ThemostinnocentsubjectsoftheWestwereexposedtoexileandconfiscation，todeathandtorture；andasthetimidarealwayscruel，themindofConstantiuswasinaccessibletomercy。^100
[Footnote92:Zonaras，tom。ii。l。xiii。p。17。Julian，inseveralplacesofthetwoorations，expatiatesontheclemencyofConstantiustotherebels。]
[Footnote93:Zosim。l。ii。p。133。Julian。Orat。i。p。40，ii。
p。74。]
[Footnote94:Ammian。xv。6。Zosim。l。ii。p。123。Julian，whoOrat。i。p。40unveighsagainstthecrueleffectsofthetyrant\'sdespair，mentionsOrat。i。p。34theoppressiveedictswhichweredictatedbyhisnecessities，orbyhisavarice。HissubjectswerecompelledtopurchasetheImperialdemesnes；adoubtfulanddangerousspeciesofproperty，which，incaseofarevolution，mightbeimputedtothemasatreasonableusurpation。]
[Footnote95:ThemedalsofMagnentiuscelebratethevictoriesofthetwoAugusti，andoftheCaesar。TheCaesarwasanotherbrother，namedDesiderius。SeeTillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。757。]
[Footnote96:Julian。Orat。i。p。40，ii。p。74；withSpanheim，p。263。HisCommentaryillustratesthetransactionsofthiscivilwar。MonsSeleuciwasasmallplaceintheCottianAlps，afewmilesdistantfromVapincum，orGap，anepiscopalcityofDauphine。SeeD\'Anville，NoticedelaGaule，p。464；andLonguerue，DescriptiondelaFrance，p。327。]
[Footnote*:theItineraryofAntoninusp。357，ed。Wess。
placesMonsSeleucutwenty—fourmilesfromVapinicum，Gap，andtwenty—sixfromLucus。leLuc，ontheroadtoDie，DeaVocontiorum。ThesituationanswerstoMontSaleon，alittleplaceontherightofthesmallriverBuech，whichfallsintotheDurance。Romanantiquitieshavebeenfoundinthisplace。St。
Martin。NotetoLeBeau，ii。47。—M。]
[Footnote97:Zosimus，l。ii。p。134。Liban。Orat。x。p。268，269。ThelattermostvehementlyarraignsthiscruelandselfishpolicyofConstantius。]
[Footnote98:Julian。Orat。i。p。40。Zosimus，l。ii。p。134。
Socrates，l。ii。c。32。Sozomen，l。iv。c。7。TheyoungerVictordescribeshisdeathwithsomehorridcircumstances:
Transfossolatere，uteratvasticorporis，vulnerenaribusqueetorecruoremeffundens，exspiravit。IfwecangivecredittoZonaras，thetyrant，beforeheexpired，hadthepleasureofmurdering，withhisownhand，hismotherandhisbrotherDesiderius。]
[Footnote99:JulianOrat。i。p。58，59seemsatalosstodetermine，whetherheinflictedonhimselfthepunishmentofhiscrimes，whetherhewasdrownedintheDrave，orwhetherhewascarriedbytheavengingdaemonsfromthefieldofbattletohisdestinedplaceofeternaltortures。]
[Footnote*:Thisisscarcelycorrect，uteratincomplicandisnegotiisartifexdirummadeeiCatenaeinditumestcognomentum。
Amm。Mar。loc。cit。—M。]
[Footnote100:Ammian。xiv。5，xxi。16。]
ChapterXIX:ConstantiusSoleEmperor。
PartI。
ConstantiusSoleEmperor。—ElevationAndDeathOfGallus。—
DangerAndElevationOfJulian。—SarmatianAndPersianWars。—
VictoriesOfJulianInGaul。
ThedividedprovincesoftheempirewereagainunitedbythevictoryofConstantius；butasthatfeebleprincewasdestituteofpersonalmerit，eitherinpeaceorwar；ashefearedhisgenerals，anddistrustedhisministers；thetriumphofhisarmsservedonlytoestablishthereignoftheeunuchsovertheRomanworld。Thoseunhappybeings，theancientproductionofOrientaljealousyanddespotism，^1wereintroducedintoGreeceandRomebythecontagionofAsiaticluxury。^2Theirprogresswasrapid；
