andrequiredthem，inthenameoftheirsovereign，todefendthepersonanddignityofhisrepresentatives。Bythisrashdeclarationofwar，theimpatienttemperofGalluswasprovokedtoembracethemostdesperatecounsels。Heorderedhisguardstostandtotheirarms，assembledthepopulaceofAntioch，andrecommendedtotheirzealthecareofhissafetyandrevenge。
Hiscommandsweretoofatallyobeyed。Theyrudelyseizedthepraefectandthequaestor，andtyingtheirlegstogetherwithropes，theydraggedthemthroughthestreetsofthecity，inflictedathousandinsultsandathousandwoundsontheseunhappyvictims，andatlastprecipitatedtheirmangledandlifelessbodiesintothestreamoftheOrontes。^21
[Footnote19:Zonaras，l。xiii。tom。ii。p。17，18。Theassassinshadseducedagreatnumberoflegionaries；buttheirdesignswerediscoveredandrevealedbyanoldwomaninwhosecottagetheylodged。]
[Footnote*:ThecommissionseemstohavebeengrantedtoDomitianalone。Montiusinterferedtosupporthisauthority。
Amm。Marc。loc。cit。—M]
[Footnote20:InthepresenttextofAmmianus，wereadAsper，quidem，sedadlenitatempropensior；whichformsasentenceofcontradictorynonsense。Withtheaidofanoldmanuscript，Valesiushasrectifiedthefirstofthesecorruptions，andweperceivearayoflightinthesubstitutionofthewordvafer。
Ifweventuretochangelenitatemintolexitatem，thisalterationofasingleletterwillrenderthewholepassageclearandconsistent。]
[Footnote21:Insteadofbeingobligedtocollectscatteredandimperfecthintsfromvarioussources，wenowenterintothefullstreamofthehistoryofAmmianus，andneedonlyrefertotheseventhandninthchaptersofhisfourteenthbook。
Philostorgius，however，l。iii。c。28thoughpartialtoGallus，shouldnotbeentirelyoverlooked。]
Aftersuchadeed，whatevermighthavebeenthedesignsofGallus，itwasonlyinafieldofbattlethathecouldasserthisinnocencewithanyhopeofsuccess。Butthemindofthatprincewasformedofanequalmixtureofviolenceandweakness。InsteadofassumingthetitleofAugustus，insteadofemployinginhisdefencethetroopsandtreasuresoftheEast，hesufferedhimselftobedeceivedbytheaffectedtranquillityofConstantius，who，leavinghimthevainpageantryofacourt，imperceptiblyrecalledtheveteranlegionsfromtheprovincesofAsia。ButasitstillappeareddangeroustoarrestGallusinhiscapital，theslowandsaferartsofdissimulationwerepractisedwithsuccess。ThefrequentandpressingepistlesofConstantiuswerefilledwithprofessionsofconfidenceandfriendship；exhortingtheCaesartodischargethedutiesofhishighstation，torelievehiscolleaguefromapartofthepubliccares，andtoassisttheWestbyhispresence，hiscounsels，andhisarms。Aftersomanyreciprocalinjuries，Gallushadreasontofearandtodistrust。
Buthehadneglectedtheopportunitiesofflightandofresistance；hewasseducedbytheflatteringassurancesofthetribuneScudilo，who，underthesemblanceofaroughsoldier，disguisedthemostartfulinsinuation；andhedependedonthecreditofhiswifeConstantina，tilltheunseasonabledeathofthatprincesscompletedtheruininwhichhehadbeeninvolvedbyherimpetuouspassions。^22
[Footnote22:Shehadprecededherhusband，butdiedofafeverontheroadatalittleplaceinBithynia，calledCoenumGallicanum。]
ChapterXIX:ConstantiusSoleEmperor。
PartII。
