[Footnote15:TheoriginalmonumentsoftheNormansinItalyarecollectedinthevthvolumeofMuratori；andamongthesewemaydistinguishthepoemsofWilliamAppulusp。245—278andthehistoryofGalfridusJeffreyMalaterra，p。537—607。BothwerenativesofFrance，buttheywroteonthespot，intheageofthefirstconquerorsbeforeA。D。1100，andwiththespiritoffreemen。ItisneedlesstorecapitulatethecompilersandcriticsofItalianhistory，Sigonius，Baronius，Pagi，Giannone，Muratori，St。Marc，&c。，whomIhavealwaysconsulted，andnevercopied。
Note:M。Goutierd\'ArchasdiscoveredatranslationoftheChronicleofAime，monkofMontCassino，acontemporaryofthefirstNormaninvadersofItaly。HehasmadeuseofitinhisHistoiredesConquetesdesNormands，andaddedasummaryofitscontents。Thisworkwasquotedbylaterwriters，butwassupposedtohavebeenentirelylost。—M。]
[Footnote16:Someofthefirstconvertswerebaptizedtenortwelvetimes，forthesakeofthewhitegarmentusuallygivenatthisceremony。AtthefuneralofRollo，thegiftstomonasteriesforthereposeofhissoulwereaccompaniedbyasacrificeofonehundredcaptives。Butinagenerationortwo，thenationalchangewaspureandgeneral。]
[Footnote17:TheDanishlanguagewasstillspokenbytheNormansofBayeuxonthesea—coast，atatimeA。D。940whenitwasalreadyforgottenatRouen，inthecourtandcapital。QuemRichardI。confestimpaterBaiocasmittensBotonimilitiaesuaeprincipinutriendumtradidit，ut，ibilinguaeruditusDanica，suisexterisquehominibussciretapertedareresponsa，Wilhelm。
GemeticensisdeDucibusNormannis，l。iii。c。8，p。623，edit。
Camden。OfthevernacularandfavoriteidiomofWilliamtheConqueror，A。D。1035，SeldenOpera，tom。ii。p。1640—1656
hasgivenaspecimen，obsoleteandobscureeventoantiquariansandlawyers。]
[Footnote!:AbandofNormansreturningfromtheHolyLandhadrescuedthecityofSalernofromtheattackofanumerousfleetofSaracens。Gainar，theLombardprinceofSalernowishedtoretaintheminhisserviceandtakethemintohispay。Theyanswered，\"Wefightforourreligion，andnotformoney。\"GaimarentreatedthemtosendsomeNormanknightstohiscourt。ThisseemstohavebeentheoriginoftheconnectionoftheNormanswithItaly。SeeHistoiredesConquetesdesNormandsparGoutierd\'Arc，l。i。c。i。，Paris，1830。—M。]
[Footnote18:SeeLeandroAlbertiDescrizioned\'Italia，p。250
andBaronius，A。D。493，No。43。Ifthearchangelinheritedthetempleandoracle，perhapsthecavern，ofoldCalchasthesoothsayer，Strab。Geographl。vi。p。435，436，theCatholicsonthisoccasionhavesurpassedtheGreeksintheeleganceoftheirsuperstition。]
[Footnote*:Nineoutoftenperishedinthefield。Chroniqued\'Aime，tom。i。p。21quotedbyMGoutierd\'Arc，p。42。—M。]
[Footnote19:SeethefirstbookofWilliamAppulus。HiswordsareapplicabletoeveryswarmofBarbariansandfreebooters:—
SivicinorumquispernitiosusadillosConfugiebateumgratantersuscipiebant:
MoribusetlinguaquoscumquevenirevidebantInformantpropria；gensefficiaturutuna。
Andelsewhere，ofthenativeadventurersofNormandy:—
Parsparat，exiguaevelopesaderantquianullae:
Pars，quiademagnismajorasubirevolebant。]
[Footnote*:Thisaccountisnotaccurate。AftertheretreatoftheemperorHenryII。theNormans，unitedunderthecommandofRainulf，hadtakenpossessionofAversa，thenasmallcastleintheduchyofNaples。TheyhadbeenmastersofitafewyearswhenPandulfIV。，princeofCapua，foundmeanstotakeNaplesbysurprise。Sergius，masterofthesoldiers，andheadoftherepublic，withtheprincipalcitizens，abandonedacityinwhichhecouldnotbehold，withouthorror，theestablishmentofaforeigndominionheretiredtoAversa；andwhen，withtheassistanceoftheGreeksandthatofthecitizensfaithfultotheircountry，hehadcollectedmoneyenoughtosatisfytherapacityoftheNormanadventurers，headvancedattheirheadtoattackthegarrisonoftheprinceofCapua，defeatedit，andreenteredNaples。ItwasthenthatheconfirmedtheNormansinthepossessionofAversaanditsterritory，whichheraisedintoacount\'sfief，andgrantedtheinvestituretoRainulf。Hist。
