofthelearningoftheeditortomistaketheRussiannation，forawar—cryoftheBulgarians，nordiditbecometheenlightenedpatriarchtoaccusetheSclavonianidolaters。TheywereneitherGreeksnorAtheists。]
[Footnote74:M。Levesquehasextracted，fromoldchroniclesandmodernresearches，themostsatisfactoryaccountofthereligionoftheSlavi，andtheconversionofRussia，Hist。deRussie，tom。i。p。35—54，59，92，92，113—121，124—129，148，149，&c。]
[Footnote75:SeetheCeremonialeAulaeByzant。tom。ii。c。15，p。343—345:thestyleofOlga，orElga。ForthechiefofBarbarianstheGreekswhimsicallyborrowedthetitleofanAthenianmagistrate，withafemaletermination，whichwouldhaveastonishedtheearofDemosthenes。]
[Footnote76:SeeananonymousfragmentpublishedbyBanduri，ImperiumOrientale，tom。ii。p。112，113，deConversioneRussorum。]
[Footnote77:Cherson，orCorsun，ismentionedbyHerbersteinapudPagitom。iv。p。56astheplaceofWolodomir\'sbaptismandmarriage；andboththetraditionandthegatesarestillpreservedatNovogorod。YetanobservingtravellertransportsthebrazengatesfromMagdeburghinGermany，Coxe\'sTravelsintoRussia，&c。，vol。i。p。452；andquotesaninscription，whichseemstojustifyhisopinion。ThemodernreadermustnotconfoundthisoldChersonoftheTauricorCrimaeanpeninsula，withanewcityofthesamename，whichhasarisennearthemouthoftheBorysthenes，andwaslatelyhonoredbythememorableinterviewoftheempressofRussiawiththeemperoroftheWest。]
Intheninth，tenth，andeleventhcenturiesoftheChristianaera，thereignofthegospelandofthechurchwasextendedoverBulgaria，Hungary，Bohemia，Saxony，Denmark，Norway，Sweden，Poland，andRussia。^78ThetriumphsofapostoliczealwererepeatedintheironageofChristianity；andthenorthernandeasternregionsofEuropesubmittedtoareligion，moredifferentintheorythaninpractice，fromtheworshipoftheirnativeidols。AlaudableambitionexcitedthemonksbothofGermanyandGreece，tovisitthetentsandhutsoftheBarbarians:poverty，hardships，anddangers，werethelotofthefirstmissionaries；
theircouragewasactiveandpatient；theirmotivepureandmeritorious；theirpresentrewardconsistedinthetestimonyoftheirconscienceandtherespectofagratefulpeople；butthefruitfulharvestoftheirtoilswasinheritedandenjoyedbytheproudandwealthyprelatesofsucceedingtimes。Thefirstconversionswerefreeandspontaneous:aholylifeandaneloquenttongueweretheonlyarmsofthemissionaries；butthedomesticfablesofthePagansweresilencedbythemiraclesandvisionsofthestrangers；andthefavorabletemperofthechiefswasacceleratedbythedictatesofvanityandinterest。Theleadersofnations，whoweresalutedwiththetitlesofkingsandsaints，^79helditlawfulandpioustoimposetheCatholicfaithontheirsubjectsandneighbors；thecoastoftheBaltic，fromHolsteintotheGulfofFinland，wasinvadedunderthestandardofthecross；andthereignofidolatrywasclosedbytheconversionofLithuaniainthefourteenthcentury。Yettruthandcandormustacknowledge，thattheconversionoftheNorthimpartedmanytemporalbenefitsbothtotheoldandthenewChristians。Therageofwar，inherenttothehumanspecies，couldnotbehealedbytheevangelicpreceptsofcharityandpeace；andtheambitionofCatholicprinceshasrenewedineveryagethecalamitiesofhostilecontention。ButtheadmissionoftheBarbariansintothepaleofcivilandecclesiasticalsocietydeliveredEuropefromthedepredations，byseaandland，oftheNormans，theHungarians，andtheRussians，wholearnedtosparetheirbrethrenandcultivatetheirpossessions。^80Theestablishmentoflawandorderwaspromotedbytheinfluenceoftheclergy；andtherudimentsofartandsciencewereintroducedintothesavagecountriesoftheglobe。TheliberalpietyoftheRussianprincesengagedintheirservicethemostskilfuloftheGreeks，todecoratethecitiesandinstructtheinhabitants:thedomeandthepaintingsofSt。SophiawererudelycopiedinthechurchesofKiowandNovogorod:thewritingsofthefathersweretranslatedintotheSclavonicidiom；andthreehundrednobleyouthswereinvitedorcompelledtoattendthelessonsofthecollegeofJaroslaus。