Afteralongdelay，thereluctantCaesarsetforwardsonhisjourneytotheImperialcourt。FromAntiochtoHadrianople，hetraversedthewideextentofhisdominionswithanumerousandstatelytrain；andashelaboredtoconcealhisapprehensionsfromtheworld，andperhapsfromhimself，heentertainedthepeopleofConstantinoplewithanexhibitionofthegamesofthecircus。Theprogressofthejourneymight，however，havewarnedhimoftheimpendingdanger。Inalltheprincipalcitieshewasmetbyministersofconfidence，commissionedtoseizetheofficesofgovernment，toobservehismotions，andtopreventthehastysalliesofhisdespair。Thepersonsdespatchedtosecuretheprovinceswhichheleftbehind，passedhimwithcoldsalutations，oraffecteddisdain；andthetroops，whosestationlayalongthepublicroad，werestudiouslyremovedonhisapproach，lesttheymightbetemptedtooffertheirswordsfortheserviceofacivilwar。^23AfterGallushadbeenpermittedtoreposehimselfafewdaysatHadrianople，hereceivedamandate，expressedinthemosthaughtyandabsolutestyle，thathissplendidretinueshouldhaltinthatcity，whiletheCaesarhimself，withonlytenpost—carriages，shouldhastentotheImperialresidenceatMilan。
Inthisrapidjourney，theprofoundrespectwhichwasduetothebrotherandcolleagueofConstantius，wasinsensiblychangedintorudefamiliarity；andGallus，whodiscoveredinthecountenancesoftheattendantsthattheyalreadyconsideredthemselvesashisguards，andmightsoonbeemployedashisexecutioners，begantoaccusehisfatalrashness，andtorecollect，withterrorandremorse，theconductbywhichhehadprovokedhisfate。Thedissimulationwhichhadhithertobeenpreserved，waslaidasideatPetovio，inPannonia。Hewasconductedtoapalaceinthesuburbs，wherethegeneralBarbatio，withaselectbandofsoldiers，whocouldneitherbemovedbypity，norcorruptedbyrewards，expectedthearrivalofhisillustriousvictim。Inthecloseoftheeveninghewasarrested，ignominiouslystrippedoftheensignsofCaesar，andhurriedawaytoPola，^!inIstria，asequesteredprison，whichhadbeensorecentlypollutedwithroyalblood。ThehorrorwhichhefeltwassoonincreasedbytheappearanceofhisimplacableenemytheeunuchEusebius，who，withtheassistanceofanotaryandatribune，proceededtointerrogatehimconcerningtheadministrationoftheEast。TheCaesarsankundertheweightofshameandguilt，confessedallthecriminalactionsandallthetreasonabledesignswithwhichhewascharged；andbyimputingthemtotheadviceofhiswife，exasperatedtheindignationofConstantius，whoreviewedwithpartialprejudicetheminutesoftheexamination。Theemperorwaseasilyconvinced，thathisownsafetywasincompatiblewiththelifeofhiscousin:thesentenceofdeathwassigned，despatched，andexecuted；andthenephewofConstantine，withhishandstiedbehindhisback，wasbeheadedinprisonlikethevilestmalefactor。^24ThosewhoareinclinedtopalliatethecrueltiesofConstantius，assertthathesoonrelented，andendeavoredtorecallthebloodymandate；butthatthesecondmessenger，intrustedwiththereprieve，wasdetainedbytheeunuchs，whodreadedtheunforgivingtemperofGallus，andweredesirousofreunitingtotheirempirethewealthyprovincesoftheEast。^25
[Footnote23:TheThebaeanlegions，whichwerethenquarteredatHadrianople，sentadeputationtoGallus，withatenderoftheirservices。Ammian。l。xiv。c。11。TheNotitias。6，20，38，edit。Labb。mentionsthreeseverallegionswhichborethenameofThebaean。ThezealofM。deVoltairetodestroyadespicablethoughcelebratedlegion，hastemptedhimontheslightestgroundstodenytheexistenceofaThenaeanlegionintheRomanarmies。SeeOeuvresdeVoltaire，tom。xv。p。414，quartoedition。]
[Footnote*:PettauinStyria。—M]