desRep。Ital。tom。i。p。267]
SincetheconquestofSicilybytheArabs，theGrecianemperorshadbeenanxioustoregainthatvaluablepossession；buttheirefforts，howeverstrenuous，hadbeenopposedbythedistanceandthesea。Theircostlyarmaments，afteragleamofsuccess，addednewpagesofcalamityanddisgracetotheByzantineannals:twentythousandoftheirbesttroopswerelostinasingleexpedition；andthevictoriousMoslemsderidedthepolicyofanationwhichintrustedeunuchsnotonlywiththecustodyoftheirwomen，butwiththecommandoftheirmen^20
Afterareignoftwohundredyears，theSaracenswereruinedbytheirdivisions。^21TheemirdisclaimedtheauthorityofthekingofTunis；thepeopleroseagainsttheemir；thecitieswereusurpedbythechiefs；eachmeanerrebelwasindependentinhisvillageorcastle；andtheweakeroftworivalbrothersimploredthefriendshipoftheChristians。IneveryserviceofdangertheNormanswerepromptanduseful；andfivehundredknights，orwarriorsonhorseback，wereenrolledbyArduin，theagentandinterpreteroftheGreeks，underthestandardofManiaces，governorofLombardy。Beforetheirlanding，thebrotherswerereconciled；theunionofSicilyandAfricawasrestored；andtheislandwasguardedtothewater\'sedge。TheNormansledthevanandtheArabsofMessinafeltthevalorofanuntriedfoe。InasecondactiontheemirofSyracusewasunhorsedandtranspiercedbytheironarmofWilliamofHauteville。Inathirdengagement，hisintrepidcompanionsdiscomfitedthehostofsixtythousandSaracens，andlefttheGreeksnomorethanthelaborofthepursuit:asplendidvictory；butofwhichthepenofthehistorianmaydividethemeritwiththelanceoftheNormans。Itis，however，true，thattheyessentiallypromotedthesuccessofManiaces，whoreducedthirteencities，andthegreaterpartofSicily，undertheobedienceoftheemperor。Buthismilitaryfamewassulliedbyingratitudeandtyranny。Inthedivisionofthespoils，thedesertsofhisbraveauxiliarieswereforgotten；
andneithertheiravaricenortheirpridecouldbrookthisinjurioustreatment。Theycomplainedbythemouthoftheirinterpreter:theircomplaintwasdisregarded；theirinterpreterwasscourged；thesufferingswerehis；theinsultandresentmentbelongedtothosewhosesentimentshehaddelivered。Yettheydissembledtilltheyhadobtained，orstolen，asafepassagetotheItaliancontinent:theirbrethrenofAversasympathizedintheirindignation，andtheprovinceofApuliawasinvadedastheforfeitofthedebt。^22Abovetwentyyearsafterthefirstemigration，theNormanstookthefieldwithnomorethansevenhundredhorseandfivehundredfoot；andaftertherecalloftheByzantinelegions^23fromtheSicilianwar，theirnumbersaremagnifiedtotheamountofthreescorethousandmen。Theirheraldproposedtheoptionofbattleorretreat；\"ofbattle，\"wastheunanimouscryoftheNormans；andoneoftheirstoutestwarriors，withastrokeofhisfist，felledtothegroundthehorseoftheGreekmessenger。Hewasdismissedwithafreshhorse；theinsultwasconcealedfromtheImperialtroops；butintwosuccessivebattlestheyweremorefatallyinstructedoftheprowessoftheiradversaries。IntheplainsofCannae，theAsiaticsfledbeforetheadventurersofFrance；thedukeofLombardywasmadeprisoner；theApuliansacquiescedinanewdominion；andthefourplacesofBari，Otranto，Brundusium，andTarentum，werealonesavedintheshipwreckoftheGrecianfortunes。