theygazedonthemanlycountenanceofJulian，andobservedwithpleasure，thatthefirewhichsparkledinhiseyeswastemperedbyamodestblush，onbeingthusexposed，forthefirsttime，tothepublicviewofmankind。Assoonastheceremonyofhisinvestiturehadbeenperformed，Constantiusaddressedhimwiththetoneofauthoritywhichhissuperiorageandstationpermittedhimtoassume；andexhortingthenewCaesartodeserve，byheroicdeeds，thatsacredandimmortalname，theemperorgavehiscolleaguethestrongestassurancesofafriendshipwhichshouldneverbeimpairedbytime，norinterruptedbytheirseparationintothemostdistantclimes。Assoonasthespeechwasended，thetroops，asatokenofapplause，clashedtheirshieldsagainsttheirknees；^36whiletheofficerswhosurroundedthetribunalexpressed，withdecentreserve，theirsenseofthemeritsoftherepresentativeofConstantius。
[Footnote35:SeeAmmian。Marcellin。l。xv。c。8。Zosimus，l。
iii。p。139。AureliusVictor。VictorJuniorinEpitom。Eutrop。
x。14。]
[Footnote36:Militaresomneshorrendofragorescutagenibusillidentes；quodestprosperitatisindiciumplenum；namcontracumhastisclypeiferiuntur，iraedocumentumestetdoloris……Ammianusadds，withanicedistinction，Eumqueutpotiorireverentiaservaretur，necsupramodumlaudabantnecinfraquamdecebat。]
Thetwoprincesreturnedtothepalaceinthesamechariot；
andduringtheslowprocession，JulianrepeatedtohimselfaverseofhisfavoriteHomer，whichhemightequallyapplytohisfortuneandtohisfears。^37Thefour—and—twentydayswhichtheCaesarspentatMilanafterhisinvestiture，andthefirstmonthsofhisGallicreign，weredevotedtoasplendidbutseverecaptivity；norcouldtheacquisitionofhonorcompensateforthelossoffreedom。^38Hisstepswerewatched，hiscorrespondencewasintercepted；andhewasobliged，byprudence，todeclinethevisitsofhismostintimatefriends。Ofhisformerdomestics，fouronlywerepermittedtoattendhim；twopages，hisphysician，andhislibrarian；thelastofwhomwasemployedinthecareofavaluablecollectionofbooks，thegiftoftheempress，whostudiedtheinclinationsaswellastheinterestofherfriend。
Intheroomofthesefaithfulservants，ahouseholdwasformed，suchindeedasbecamethedignityofaCaesar；butitwasfilledwithacrowdofslaves，destitute，andperhapsincapable，ofanyattachmentfortheirnewmaster，towhom，forthemostpart，theywereeitherunknownorsuspected。Hiswantofexperiencemightrequiretheassistanceofawisecouncil；buttheminuteinstructionswhichregulatedtheserviceofhistable，andthedistributionofhishours，wereadaptedtoayouthstillunderthedisciplineofhispreceptors，ratherthantothesituationofaprinceintrustedwiththeconductofanimportantwar。Ifheaspiredtodeservetheesteemofhissubjects，hewascheckedbythefearofdispleasinghissovereign；andeventhefruitsofhismarriage—bedwereblastedbythejealousartificesofEusebia^39
herself，who，onthisoccasionalone，seemstohavebeenunmindfulofthetendernessofhersex，andthegenerosityofhercharacter。ThememoryofhisfatherandofhisbrothersremindedJulianofhisowndanger，andhisapprehensionswereincreasedbytherecentandunworthyfateofSylvanus。Inthesummerwhichprecededhisownelevation，thatgeneralhadbeenchosentodeliverGaulfromthetyrannyoftheBarbarians；butSylvanussoondiscoveredthathehadlefthismostdangerousenemiesintheImperialcourt。Adexterousinformer，countenancedbyseveraloftheprincipalministers，procuredfromhimsomerecommendatoryletters；anderasingthewholeofthecontents，exceptthesignature，filledupthevacantparchmentwithmattersofhighandtreasonableimport。Bytheindustryandcourageofhisfriends，thefraudwashoweverdetected，andinagreatcouncilofthecivilandmilitaryofficers，heldinthepresenceoftheemperorhimself，theinnocenceofSylvanuswaspubliclyacknowledged。Butthediscoverycametoolate；thereportofthecalumny，andthehastyseizureofhisestate，hadalreadyprovokedtheindignantchieftotherebellionofwhichhewassounjustlyaccused。Heassumedthepurpleathishead—quartersofCologne，andhisactivepowersappearedtomenaceItalywithaninvasion，andMilanwithasiege。Inthisemergency，Ursicinus，ageneralofequalrank，regained，byanactoftreachery，thefavorwhichhehadlostbyhiseminentservicesintheEast。
