[Footnote142:Abulfeda，p。112—115。Gagnier，tom。iii。p。67
—88。D\'Herbelot，Mohammed。]
[Footnote143:ThesiegeofTayef，divisionofthespoil，&c。，arerelatedbyAbulfedap。117—123andGagnier，tom。iii。p。
88—111。ItisAlJannabiwhomentionstheenginesandengineersofthetribeofDaws。ThefertilespotofTayefwassupposedtobeapieceofthelandofSyriadetachedanddroppedinthegeneraldeluge]
Thefugitivesandauxiliariescomplained，thattheywhohadbornetheburdenwereneglectedintheseasonofvictory\"Alas!\"
repliedtheirartfulleader，\"suffermetoconciliatetheserecentenemies，thesedoubtfulproselytes，bythegiftofsomeperishablegoods。ToyourguardIintrustmylifeandfortunes。
Youarethecompanionsofmyexile，ofmykingdom，ofmyparadise。\"HewasfollowedbythedeputiesofTayef，whodreadedtherepetitionofasiege。\"Grantus，OapostleofGod!atruceofthreeyears，withthetolerationofourancientworship。\"\"Notamonth，notanhour。\"\"Excuseusatleastfromtheobligationofprayer。\"\"Withoutprayerreligionisofnoavail。\"Theysubmittedinsilence:theirtemplesweredemolished，andthesamesentenceofdestructionwasexecutedonalltheidolsofArabia。Hislieutenants，ontheshoresoftheRedSea，theOcean，andtheGulfofPersia，weresalutedbytheacclamationsofafaithfulpeople；andtheambassadors，whokneltbeforethethroneofMedina，wereasnumeroussaystheArabianproverbasthedatesthatfallfromthematurityofapalm—tree。ThenationsubmittedtotheGodandthesceptreofMahomet:theopprobriousnameoftributewasabolished:thespontaneousorreluctantoblationsofarmsandtitheswereappliedtotheserviceofreligion；andonehundredandfourteenthousandMoslemsaccompaniedthelastpilgrimageoftheapostle。^144
[Footnote144:ThelastconquestsandpilgrimageofMahometarecontainedinAbulfeda，p。121，133，Gagnier，tom。iii。p。119
—219，Elmacin，p。10，11，Abulpharagius，p。103。TheixthoftheHegirawasstyledtheYearofEmbassies，Gagnier，Not。adAbulfed。p。121。]
WhenHeracliusreturnedintriumphfromthePersianwar，heentertained，atEmesa，oneoftheambassadorsofMahomet，whoinvitedtheprincesandnationsoftheearthtotheprofessionofIslam。OnthisfoundationthezealoftheArabianshassupposedthesecretconversionoftheChristianemperor:thevanityoftheGreekshasfeignedapersonalvisitoftheprinceofMedina，whoacceptedfromtheroyalbountyarichdomain，andasecureretreat，intheprovinceofSyria。^145ButthefriendshipofHeracliusandMahometwasofshortcontinuance:thenewreligionhadinflamedratherthanassuagedtherapaciousspiritoftheSaracens，andthemurderofanenvoyaffordedadecentpretenceforinvading，withthreethousandsoldiers，theterritoryofPalestine，thatextendstotheeastwardoftheJordan。TheholybannerwasintrustedtoZeid；andsuchwasthedisciplineorenthusiasmoftherisingsect，thatthenoblestchiefsservedwithoutreluctanceundertheslaveoftheprophet。Ontheeventofhisdecease，JaafarandAbdallahweresuccessivelysubstitutedtothecommand；andifthethreeshouldperishinthewar，thetroopswereauthorizedtoelecttheirgeneral。ThethreeleaderswereslaininthebattleofMuta，^146thefirstmilitaryaction，whichtriedthevaloroftheMoslemsagainstaforeignenemy。
Zeidfell，likeasoldier，intheforemostranks:thedeathofJaafarwasheroicandmemorable:helosthisrighthand:heshiftedthestandardtohisleft:theleftwasseveredfromhisbody:heembracedthestandardwithhisbleedingstumps，tillhewastransfixedtothegroundwithfiftyhonorablewounds。
\"Advance，\"criedAbdallah，whosteppedintothevacantplace，\"advancewithconfidence:eithervictoryorparadiseisourown。\"