FromthisaerawemaydatetheestablishmentoftheNormanpower，whichsooneclipsedtheinfantcolonyofAversa。Twelvecounts^24werechosenbythepopularsuffrage；andage，birth，andmerit，werethemotivesoftheirchoice。Thetributesoftheirpeculiardistrictswereappropriatedtotheiruse；andeachcounterectedafortressinthemidstofhislands，andattheheadofhisvassals。Inthecentreoftheprovince，thecommonhabitationofMelphiwasreservedasthemetropolisandcitadeloftherepublic；ahouseandseparatequarterwasallottedtoeachofthetwelvecounts:andthenationalconcernswereregulatedbythismilitarysenate。Thefirstofhispeers，theirpresidentandgeneral，wasentitledcountofApulia；andthisdignitywasconferredonWilliamoftheironarm，who，inthelanguageoftheage，isstyledalioninbattle，alambinsociety，andanangelincouncil。^25Themannersofhiscountrymenarefairlydelineatedbyacontemporaryandnationalhistorian。^26\"TheNormans，\"saysMalaterra，\"areacunningandrevengefulpeople；
eloquenceanddissimulationappeartobetheirhereditaryqualities:theycanstooptoflatter；butunlesstheyarecurbedbytherestraintoflaw，theyindulgethelicentiousnessofnatureandpassion。Theirprincesaffectthepraisesofpopularmunificence；thepeopleobservethemedium，orratherblondtheextremes，ofavariceandprodigality；andintheireagerthirstofwealthanddominion，theydespisewhatevertheypossess，andhopewhatevertheydesire。Armsandhorses，theluxuryofdress，theexercisesofhuntingandhawking^27arethedelightoftheNormans；but，onpressingoccasions，theycanendurewithincrediblepatiencetheinclemencyofeveryclimate，andthetoilandabsenceofamilitarylife。\"^28
[Footnote20:Liutprand，inLegatione，p。485。PagihasillustratedthiseventfromtheMs。historyofthedeaconLeo，tom。iv。A。D。965，No。17—19。]
[Footnote21:SeetheArabianChronicleofSicily，apudMuratori，Script。RerumItal。tom。i。p。253。]
[Footnote22:JeffreyMalaterra，whorelatestheSicilianwar，andtheconquestofApulia，l。i。c。7，8，9，19。ThesameeventsaredescribedbyCedrenustom。ii。p。741—743，755，756andZonaras，tom。ii。p。237，238；andtheGreeksaresohardenedtodisgrace，thattheirnarrativesareimpartialenough。]
[Footnote23:Lydia:consultConstantinedeThematibus，i。3，4，withDelisle\'smap。]
[Footnote24:Omnesconveniunt；etbissexnobiliores，Quosgenusetgravitasmorumdecorabatetaetas，Elegereduces。ProvectisadcomitatumHisaliiparent。ComitatusnomenhonorisQuodonanturerat。HitotasundiqueterrasDiviseresibi，nisorsinimicarepugnet；
SingulaproponuntlocaquaecontingeresorteCuiqueducidebent，etquaequetributalocorum。
AndafterspeakingofMelphi，WilliamAppulusadds，Pronumerocomitumbissexstatuereplateas，Atquedomuscomitumtotidemfabricanturinurbe。
LeoOstiensisl。ii。c。67enumeratesthedivisionsoftheApuliancities，whichitisneedlesstorepeat。]
[Footnote25:Gulielm。Appulus，l。ii。c12，accordingtothereferenceofGiannone，IstoriaCivilediNapoli，tom。ii。p。
31，whichIcannotverifyintheoriginal。TheApulianpraisesindeedhisvalidasvires，probitasanimi，andvividavirtus；anddeclaresthat，hadhelived，nopoetcouldhaveequalledhismerits，l。i。p。258，l。ii。p。259。HewasbewailedbytheNormans，quippequitanticonsiliivirum，saysMalaterra，l。i。
c。12，p。552，tamarmisstrenuum，tamsibimunificum，affabilem，morigeratum，ulteriussehaberediffidebant。]
[Footnote26:Thegensastutissima，injuriarumultrix……
adularisciens……eloquentiisinserviens，ofMalaterra，l。i。
c。3，p。550，areexpressiveofthepopularandproverbialcharacteroftheNormans。]
[Footnote27:ThehuntingandhawkingmoreproperlybelongtothedescendantsoftheNorwegiansailors；thoughtheymightimportfromNorwayandIcelandthefinestcastsoffalcons。]