Exasperated，ashemightspeciouslyallege，bytheinjuriesofasimilarnature，hehastenedwithafewfollowerstojointhestandard，andtobetraytheconfidence，ofhistoocredulousfriend。Afterareignofonlytwenty—eightdays，Sylvanuswasassassinated:thesoldierswho，withoutanycriminalintention，hadblindlyfollowedtheexampleoftheirleader，immediatelyreturnedtotheirallegiance；andtheflatterersofConstantiuscelebratedthewisdomandfelicityofthemonarchwhohadextinguishedacivilwarwithoutthehazardofabattle。^40
[Footnote37:ThewordpurplewhichHomerhadusedasavaguebutcommonepithetfordeath，wasappliedbyJuliantoexpress，veryaptly，thenatureandobjectofhisownapprehensions。]
[Footnote38:Herepresents，inthemostpatheticterms，p。
277，thedistressofhisnewsituation。Theprovisionforhistablewas，however，soelegantandsumptuous，thattheyoungphilosopherrejecteditwithdisdain。Quumlegeretlibellumassidue，quemConstantiusutprivignumadstudiamittensmanusuaconscripserat，praelicenterdisponensquidinconvivioCaesarisimpendideberit:Phasianum，etvulvametsumenexigivetuitetinferri。Ammian。Marcellin。l。xvi。c。5。]
[Footnote39:IfwerecollectthatConstantine，thefatherofHelena，diedaboveeighteenyearsbefore，inamatureoldage，itwillappearprobable，thatthedaughter，thoughavirgin，couldnotbeveryyoungatthetimeofhermarriage。Shewassoonafterwardsdeliveredofason，whodiedimmediately，quodobstetrixcorruptamercede，moxnatumpraesectoplusquamconveneratumbiliconecavit。SheaccompaniedtheemperorandempressintheirjourneytoRome，andthelatter，quaesitumvenenumbibereperfraudemillexit，utquotiescunqueconcepisset，immaturumabjiceritpartum。Ammian。l。xvi。c。10。Ourphysicianswilldeterminewhetherthereexistssuchapoison。
FormyownpartIaminclinedtohopethatthepublicmalignityimputedtheeffectsofaccidentastheguiltofEusebia。]
[Footnote40:Ammianusxv。v。wasperfectlywellinformedoftheconductandfateofSylvanus。HehimselfwasoneofthefewfollowerswhoattendedUrsicinusinhisdangerousenterprise。]
TheprotectionoftheRhaetianfrontier，andthepersecutionoftheCatholicchurch，detainedConstantiusinItalyaboveeighteenmonthsafterthedepartureofJulian。BeforetheemperorreturnedintotheEast，heindulgedhisprideandcuriosityinavisittotheancientcapital。^41HeproceededfromMilantoRomealongtheAemilianandFlaminianways，andassoonasheapproachedwithinfortymilesofthecity，themarchofaprincewhohadnevervanquishedaforeignenemy，assumedtheappearanceofatriumphalprocession。Hissplendidtrainwascomposedofalltheministersofluxury；butinatimeofprofoundpeace，hewasencompassedbytheglitteringarmsofthenumeroussquadronsofhisguardsandcuirassiers。Theirstreamingbannersofsilk，embossedwithgold，andshapedintheformofdragons，wavedroundthepersonoftheemperor。Constantiussataloneinaloftycar，resplendentwithgoldandpreciousgems；