[Footnote*:RathertoFlanonia。nowFianone，nearPola。St。
Martin。—M。]
[Footnote24:SeethecompletenarrativeofthejourneyanddeathofGallusinAmmianus，l。xiv。c。11。Juliancomplainsthathisbrotherwasputtodeathwithoutatrial；attemptstojustify，oratleasttoexcuse，thecruelrevengewhichhehadinflictedonhisenemies；butseemsatlasttoacknowledgethathemightjustlyhavebeendeprivedofthepurple。]
[Footnote25:Philostorgius，l。iv。c。1。Zonaras，l。xiii。tom。
ii。p。19。ButtheformerwaspartialtowardsanArianmonarch，andthelattertranscribed，withoutchoiceorcriticism，whateverhefoundinthewritingsoftheancients。]
Besidesthereigningemperor，Julianalonesurvived，ofallthenumerousposterityofConstantiusChlorus。ThemisfortuneofhisroyalbirthinvolvedhiminthedisgraceofGallus。FromhisretirementinthehappycountryofIonia，hewasconveyedunderastrongguardtothecourtofMilan；wherehelanguishedabovesevenmonths，inthecontinualapprehensionofsufferingthesameignominiousdeath，whichwasdailyinflictedalmostbeforehiseyes，onthefriendsandadherentsofhispersecutedfamily。Hislooks，hisgestures，hissilence，werescrutinizedwithmalignantcuriosity，andhewasperpetuallyassaultedbyenemieswhomhehadneveroffended，andbyartstowhichhewasastranger。^26
Butintheschoolofadversity，Julianinsensiblyacquiredthevirtuesoffirmnessanddiscretion。Hedefendedhishonor，aswellashislife，againsttheinsnaringsubtletiesoftheeunuchs，whoendeavoredtoextortsomedeclarationofhissentiments；andwhilsthecautiouslysuppressedhisgriefandresentment，henoblydisdainedtoflatterthetyrant，byanyseemingapprobationofhisbrother\'smurder。Julianmostdevoutlyascribeshismiraculousdeliverancetotheprotectionofthegods，whohadexemptedhisinnocencefromthesentenceofdestructionpronouncedbytheirjusticeagainsttheimpioushouseofConstantine。^27Asthemosteffectualinstrumentoftheirprovidence，hegratefullyacknowledgesthesteadyandgenerousfriendshipoftheempressEusebia，^28awomanofbeautyandmerit，who，bytheascendantwhichshehadgainedoverthemindofherhusband，counterbalanced，insomemeasure，thepowerfulconspiracyoftheeunuchs。Bytheintercessionofhispatroness，JulianwasadmittedintotheImperialpresence:hepleadedhiscausewithadecentfreedom，hewasheardwithfavor；and，notwithstandingtheeffortsofhisenemies，whourgedthedangerofsparinganavengerofthebloodofGallus，themildersentimentofEusebiaprevailedinthecouncil。Buttheeffectsofasecondinterviewweredreadedbytheeunuchs；andJulianwasadvisedtowithdrawforawhileintotheneighborhoodofMilan，tilltheemperorthoughtpropertoassignthecityofAthensfortheplaceofhishonorableexile。Ashehaddiscovered，fromhisearliestyouth，apropensity，orratherpassion，forthelanguage，themanners，thelearning，andthereligionoftheGreeks，heobeyedwithpleasureanordersoagreeabletohiswishes。Farfromthetumultofarms，andthetreacheryofcourts，hespentsixmonthsunderthegrovesoftheacademy，inafreeintercoursewiththephilosophersoftheage，whostudiedtocultivatethegenius，toencouragethevanity，andtoinflamethedevotionoftheirroyalpupil。Theirlaborswerenotunsuccessful；andJulianinviolablypreservedforAthensthattenderregardwhichseldomfailstoariseinaliberalmind，fromtherecollectionoftheplacewhereithasdiscoveredandexerciseditsgrowingpowers。Thegentlenessandaffabilityofmanners，whichhistempersuggestedandhissituationimposed，insensiblyengagedtheaffectionsofthestrangers，aswellascitizens，withwhomheconversed。Someofhisfellow—studentsmightperhapsexaminehisbehaviorwithaneyeofprejudiceandaversion；butJulianestablished，intheschoolsofAthens，ageneralprepossessioninfavorofhisvirtuesandtalents，whichwassoondiffusedovertheRomanworld。^29