ThelanceofaRomandecidedthealternative；butthefallingstandardwasrescuedbyCaled，theproselyteofMecca:nineswordswerebrokeninhishand；andhisvalorwithstoodandrepulsedthesuperiornumbersoftheChristians。Inthenocturnalcouncilofthecamphewaschosentocommand:hisskilfulevolutionsoftheensuingdaysecuredeitherthevictoryortheretreatoftheSaracens；andCaledisrenownedamonghisbrethrenandhisenemiesbythegloriousappellationoftheSwordofGod。Inthepulpit，Mahometdescribed，withpropheticrapture，thecrownsoftheblessedmartyrs；butinprivatehebetrayedthefeelingsofhumannature:hewassurprisedasheweptoverthedaughterofZeid:\"WhatdoIsee?\"saidtheastonishedvotary。
\"Yousee，\"repliedtheapostle，\"afriendwhoisdeploringthelossofhismostfaithfulfriend。\"AftertheconquestofMecca，thesovereignofArabiaaffectedtopreventthehostilepreparationsofHeraclius；andsolemnlyproclaimedwaragainsttheRomans，withoutattemptingtodisguisethehardshipsanddangersoftheenterprise。^147TheMoslemswerediscouraged:
theyallegedthewantofmoney，orhorses，orprovisions；theseasonofharvest，andtheintolerableheatofthesummer:\"Hellismuchhotter，\"saidtheindignantprophet。Hedisdainedtocompeltheirservice:butonhisreturnheadmonishedthemostguilty，byanexcommunicationoffiftydays。TheirdesertionenhancedthemeritofAbubeker，Othman，andthefaithfulcompanionswhodevotedtheirlivesandfortunes；andMahometdisplayedhisbannerattheheadoftenthousandhorseandtwentythousandfoot。Painfulindeedwasthedistressofthemarch:
lassitudeandthirstwereaggravatedbythescorchingandpestilentialwindsofthedesert:tenmenrodebyturnsononecamel；andtheywerereducedtotheshamefulnecessityofdrinkingthewaterfromthebellyofthatusefulanimal。Inthemid—way，tendays\'journeyfromMedinaandDamascus，theyreposednearthegroveandfountainofTabuc。BeyondthatplaceMahometdeclinedtheprosecutionofthewar:hedeclaredhimselfsatisfiedwiththepeacefulintentions，hewasmoreprobablydauntedbythemartialarray，oftheemperoroftheEast。ButtheactiveandintrepidCaledspreadaroundtheterrorofhisname；andtheprophetreceivedthesubmissionofthetribesandcities，fromtheEuphratestoAilah，attheheadoftheRedSea。
TohisChristiansubjects，Mahometreadilygrantedthesecurityoftheirpersons，thefreedomoftheirtrade，thepropertyoftheirgoods，andthetolerationoftheirworship。^148TheweaknessoftheirArabianbrethrenhadrestrainedthemfromopposinghisambition；thedisciplesofJesuswereendearedtotheenemyoftheJews；anditwastheinterestofaconquerortoproposeafaircapitulationtothemostpowerfulreligionoftheearth。
[Footnote145:ComparethebigotedAlJannabiapudGagnier，tom。
ii。p。232—255withthenolessbigotedGreeks，Theophanes，p。276—227，Zonarastom。ii。l。xiv。p。86，andCedrenus，p。421。]
[Footnote146:ForthebattleofMuta，anditsconsequences，seeAbulfedap100—102andGagnier，tom。ii。p。327—343。。]
[Footnote*:ToconsoletheafflictedrelativesofhiskinsmanJauffer，heMahometrepresentedthat，inParadise，inexchangeforthearmswhichhehadlost，hehadbeenfurnishedwithapairofwings，resplendentwiththeblushinggloriesoftheruby，andwithwhichhewasbecometheinseparablecompanionofthearchangalGabriel，inhisvolitationsthroughtheregionsofeternalbliss。Hence，inthecatalogueofthemartyrs，hehasbeendenominatedJaufferteyaur，thewingedJauffer。Price，ChronologicalRetrospectofMohammedanHistory，vol。i。p。5。—
M。]
[Footnote147:TheexpeditionofTabucisrecordedbyourordinaryhistoriansAbulfedaVit。Moham。p。123—127andGagnier，ViedeMahomet，tom。iii。p。147—163:butwehavetheadvantageofappealingtotheoriginalevidenceoftheKoran，c。9，p。154，165，withSale\'slearnedandrationalnotes。]