and，exceptwhenhebowedhisheadtopassunderthegatesofthecities，heaffectedastatelydemeanorofinflexible，and，asitmightseem，ofinsensiblegravity。TheseveredisciplineofthePersianyouthhadbeenintroducedbytheeunuchsintotheImperialpalace；andsuchwerethehabitsofpatiencewhichtheyhadinculcated，thatduringaslowandsultrymarch，hewasneverseentomovehishandtowardshisface，ortoturnhiseyeseithertotherightortotheleft。HewasreceivedbythemagistratesandsenateofRome；andtheemperorsurveyed，withattention，thecivilhonorsoftherepublic，andtheconsularimagesofthenoblefamilies。Thestreetswerelinedwithaninnumerablemultitude。Theirrepeatedacclamationsexpressedtheirjoyatbeholding，afteranabsenceofthirty—twoyears，thesacredpersonoftheirsovereign，andConstantiushimselfexpressed，withsomepleasantry，heaffectedsurprisethatthehumanraceshouldthussuddenlybecollectedonthesamespot。
ThesonofConstantinewaslodgedintheancientpalaceofAugustus:hepresidedinthesenate，haranguedthepeoplefromthetribunalwhichCicerohadsooftenascended，assistedwithunusualcourtesyatthegamesoftheCircus，andacceptedthecrownsofgold，aswellasthePanegyricswhichhadbeenpreparedfortheceremonybythedeputiesoftheprincipalcities。Hisshortvisitofthirtydayswasemployedinviewingthemonumentsofartandpowerwhichwerescatteredoverthesevenhillsandtheinterjacentvalleys。HeadmiredtheawfulmajestyoftheCapitol，thevastextentofthebathsofCaracallaandDiocletian，theseveresimplicityofthePantheon，themassygreatnessoftheamphitheatreofTitus，theelegantarchitectureofthetheatreofPompeyandtheTempleofPeace，and，aboveall，thestatelystructureoftheForumandcolumnofTrajan；
acknowledgingthatthevoiceoffame，sopronetoinventandtomagnify，hadmadeaninadequatereportofthemetropolisoftheworld。Thetraveller，whohascontemplatedtheruinsofancientRome，mayconceivesomeimperfectideaofthesentimentswhichtheymusthaveinspiredwhentheyrearedtheirheadsinthesplendorofunsulliedbeauty。
[SeeThePantheon:TheseveresimplicityofthePantheon]
[Footnote41:FortheparticularsofthevisitofConstantiustoRome，seeAmmianus，l。xvi。c。10。Wehaveonlytoadd，thatThemistiuswasappointeddeputyfromConstantinople，andthathecomposedhisfourthorationforhisceremony。]
ThesatisfactionwhichConstantiushadreceivedfromthisjourneyexcitedhimtothegenerousemulationofbestowingontheRomanssomememorialofhisowngratitudeandmunificence。HisfirstideawastoimitatetheequestrianandcolossalstatuewhichhehadseenintheForumofTrajan；butwhenhehadmaturelyweighedthedifficultiesoftheexecution，^42hechoserathertoembellishthecapitalbythegiftofanEgyptianobelisk。Inaremotebutpolishedage，whichseemstohaveprecededtheinventionofalphabeticalwriting，agreatnumberoftheseobeliskshadbeenerected，inthecitiesofThebesandHeliopolis，bytheancientsovereignsofEgypt，inajustconfidencethatthesimplicityoftheirform，andthehardnessoftheirsubstance，wouldresisttheinjuriesoftimeandviolence。
^43SeveraloftheseextraordinarycolumnshadbeentransportedtoRomebyAugustusandhissuccessors，asthemostdurablemonumentsoftheirpowerandvictory；^44butthereremainedoneobelisk，which，fromitssizeorsanctity，escapedforalongtimetherapaciousvanityoftheconquerors。ItwasdesignedbyConstantinetoadornhisnewcity；^45and，afterbeingremovedbyhisorderfromthepedestalwhereitstoodbeforetheTempleoftheSunatHeliopolis，wasfloateddowntheNiletoAlexandria。ThedeathofConstantinesuspendedtheexecutionofhispurpose，andthisobeliskwasdestinedbyhissontotheancientcapitaloftheempire。Avesselofuncommonstrengthandcapaciousnesswasprovidedtoconveythisenormousweightofgranite，atleastahundredandfifteenfeetinlength，fromthebanksoftheNiletothoseoftheTyber。TheobeliskofConstantiuswaslandedaboutthreemilesfromthecity，andelevated，bytheeffortsofartandlabor，inthegreatCircusofRome。^46