[Footnote28:WemaycomparethisportraitwiththatofWilliamofMalmsbury，deGestisAnglorum，l。iii。p。101，102，whoappreciates，likeaphilosophichistorian，thevicesandvirtuesoftheSaxonsandNormans。Englandwasassuredlyagainerbytheconquest。]
ChapterLVI:TheSaracens，TheFranksAndTheNormans。
PartII。
TheNormansofApuliawereseatedonthevergeofthetwoempires；and，accordingtothepolicyofthehour，theyacceptedtheinvestitureoftheirlands，fromthesovereignsofGermanyorConstantinople。Butthefirmesttitleoftheseadventurerswastherightofconquest:theyneitherlovednortrusted；theywereneithertrustednorbeloved:thecontemptoftheprinceswasmixedwithfear，andthefearofthenativeswasmingledwithhatredandresentment。Everyobjectofdesire，ahorse，awoman，agarden，temptedandgratifiedtherapaciousnessofthestrangers；^29andtheavariceoftheirchiefswasonlycoloredbythemorespeciousnamesofambitionandglory。Thetwelvecountsweresometimesjoinedintheleagueofinjustice:intheirdomesticquarrelstheydisputedthespoilsofthepeople:thevirtuesofWilliamwereburiedinhisgrave；andDrogo，hisbrotherandsuccessor，wasbetterqualifiedtoleadthevalor，thantorestraintheviolence，ofhispeers。UnderthereignofConstantineMonomachus，thepolicy，ratherthanbenevolence，oftheByzantinecourt，attemptedtorelieveItalyfromthisadherentmischief，moregrievousthanaflightofBarbarians；^30
andArgyrus，thesonofMelo，wasinvestedforthispurposewiththemostloftytitles^31andthemostamplecommission。ThememoryofhisfathermightrecommendhimtotheNormans；andhehadalreadyengagedtheirvoluntaryservicetoquelltherevoltofManiaces，andtoavengetheirownandthepublicinjury。ItwasthedesignofConstantinetotransplantthewarlikecolonyfromtheItalianprovincestothePersianwar；andthesonofMelodistributedamongthechiefsthegoldandmanufacturesofGreece，asthefirst—fruitsoftheImperialbounty。ButhisartswerebaffledbythesenseandspiritoftheconquerorsofApulia:
hisgifts，oratleasthisproposals，wererejected；andtheyunanimouslyrefusedtorelinquishtheirpossessionsandtheirhopesforthedistantprospectofAsiaticfortune。Afterthemeansofpersuasionhadfailed，Argyrusresolvedtocompelortodestroy:theLatinpowersweresolicitedagainstthecommonenemy；andanoffensivealliancewasformedofthepopeandthetwoemperorsoftheEastandWest。ThethroneofSt。PeterwasoccupiedbyLeotheNinth，asimplesaint，^32ofatempermostapttodeceivehimselfandtheworld，andwhosevenerablecharacterwouldconsecratewiththenameofpietythemeasuresleastcompatiblewiththepracticeofreligion。Hishumanitywasaffectedbythecomplaints，perhapsthecalumnies，ofaninjuredpeople:theimpiousNormanshadinterruptedthepaymentoftithes；andthetemporalswordmightbelawfullyunsheathedagainstthesacrilegiousrobbers，whoweredeaftothecensuresofthechurch。AsaGermanofnoblebirthandroyalkindred，LeohadfreeaccesstothecourtandconfidenceoftheemperorHenrytheThird；andinsearchofarmsandallies，hisardentzealtransportedhimfromApuliatoSaxony，fromtheElbetotheTyber。Duringthesehostilepreparations，Argyrusindulgedhimselfintheuseofsecretandguiltyweapons:acrowdofNormansbecamethevictimsofpublicorprivaterevenge；andthevaliantDrogowasmurderedinachurch。ButhisspiritsurvivedinhisbrotherHumphrey，thethirdcountofApulia。Theassassinswerechastised；andthesonofMelo，overthrownandwounded，wasdrivenfromthefield，tohidehisshamebehindthewallsofBari，andtoawaitthetardysuccorofhisallies。