andtheeunuchs，who，inthetimeofAugustus，hadbeenabhorred，asthemonstrousretinueofanEgyptianqueen，^3weregraduallyadmittedintothefamiliesofmatrons，ofsenators，andoftheemperorsthemselves。^4RestrainedbythesevereedictsofDomitianandNerva，cherishedbytheprideofDiocletian，reducedtoanhumblestationbytheprudenceofConstantine，^6theymultipliedinthepalacesofhisdegeneratesons，andinsensiblyacquiredtheknowledge，andatlengththedirection，ofthesecretcouncilsofConstantius。Theaversionandcontemptwhichmankindhadsouniformlyentertainedforthatimperfectspecies，appearstohavedegradedtheircharacter，andtohaverenderedthemalmostasincapableastheyweresupposedtobe，ofconceivinganygeneroussentiment，orofperforminganyworthyaction。^7Buttheeunuchswereskilledintheartsofflatteryandintrigue；andtheyalternatelygovernedthemindofConstantiusbyhisfears，hisindolence，andhisvanity。^8
Whilstheviewedinadeceitfulmirrorthefairappearanceofpublicprosperity，hesupinelypermittedthemtointerceptthecomplaintsoftheinjuredprovinces，toaccumulateimmensetreasuresbythesaleofjusticeandofhonors；todisgracethemostimportantdignities，bythepromotionofthosewhohadpurchasedattheirhandsthepowersofoppression，^9andtogratifytheirresentmentagainstthefewindependentspirits，whoarrogantlyrefusedtosolicittheprotectionofslaves。OftheseslavesthemostdistinguishedwasthechamberlainEusebius，whoruledthemonarchandthepalacewithsuchabsolutesway，thatConstantius，accordingtothesarcasmofanimpartialhistorian，possessedsomecreditwiththishaughtyfavorite。^10Byhisartfulsuggestions，theemperorwaspersuadedtosubscribethecondemnationoftheunfortunateGallus，andtoaddanewcrimetothelonglistofunnaturalmurderswhichpollutethehonorofthehouseofConstantine。
[Footnote1:Ammianusl。xiv。c。6imputesthefirstpracticeofcastrationtothecruelingenuityofSemiramis，whoissupposedtohavereignedabovenineteenhundredyearsbeforeChrist。Theuseofeunuchsisofhighantiquity，bothinAsiaandEgypt。TheyarementionedinthelawofMoses，Deuteron。
xxxiii。1。SeeGoguet，OriginesdesLoix，&c。，Parti。l。i。c。
3。]
[Footnote2:Eunuchumdixtivellete；
Quiasolaeutunturhisreginae—
Terent。Eunuch。acti。scene2。
ThisplayistranslatedfromMeander，andtheoriginalmusthaveappearedsoonaftertheeasternconquestsofAlexander。]
[Footnote3:Miles……spadonibusServirerugosispotest。
Horat。Carm。v。9，andDacieradloe。
Bythewordspado，theRomansveryforciblyexpressedtheirabhorrenceofthismutilatedcondition。TheGreekappellationofeunuchs，whichinsensiblyprevailed，hadamildersound，andamoreambiguoussense。]
[Footnote4:WeneedonlymentionPosides，afreedmanandeunuchofClaudius，inwhosefavortheemperorprostitutedsomeofthemosthonorablerewardsofmilitaryvalor。SeeSueton。inClaudio，c。28。Posidesemployedagreatpartofhiswealthinbuilding。
UtSpadovincebatCapitoliaNostraPosides。
Juvenal。Sat。xiv。]
[Footnote5:Castrarimaresvetuit。Sueton。inDomitian。c。7。
SeeDionCassius，l。lxvii。p。1107，l。lxviii。p。1119。]
[Footnote6:ThereisapassageintheAugustanHistory，p。137，inwhichLampridius，whilsthepraisesAlexanderSeverusandConstantineforrestrainingthetyrannyoftheeunuchs，deploresthemischiefswhichtheyoccasionedinotherreigns。Hucacceditquodeunuchosnecinconsiliisnecinministeriishabuit；quisoliprincipesperdunt，dumeosmoregentiumautregumPersarumvoluntvivere；quiapopuloetiamamicissimumsemovent；quiinternuntiisunt，aliudquamrespondetur，referentes；claudentesprincipemsuum，etagentesanteomnianequidsciat。]