[Footnote148:TheDiplomasecuritatisAilensibusisattestedbyAhmedBenJoseph，andtheauthorLibriSplendorum，Gagnier，Not。
adAbulfedam，p。125；butAbulfedahimself，aswellasElmacin，Hist。Saracen。p。11，thoughheownsMahomet\'sregardfortheChristians，p13，onlymentionspeaceandtribute。Intheyear1630，SionitapublishedatParisthetextandversionofMahomet\'spatentinfavoroftheChristians；whichwasadmittedandreprobatedbytheoppositetasteofSalmasiusandGrotius，Bayle，Mahomet，Rem。Aa。Hottingerdoubtsofitsauthenticity，Hist。Orient。p。237；RenaudoturgestheconsentoftheMohametans，Hist。Patriarch。Alex。p。169；butMosheimHist。
Eccles。p。244showsthefutilityoftheiropinionandinclinestobelieveitspurious。YetAbulpharagiusquotestheimpostor\'streatywiththeNestorianpatriarch，Asseman。Bibliot。Orient。
tom。ii。p。418；butAbulpharagiuswasprimateoftheJacobites。]
Tilltheageofsixty—threeyears，thestrengthofMahometwasequaltothetemporalandspiritualfatiguesofhismission。
Hisepilepticfits，anabsurdcalumnyoftheGreeks，wouldbeanobjectofpityratherthanabhorrence；^149butheseriouslybelievedthathewaspoisonedatChaibarbytherevengeofaJewishfemale。^150Duringfouryears，thehealthoftheprophetdeclined；hisinfirmitiesincreased；buthismortaldiseasewasafeveroffourteendays，whichdeprivedhimbyintervalsoftheuseofreason。Assoonashewasconsciousofhisdanger，heedifiedhisbrethrenbythehumilityofhisvirtueorpenitence。
\"Iftherebeanyman，\"saidtheapostlefromthepulpit，\"whomI
haveunjustlyscourged，Isubmitmyownbacktothelashofretaliation。HaveIaspersedthereputationofaMussulman?lethimproclaimmythoughtsinthefaceofthecongregation。Hasanyonebeendespoiledofhisgoods?thelittlethatIpossessshallcompensatetheprincipalandtheinterestofthedebt。\"\"Yes，\"
repliedavoicefromthecrowd，\"Iamentitledtothreedramsofsilver。\"Mahometheardthecomplaint，satisfiedthedemand，andthankedhiscreditorforaccusinghiminthisworldratherthanatthedayofjudgment。Hebeheldwithtemperatefirmnesstheapproachofdeath；enfranchisedhisslavesseventeenmen，astheyarenamed，andelevenwomen；minutelydirectedtheorderofhisfuneral，andmoderatedthelamentationsofhisweepingfriends，onwhomhebestowedthebenedictionofpeace。Tillthethirddaybeforehisdeath，heregularlyperformedthefunctionofpublicprayer:thechoiceofAbubekertosupplyhisplace，appearedtomarkthatancientandfaithfulfriendashissuccessorinthesacerdotalandregaloffice；butheprudentlydeclinedtheriskandenvyofamoreexplicitnomination。Atamomentwhenhisfacultieswerevisiblyimpaired，hecalledforpenandinktowrite，or，moreproperly，todictate，adivinebook，thesumandaccomplishmentofallhisrevelations:adisputearoseinthechamber，whetherheshouldbeallowedtosupersedetheauthorityoftheKoran；andtheprophetwasforcedtoreprovetheindecentvehemenceofhisdisciples。Iftheslightestcreditmaybeaffordedtothetraditionsofhiswivesandcompanions，hemaintained，inthebosomofhisfamily，andtothelastmomentsofhislife，thedignityofanapostle，andthefaithofanenthusiast；describedthevisitsofGabriel，whobadeaneverlastingfarewelltotheearth，andexpressedhislivelyconfidence，notonlyofthemercy，butofthefavor，oftheSupremeBeing。Inafamiliardiscoursehehadmentionedhisspecialprerogative，thattheangelofdeathwasnotallowedtotakehissoultillhehadrespectfullyaskedthepermissionoftheprophet。