[Footnote26:SeeAmmianusMarcellin。l。xv。c。1，3，8。JulianhimselfinhisepistletotheAthenians，drawsaverylivelyandjustpictureofhisowndanger，andofhissentiments。Heshows，however，atendencytoexaggeratehissufferings，byinsinuating，thoughinobscureterms，thattheylastedaboveayear；aperiodwhichcannotbereconciledwiththetruthofchronology。]
[Footnote27:JulianhasworkedthecrimesandmisfortunesofthefamilyofConstantineintoanallegoricalfable，whichishappilyconceivedandagreeablyrelated。ItformstheconclusionoftheseventhOration，fromwhenceithasbeendetachedandtranslatedbytheAbbedelaBleterie，ViedeJovien，tom。ii。p。385—408。]
[Footnote28:ShewasanativeofThessalonica，inMacedonia，ofanoblefamily，andthedaughter，aswellassister，ofconsuls。
Hermarriagewiththeemperormaybeplacedintheyear352。Inadividedage，thehistoriansofallpartiesagreeinherpraises。SeetheirtestimoniescollectedbyTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。750—754。]
[Footnote29:LibaniusandGregoryNazianzenhaveexhaustedtheartsaswellasthepowersoftheireloquence，torepresentJulianasthefirstofheroes，ortheworstoftyrants。Gregorywashisfellow—studentatAthens；andthesymptomswhichhesotragicallydescribes，ofthefuturewickednessoftheapostate，amountonlytosomebodilyimperfections，andtosomepeculiaritiesinhisspeechandmanner。Heprotests，however，thathethenforesawandforetoldthecalamitiesofthechurchandstate。Greg。Nazianzen，Orat。iv。p。121，122。]
Whilsthishourswerepassedinstudiousretirement，theempress，resolutetoachievethegenerousdesignwhichshehadundertaken，wasnotunmindfulofthecareofhisfortune。ThedeathofthelateCaesarhadleftConstantiusinvestedwiththesolecommand，andoppressedbytheaccumulatedweight，ofamightyempire。Beforethewoundsofcivildiscordcouldbehealed，theprovincesofGaulwereoverwhelmedbyadelugeofBarbarians。TheSarmatiansnolongerrespectedthebarrieroftheDanube。TheimpunityofrapinehadincreasedtheboldnessandnumbersofthewildIsaurians:thoserobbersdescendedfromtheircraggymountainstoravagetheadjacentcountry，andhadevenpresumed，thoughwithoutsuccess，tobesiegetheimportantcityofSeleucia，whichwasdefendedbyagarrisonofthreeRomanlegions。Aboveall，thePersianmonarch，elatedbyvictory，againthreatenedthepeaceofAsia，andthepresenceoftheemperorwasindispensablyrequired，bothintheWestandintheEast。Forthefirsttime，Constantiussincerelyacknowledged，thathissinglestrengthwasunequaltosuchanextentofcareandofdominion。^30Insensibletothevoiceofflattery，whichassuredhimthathisall—powerfulvirtue，andcelestialfortune，wouldstillcontinuetotriumphovereveryobstacle，helistenedwithcomplacencytotheadviceofEusebia，whichgratifiedhisindolence，withoutoffendinghissuspiciouspride。AssheperceivedthattheremembranceofGallusdweltontheemperor\'smind，sheartfullyturnedhisattentiontotheoppositecharactersofthetwobrothers，whichfromtheirinfancyhadbeencomparedtothoseofDomitianandofTitus。