[Footnote42:Hormisdas，afugitiveprinceofPersia，observedtotheemperor，thatifhemadesuchahorse，hemustthinkofpreparingasimilarstable，theForumofTrajan。AnothersayingofHormisdasisrecorded，\"thatonethingonlyhaddispleasedhim，tofindthatmendiedatRomeaswellaselsewhere。\"IfweadoptthisreadingofthetextofAmmianus，displicuisse，insteadofplacuisse，wemayconsideritasareproofofRomanvanity。Thecontrarysensewouldbethatofamisanthrope。]
[Footnote43:WhenGermanicusvisitedtheancientmonumentsofThebes，theeldestofthepriestsexplainedtohimthemeaningofthesehieroglyphics。Tacit。Annal。ii。c。60。Butitseemsprobable，thatbeforetheusefulinventionofanalphabet，thesenaturalorarbitrarysignswerethecommoncharactersoftheEgyptiannation。SeeWarburton\'sDivineLegationofMoses，vol。
iii。p。69—243。]
[Footnote44:SeePlin。Hist。Natur。l。xxxvi。c。14，15。]
[Footnote45:Ammian。Marcellinl。xvii。c。4。HegivesusaGreekinterpretationofthehieroglyphics，andhiscommentatorLindenbrogiusaddsaLatininscription，which，intwentyversesoftheageofConstantius，containashorthistoryoftheobelisk。]
[Footnote46:SeeDonat。Roma。Antiqua，l。iii。c。14，l。iv。c。
12，andthelearned，thoughconfused，DissertationofBargaeusonObelisks，insertedinthefourthvolumeofGraevius\'sRomanAntiquities，p。1897—1936。ThisdissertationisdedicatedtoPopeSixtusV。，whoerectedtheobeliskofConstantiusinthesquarebeforethepatriarchalchurchofat。JohnLateran。]
[Footnote*:ItisdoubtfulwhethertheobelisktransportedbyConstantiustoRomenowexists。EvenfromthetextofAmmianus，itisuncertainwhethertheinterpretationofHermapionreferstotheolderobelisk，obeliscoincisusestveteriquemvidemusinCirco，raised，ashehimselfstates，intheCircusMaximus，longbefore，byAugustus，ortotheonebroughtbyConstantius。TheobeliskinthesquarebeforethechurchofSt。JohnLateranisascribednottoRamesestheGreatbuttoThoutmosII。
Champollion，1。LettreaM。deBlacas，p。32。—M]
ThedepartureofConstantiusfromRomewashastenedbythealarmingintelligenceofthedistressanddangeroftheIllyrianprovinces。Thedistractionsofcivilwar，andtheirreparablelosswhichtheRomanlegionshadsustainedinthebattleofMursa，exposedthosecountries，almostwithoutdefence，tothelightcavalryoftheBarbarians；andparticularlytotheinroadsoftheQuadi，afierceandpowerfulnation，whoseemtohaveexchangedtheinstitutionsofGermanyforthearmsandmilitaryartsoftheirSarmatianallies。^47Thegarrisonsofthefrontierswereinsufficienttochecktheirprogress；andtheindolentmonarchwasatlengthcompelledtoassemble，fromtheextremitiesofhisdominions，theflowerofthePalatinetroops，totakethefieldinperson，andtoemployawholecampaign，withtheprecedingautumnandtheensuingspring，intheseriousprosecutionofthewar。TheemperorpassedtheDanubeonabridgeofboats，cutinpiecesallthatencounteredhismarch，penetratedintotheheartofthecountryoftheQuadi，andseverelyretaliatedthecalamitieswhichtheyhadinflictedontheRomanprovince。ThedismayedBarbariansweresoonreducedtosueforpeace:theyofferedtherestitutionofhiscaptivesubjectsasanatonementforthepast，andthenoblesthostagesasapledgeoftheirfutureconduct。ThegenerouscourtesywhichwasshowntothefirstamongtheirchieftainswhoimploredtheclemencyofConstantius，encouragedthemoretimid，orthemoreobstinate，toimitatetheirexample；andtheImperialcampwascrowdedwiththeprincesandambassadorsofthemostdistanttribes，whooccupiedtheplainsoftheLesserPoland，andwhomighthavedeemedthemselvessecurebehindtheloftyridgeoftheCarpathianMountains。WhileConstantiusgavelawstotheBarbariansbeyondtheDanube，hedistinguished，withspeciouscompassion，theSarmatianexiles，whohadbeenexpelledfromtheirnativecountrybytherebellionoftheirslaves，andwhoformedaveryconsiderableaccessiontothepoweroftheQuadi。