Therequestwasgranted；andMahometimmediatelyfellintotheagonyofhisdissolution:hisheadwasreclinedonthelapofAyesha，thebestbelovedofallhiswives；hefaintedwiththeviolenceofpain；recoveringhisspirits，heraisedhiseyestowardstheroofofthehouse，and，withasteadylook，thoughafalteringvoice，utteredthelastbroken，thougharticulate，words:\"OGod!……pardonmysins……Yes，……Icome，……amongmyfellow—citizensonhigh；\"andthuspeaceablyexpiredonacarpetspreaduponthefloor。AnexpeditionfortheconquestofSyriawasstoppedbythismournfulevent；thearmyhaltedatthegatesofMedina；thechiefswereassembledroundtheirdyingmaster。Thecity，moreespeciallythehouse，oftheprophet，wasasceneofclamoroussorrowofsilentdespair:fanaticismalonecouldsuggestarayofhopeandconsolation。\"Howcanhebedead，ourwitness，ourintercessor，ourmediator，withGod?ByGodheisnotdead:likeMosesandJesus，heiswrappedinaholytrance，andspeedilywillhereturntohisfaithfulpeople。\"Theevidenceofsensewasdisregarded；andOmar，unsheathinghiscimeter，threatenedtostrikeofftheheadsoftheinfidels，whoshoulddaretoaffirmthattheprophetwasnomore。ThetumultwasappeasedbytheweightandmoderationofAbubeker。\"IsitMahomet，\"saidhetoOmarandthemultitude，\"ortheGodofMahomet，whomyouworship?
TheGodofMahometlivethforever；buttheapostlewasamortallikeourselves，andaccordingtohisownprediction，hehasexperiencedthecommonfateofmortality。\"Hewaspiouslyinterredbythehandsofhisnearestkinsman，onthesamespotonwhichheexpired:^151MedinahasbeensanctifiedbythedeathandburialofMahomet；andtheinnumerablepilgrimsofMeccaoftenturnasidefromtheway，tobow，involuntarydevotion，^152beforethesimpletomboftheprophet。^153
[Footnote149:Theepilepsy，orfalling—sickness，ofMahometisassertedbyTheophanes，Zonaras，andtherestoftheGreeks；andisgreedilyswallowedbythegrossbigotryofHottinger，Hist。
Orient。p。10，11，Prideaux，LifeofMahomet，p。12，andMaracci，tom。ii。Alcoran，p。762，763。Thetitlesthewrapped—up，thecoveredoftwochaptersoftheKoran，73，74
canhardlybestrainedtosuchaninterpretation:thesilence，theignoranceoftheMahometancommentators，ismoreconclusivethanthemostperemptorydenial；andthecharitablesideisespousedbyOckley，Hist。oftheSaracens，tom。i。p。301，
Gagnier，adAbulfedam，p。9。ViedeMahomet，tom。i。p。118，
andSale，Koran，p。469—474。
Note:DrWeilbelievesintheepilepsy，andadducesstrongevidenceforit；andsurelyitmaybebelieved，inperfectcharity；andthattheprophet\'svisionswereconnected，astheyappeartohavebeen，withthesefits。Ihavelittledoubtthathesawandbelievedthesevisions，andvisionstheywere。Weil，p。43。—M。1845。]
[Footnote150:Thispoisonmoreignominioussinceitwasofferedasatestofhispropheticknowledgeisfranklyconfessedbyhiszealousvotaries，Abulfedap。92andAlJannabi，apudGagnier，tom。ii。p。286—288。]
[Footnote*:MajorPrice，whowriteswiththeauthorityofonewidelyconversantwiththeoriginalsourcesofEasternknowledge，andinaverycandidtone，takesaverydifferentviewoftheprophet\'sdeath。\"IntracingthecircumstancesofMahommed\'sillness，welookinvainforanyproofsofthatmeekandheroicfirmnesswhichmightbeexpectedtodignifyandembellishthelastmomentsoftheapostleofGod。Onsomeoccasionshebetrayedsuchwantoffortitude，suchmarksofchildishimpatience，asareingeneraltobefoundinmenonlyofthemostordinarystamp；andsuchasextortedfromhiswifeAyesha，inparticular，thesarcasticremark，thatinherself，oranyofherfamily，asimilardemeanorwouldlongsincehaveincurredhisseveredispleasure。***HesaidthattheacutenessandviolenceofhissufferingswerenecessarilyintheproportionofthosehonorswithwhichithadeverpleasedthehandofOmnipotencetodistinguishitspeculiarfavoritesPrice，vol。i。