^31SheaccustomedherhusbandtoconsiderJulianasayouthofamild，unambitiousdisposition，whoseallegianceandgratitudemightbesecuredbythegiftofthepurple，andwhowasqualifiedtofillwithhonorasubordinatestation，withoutaspiringtodisputethecommands，ortoshadetheglories，ofhissovereignandbenefactor。Afteranobstinate，thoughsecretstruggle，theoppositionofthefavoriteeunuchssubmittedtotheascendencyoftheempress；anditwasresolvedthatJulian，aftercelebratinghisnuptialswithHelena，sisterofConstantius，shouldbeappointed，withthetitleofCaesar，toreignoverthecountriesbeyondtheAlps。^32
[Footnote30:Succumberetotnecessitatibustamquecrebrisunumse，quodnunquamfecerat，apertedemonstrans。Ammian。l。xv。c。
8。Hethenexpresses，intheirownwords，thefatteringassurancesofthecourtiers。]
[Footnote31:TantumatemperatismoribusJulianidifferensfratrisquantuminterVespasianifiliosfuit，DomitianumetTitum。Ammian。l。xiv。c。11。Thecircumstancesandeducationofthetwobrothers，weresonearlythesame，astoaffordastrongexampleoftheinnatedifferenceofcharacters。]
[Footnote32:Ammianus，l。xv。c。8。Zosimus，l。iii。p。137，138。]
Althoughtheorderwhichrecalledhimtocourtwasprobablyaccompaniedbysomeintimationofhisapproachinggreatness，heappealstothepeopleofAthenstowitnesshistearsofundissembledsorrow，whenhewasreluctantlytornawayfromhisbelovedretirement。^33Hetrembledforhislife，forhisfame，andevenforhisvirtue；andhissoleconfidencewasderivedfromthepersuasion，thatMinervainspiredallhisactions，andthathewasprotectedbyaninvisibleguardofangels，whomforthatpurposeshehadborrowedfromtheSunandMoon。Heapproached，withhorror，thepalaceofMilan；norcouldtheingenuousyouthconcealhisindignation，whenhefoundhimselfaccostedwithfalseandservilerespectbytheassassinsofhisfamily。
Eusebia，rejoicinginthesuccessofherbenevolentschemes，embracedhimwiththetendernessofasister；andendeavored，bythemostsoothingcaresses，todispelhisterrors，andreconcilehimtohisfortune。Buttheceremonyofshavinghisbeard，andhisawkwarddemeanor，whenhefirstexchangedthecloakofaGreekphilosopherforthemilitaryhabitofaRomanprince，amused，duringafewdays，thelevityoftheImperialcourt。^34
[Footnote33:Julian。adS。P。Q。A。p。275，276。Libanius，Orat。x。p。268。Juliandidnotyieldtillthegodshadsignifiedtheirwillbyrepeatedvisionsandomens。Hispietythenforbadehimtoresist。]
[Footnote34:Julianhimselfrelates，p。274withsomehumor，thecircumstancesofhisownmetamorphoses，hisdowncastlooks，andhisperplexityatbeingthussuddenlytransportedintoanewworld，whereeveryobjectappearedstrangeandhostile。]
TheemperorsoftheageofConstantinenolongerdeignedtoconsultwiththesenateinthechoiceofacolleague；buttheywereanxiousthattheirnominationshouldberatifiedbytheconsentofthearmy。Onthissolemnoccasion，theguards，withtheothertroopswhosestationswereintheneighborhoodofMilan，appearedunderarms；andConstantiusascendedhisloftytribunal，holdingbythehandhiscousinJulian，whoenteredthesamedayintothetwenty—fifthyearofhisage。^35Inastudiedspeech，conceivedanddeliveredwithdignity，theemperorrepresentedthevariousdangerswhichthreatenedtheprosperityoftherepublic，thenecessityofnamingaCaesarfortheadministrationoftheWest，andhisownintention，ifitwasagreeabletotheirwishes，ofrewardingwiththehonorsofthepurplethepromisingvirtuesofthenephewofConstantine。Theapprobationofthesoldierswastestifiedbyarespectfulmurmur；