ItshouldappearthatRussiamighthavederivedanearlyandrapidimprovementfromherpeculiarconnectionwiththechurchandstateofConstantinople，whichatthatagesojustlydespisedtheignoranceoftheLatins。ButtheByzantinenationwasservile，solitary，andvergingtoahastydecline:afterthefallofKiow，thenavigationoftheBorystheneswasforgotten；thegreatprincesofWolodomirandMoscowwereseparatedfromtheseaandChristendom；andthedividedmonarchywasoppressedbytheignominyandblindnessofTartarservitude。^81TheSclavonicandScandinaviankingdoms，whichhadbeenconvertedbytheLatinmissionaries，wereexposed，itistrue，tothespiritualjurisdictionandtemporalclaimsofthepopes；^82buttheywereunitedinlanguageandreligiousworship，witheachother，andwithRome；theyimbibedthefreeandgenerousspiritoftheEuropeanrepublic，andgraduallysharedthelightofknowledgewhicharoseonthewesternworld。
[Footnote78:ConsulttheLatintext，orEnglishversion，ofMosheim\'sexcellentHistoryoftheChurch，underthefirstheadorsectionofeachofthesecenturies。]
[Footnote79:Intheyear1000，theambassadorsofSt。StephenreceivedfromPopeSilvesterthetitleofKingofHungary，withadiademofGreekworkmanship。IthadbeendesignedforthedukeofPoland:butthePoles，bytheirownconfession，wereyettoobarbaroustodeserveanangelicalandapostolicalcrown。
Katona，Hist。CriticRegumStirpisArpadianae，tom。i。p。1—
20。]
[Footnote80:ListentotheexultationsofAdamofBremen，A。D。
1080，ofwhichthesubstanceisagreeabletotruth:EcceillaferocissimaDanorum，&c。，natio……jamdudumnovitinDeilaudibusAlleluiaresonare……Eccepopulusillepiraticus……suisnuncfinibuscontentusest。Eccepatriahorribilissemperinaccessaproptercultumidolorum……praedicatoresveritatisubiquecertatimadmittit，&c。，&c。，deSituDaniae，&c。，p。40，41，edit。Elzevir；acuriousandoriginalprospectofthenorthofEurope，andtheintroductionofChristianity。]
[Footnote81:Thegreatprincesremovedin1156fromKiow，whichwasruinedbytheTartarsin1240。Moscowbecametheseatofempireinthexivthcentury。Seethe1stand2dvolumesofLevesque\'sHistory，andMr。Coxe\'sTravelsintotheNorth，tom。
i。p。241，&c。]
[Footnote82:TheambassadorsofSt。Stephenhadusedthereverentialexpressionsofregnumoblatum，debitamobedientiam，&c。，whichweremostrigorouslyinterpretedbyGregoryVII。；andtheHungarianCatholicsaredistressedbetweenthesanctityofthepopeandtheindependenceofthecrown，Katona，Hist。
Critica，tom。i。p。20—25，tom。ii。p。304，346，360，&c。]
ChapterLVI:TheSaracens，TheFranksAndTheNormans。
PartI。
TheSaracens，Franks，AndGreeks，InItaly。—FirstAdventuresAndSettlementOfTheNormans。—CharacterAndConquestOfRobertGuiscard，DukeOfApulia—DeliveranceOfSicilyByHisBrotherRoger。—VictoriesOfRobertOverTheEmperorsOfTheEastAndWest。—Roger，KingOfSicily，InvadesAfricaAndGreece。—TheEmperorManuelComnenus。—WarsOfTheGreeksAndNormans。—ExtinctionOfTheNormans。
Thethreegreatnationsoftheworld，theGreeks，theSaracens，andtheFranks，encounteredeachotheronthetheatreofItaly。^1Thesouthernprovinces，whichnowcomposethekingdomofNaples，weresubject，forthemostpart，totheLombarddukesandprincesofBeneventum；^2sopowerfulinwar，thattheycheckedforamomentthegeniusofCharlemagne；soliberalinpeace，thattheymaintainedintheircapitalanacademyofthirty—twophilosophersandgrammarians。ThedivisionofthisflourishingstateproducedtherivalprincipalitiesofBenevento，Salerno，andCapua；andthethoughtlessambitionorrevengeofthecompetitorsinvitedtheSaracenstotheruinoftheircommoninheritance。Duringacalamitousperiodoftwohundredyears，Italywasexposedtoarepetitionofwounds，whichtheinvaderswerenotcapableofhealingbytheunionandtranquilityofaperfectconquest。TheirfrequentandalmostannualsquadronsissuedfromtheportofPalermo，andwereentertainedwithtoomuchindulgencebytheChristiansofNaples:
themoreformidablefleetswerepreparedontheAfricancoast；