[Footnote29:ThebiographerofSt。LeoIX。pourshisholyvenomontheNormans。VidensindisciplinatametalienamgentemNormannorum，crudelietinauditarabie，etplusquamPaganaimpietate，adversusecclesiasDeiinsurgere，passimChristianostrucidare，&c。，Wibert，c。6。ThehonestApulianl。ii。p。
259sayscalmlyoftheiraccuser，Veriscommiscensfallacia。]
[Footnote30:ThepolicyoftheGreeks，revoltofManiaces，&c。，mustbecollectedfromCedrenus，tom。ii。p。757，758，WilliamAppulus，l。i。p257，258，l。ii。p。259，andthetwoChroniclesofBari，byLupusProtospata，Muratori，Script。Ital。
tom。v。p。42，43，44，andananonymouswriter，Antiquitat，ItaliaeMediiAevi，tom。i。p31—35。Thislastisafragmentofsomevalue。]
[Footnote31:Argyrusreceived，saystheanonymousChronicleofBari，Imperialletters，FoederatusetPatriciatus，etCatapanietVestatus。InhisAnnals，Muratoritom。viii。p。426veryproperlyreads，orinterprets，Sevestatus，thetitleofSebastosorAugustus。ButinhisAntiquities，hewastaughtbyDucangetomakeitapalatineoffice，masterofthewardrobe。]
[Footnote32:ALifeofSt。LeoIX。，deeplytingedwiththepassionsandprejudicesoftheage，hasbeencomposedbyWibert，printedatParis，1615，inoctavo，andsinceinsertedintheCollectionsoftheBollandists，ofMabillon，andofMuratori。
ThepublicandprivatehistoryofthatpopeisdiligentlytreatedbyM。deSt。Marc。Abrege，tom。ii。p。140—210，andp。25—
95，secondcolumn。]
ButthepowerofConstantinewasdistractedbyaTurkishwar；themindofHenrywasfeebleandirresolute；andthepope，insteadofrepassingtheAlpswithaGermanarmy，wasaccompaniedonlybyaguardofsevenhundredSwabiansandsomevolunteersofLorraine。InhislongprogressfromMantuatoBeneventum，avileandpromiscuousmultitudeofItalianswasenlistedundertheholystandard:^33thepriestandtherobbersleptinthesametent；
thepikesandcrosseswereintermingledinthefront；andthemartialsaintrepeatedthelessonsofhisyouthintheorderofmarch，ofencampment，andofcombat。TheNormansofApuliacouldmusterinthefieldnomorethanthreethousandhorse，withahandfulofinfantry:thedefectionofthenativesinterceptedtheirprovisionsandretreat；andtheirspirit，incapableoffear，waschilledforamomentbysuperstitiousawe。OnthehostileapproachofLeo，theykneltwithoutdisgraceorreluctancebeforetheirspiritualfather。Butthepopewasinexorable；hisloftyGermansaffectedtoderidethediminutivestatureoftheiradversaries；andtheNormanswereinformedthatdeathorexilewastheironlyalternative。Flighttheydisdained，and，asmanyofthemhadbeenthreedayswithouttastingfood，theyembracedtheassuranceofamoreeasyandhonorabledeath。TheyclimbedthehillofCivitella，descendedintotheplain，andchargedinthreedivisionsthearmyofthepope。Ontheleft，andinthecentre，RichardcountofAversa，andRobertthefamousGuiscard，attacked，broke，routed，andpursuedtheItalianmultitudes，whofoughtwithoutdiscipline，andfledwithoutshame。AhardertrialwasreservedforthevalorofCountHumphrey，wholedthecavalryoftherightwing。
TheGermans^34havebeendescribedasunskillfulinthemanagementofthehorseandthelance，butonfoottheyformedastrongandimpenetrablephalanx；andneitherman，norsteed，norarmor，couldresisttheweightoftheirlongandtwo—handedswords。Afterasevereconflict，theywereencompassedbythesquadronsreturningfromthepursuit；anddiedintherankswiththeesteemoftheirfoes，andthesatisfactionofrevenge。ThegatesofCivitellawereshutagainsttheflyingpope，andhewasovertakenbythepiousconquerors，whokissedhisfeet，toimplorehisblessingandtheabsolutionoftheirsinfulvictory。
ThesoldiersbeheldintheirenemyandcaptivethevicarofChrist；and，thoughwemaysupposethepolicyofthechiefs，itisprobablethattheywereinfectedbythepopularsuperstition。