p。13。—M]
[Footnote151:TheGreeksandLatinshaveinventedandpropagatedthevulgarandridiculousstory，thatMahomet\'sirontombissuspendedintheairatMecca，LaonicusChalcondyles，deRebusTurcicis，l。iii。p。66，bytheactionofequalandpotentloadstones，DictionnairedeBayle，Mahomet，Rem。Ee。Ff。
Withoutanyphilosophicalinquiries，itmaysuffice，that，1。TheprophetwasnotburiedatMecca；and，2。ThathistombatMedina，whichhasbeenvisitedbymillions，isplacedontheground，Reland，deRelig。Moham。l。ii。c。19，p。209—211。Gagnier，ViedeMahomet，tom。iii。p。263—268。
Note:AccordingtothetestimonyofalltheEasternauthors，MahometdiedonMondaythe12thReby1st，intheyear11oftheHegira，whichanswersinrealitytothe8thJune，632，ofJ。C。
WefindinOckleyHist。ofSaracensthatitwasonMondaythe6thJune，632。Thisisamistake；forthe6thJuneofthatyearwasaSaturday，notaMonday；the8thJune，therefore，wasaMonday。Itiseasytodiscoverthatthelunaryear，inthiscalculationhasbeenconfoundedwiththesolar。St。Martinvol。
xi。p。186。—M。]
[Footnote152:AlJannabienumeratesViedeMahomet，tom。iii。
p。372—391themultifariousdutiesofapilgrimwhovisitsthetombsoftheprophetandhiscompanions；andthelearnedcasuistdecides，thatthisactofdevotionisnearestinobligationandmerittoadivineprecept。Thedoctorsaredividedwhich，ofMeccaorMedina，bethemostexcellent，p。391—394。]
[Footnote153:Thelastsickness，death，andburialofMahomet，aredescribedbyAbulfedaandGagnier，Vit。Moham。p。133—142。
ViedeMahomet，tom。iii。p。220—271。ThemostprivateandinterestingcircumstanceswereoriginallyreceivedfromAyesha，Ali，thesonsofAbbas，&c。；andastheydweltatMedina，andsurvivedtheprophetmanyyears，theymightrepeatthepioustaletoasecondorthirdgenerationofpilgrims。]
AttheconclusionofthelifeofMahomet，itmayperhapsbeexpected，thatIshouldbalancehisfaultsandvirtues，thatI
shoulddecidewhetherthetitleofenthusiastorimpostormoreproperlybelongstothatextraordinaryman。HadIbeenintimatelyconversantwiththesonofAbdallah，thetaskwouldstillbedifficult，andthesuccessuncertain:atthedistanceoftwelvecenturies，Idarklycontemplatehisshadethroughacloudofreligiousincense；andcouldItrulydelineatetheportraitofanhour，thefleetingresemblancewouldnotequallyapplytothesolitaryofMountHera，tothepreacherofMecca，andtotheconquerorofArabia。Theauthorofamightyrevolutionappearstohavebeenendowedwithapiousandcontemplativedisposition:
sosoonasmarriagehadraisedhimabovethepressureofwant，heavoidedthepathsofambitionandavarice；andtilltheageoffortyhelivedwithinnocence，andwouldhavediedwithoutaname。TheunityofGodisanideamostcongenialtonatureandreason；andaslightconversationwiththeJewsandChristianswouldteachhimtodespiseanddetesttheidolatryofMecca。Itwasthedutyofamanandacitizentoimpartthedoctrineofsalvation，torescuehiscountryfromthedominionofsinanderror。Theenergyofamindincessantlybentonthesameobject，wouldconvertageneralobligationintoaparticularcall；thewarmsuggestionsoftheunderstandingorthefancywouldbefeltastheinspirationsofHeaven；thelaborofthoughtwouldexpireinraptureandvision；andtheinwardsensation，theinvisiblemonitor，wouldbedescribedwiththeformandattributesofanangelofGod。^154Fromenthusiasmtoimposture，thestepisperilousandslippery:thedaemonofSocrates^155affordsamemorableinstance，howawisemanmaydeceivehimself，howagoodmanmaydeceiveothers，howtheconsciencemayslumberinamixedandmiddlestatebetweenself—illusionandvoluntaryfraud。