Theemperor，embracingagenerousbutartfulsystemofpolicy，releasedtheSarmatiansfromthebandsofthishumiliatingdependence，andrestoredthem，byaseparatetreaty，tothedignityofanationunitedunderthegovernmentofaking，thefriendandallyoftherepublic。Hedeclaredhisresolutionofassertingthejusticeoftheircause，andofsecuringthepeaceoftheprovincesbytheextirpation，oratleastthebanishment，oftheLimigantes，whosemannerswerestillinfectedwiththevicesoftheirservileorigin。Theexecutionofthisdesignwasattendedwithmoredifficultythanglory。TheterritoryoftheLimiganteswasprotectedagainsttheRomansbytheDanube，againstthehostileBarbariansbytheTeyss。Themarshylandswhichlaybetweenthoserivers，andwereoftencoveredbytheirinundations，formedanintricatewilderness，perviousonlytotheinhabitants，whowereacquaintedwithitssecretpathsandinaccessiblefortresses。OntheapproachofConstantius，theLimigantestriedtheefficacyofprayers，offraud，andofarms；
buthesternlyrejectedtheirsupplications，defeatedtheirrudestratagems，andrepelledwithskillandfirmnesstheeffortsoftheirirregularvalor。Oneoftheirmostwarliketribes，establishedinasmallislandtowardstheconfluxoftheTeyssandtheDanube，consentedtopasstheriverwiththeintentionofsurprisingtheemperorduringthesecurityofanamicableconference。Theysoonbecamethevictimsoftheperfidywhichtheymeditated。Encompassedoneveryside，trampleddownbythecavalry，slaughteredbytheswordsofthelegions，theydisdainedtoaskformercy；andwithanundauntedcountenance，stillgraspedtheirweaponsintheagoniesofdeath。Afterthisvictory，aconsiderablebodyofRomanswaslandedontheoppositebanksoftheDanube；theTaifalae，aGothictribeengagedintheserviceoftheempire，invadedtheLimigantesonthesideoftheTeyss；andtheirformermasters，thefreeSarmatians，animatedbyhopeandrevenge，penetratedthroughthehillycountry，intotheheartoftheirancientpossessions。AgeneralconflagrationrevealedthehutsoftheBarbarians，whichwereseatedinthedepthofthewilderness；andthesoldierfoughtwithconfidenceonmarshyground，whichitwasdangerousforhimtotread。Inthisextremity，thebravestoftheLimiganteswereresolvedtodieinarms，ratherthantoyield:butthemildersentiment，enforcedbytheauthorityoftheirelders，atlengthprevailed；
andthesuppliantcrowd，followedbytheirwivesandchildren，repairedtotheImperialcamp，tolearntheirfatefromthemouthoftheconqueror。Aftercelebratinghisownclemency，whichwasstillinclinedtopardontheirrepeatedcrimes，andtosparetheremnantofaguiltynation，Constantiusassignedfortheplaceoftheirexilearemotecountry，wheretheymightenjoyasafeandhonorablerepose。TheLimigantesobeyedwithreluctance；butbeforetheycouldreach，atleastbeforetheycouldoccupy，theirdestinedhabitations，theyreturnedtothebanksoftheDanube，exaggeratingthehardshipsoftheirsituation，andrequesting，withferventprofessionsoffidelity，thattheemperorwouldgrantthemanundisturbedsettlementwithinthelimitsoftheRomanprovinces。Insteadofconsultinghisownexperienceoftheirincurableperfidy，Constantiuslistenedtohisflatterers，whowerereadytorepresentthehonorandadvantageofacceptingacolonyofsoldiers，atatimewhenitwasmucheasiertoobtainthepecuniarycontributionsthanthemilitaryserviceofthesubjectsoftheempire。TheLimiganteswerepermittedtopasstheDanube；andtheemperorgaveaudiencetothemultitudeinalargeplainnearthemoderncityofBuda。Theysurroundedthetribunal，andseemedtohearwithrespectanorationfullofmildnessanddignitywhenoneoftheBarbarians，castinghisshoeintotheair，exclaimedwithaloudvoice，Marha!Marha!awordofdefiance，whichwasreceivedasasignalofthetumult。