[Footnote7:XenophonCyropaedia，l。viii。p。540hasstatedthespeciousreasonswhichengagedCyrustointrusthispersontotheguardofeunuchs。Hehadobservedinanimals，thatalthoughthepracticeofcastrationmighttametheirungovernablefierceness，itdidnotdiminishtheirstrengthorspirit；andhepersuadedhimself，thatthosewhowereseparatedfromtherestofhumankind，wouldbemorefirmlyattachedtothepersonoftheirbenefactor。ButalongexperiencehascontradictedthejudgmentofCyrus。Someparticularinstancesmayoccurofeunuchsdistinguishedbytheirfidelity，theirvalor，andtheirabilities；butifweexaminethegeneralhistoryofPersia，India，andChina，weshallfindthatthepoweroftheeunuchshasuniformlymarkedthedeclineandfallofeverydynasty。]
[Footnote8:SeeAmmianusMarcellinus，l。xxi。c。16，l。xxii。c。
4。ThewholetenorofhisimpartialhistoryservestojustifytheinvectivesofMamertinus，ofLibanius，andofJulianhimself，whohaveinsultedthevicesofthecourtofConstantius。]
[Footnote9:AureliusVictorcensuresthenegligenceofhissovereigninchoosingthegovernorsoftheprovinces，andthegeneralsofthearmy，andconcludeshishistorywithaveryboldobservation，asitismuchmoredangerousunderafeeblereigntoattacktheministersthanthemasterhimself。\"Utiverumabsolvambrevi，utImperatoreipsoclariusitaapparitorumplerisquemagisatroxnihil。\"]
[Footnote10:ApudquemsiveredicidebeatmultumConstantiuspotuit。Ammian。l。xviii。c。4。]
WhenthetwonephewsofConstantine，GallusandJulian，weresavedfromthefuryofthesoldiers，theformerwasabouttwelve，andthelatteraboutsix，yearsofage；and，astheeldestwasthoughttobeofasicklyconstitution，theyobtainedwiththelessdifficultyaprecariousanddependentlife，fromtheaffectedpityofConstantius，whowassensiblethattheexecutionofthesehelplessorphanswouldhavebeenesteemed，byallmankind，anactofthemostdeliberatecruelty。^11DifferentcitiesofIoniaandBithyniawereassignedfortheplacesoftheirexileandeducation；butassoonastheirgrowingyearsexcitedthejealousyoftheemperor，hejudgeditmoreprudenttosecurethoseunhappyyouthsinthestrongcastleofMacellum，nearCaesarea。Thetreatmentwhichtheyexperiencedduringasixyears\'confinement，waspartlysuchastheycouldhopefromacarefulguardian，andpartlysuchastheymightdreadfromasuspicioustyrant。^12Theirprisonwasanancientpalace，theresidenceofthekingsofCappadocia；thesituationwaspleasant，thebuildingsofstately，theenclosurespacious。Theypursuedtheirstudies，andpractisedtheirexercises，underthetuitionofthemostskilfulmasters；andthenumeroushouseholdappointedtoattend，orrathertoguard，thenephewsofConstantine，wasnotunworthyofthedignityoftheirbirth。Buttheycouldnotdisguisetothemselvesthattheyweredeprivedoffortune，offreedom，andofsafety；secludedfromthesocietyofallwhomtheycouldtrustoresteem，andcondemnedtopasstheirmelancholyhoursinthecompanyofslavesdevotedtothecommandsofatyrantwhohadalreadyinjuredthembeyondthehopeofreconciliation。Atlength，however，theemergenciesofthestatecompelledtheemperor，orratherhiseunuchs，toinvestGallus，inthetwenty—fifthyearofhisage，withthetitleofCaesar，andtocementthispoliticalconnectionbyhismarriagewiththeprincessConstantina。Afteraformalinterview，inwhichthetwoprincesmutuallyengagedtheirfaithnevertoundertakeanythingtotheprejudiceofeachother，theyrepairedwithoutdelaytotheirrespectivestations。ConstantiuscontinuedhismarchtowardstheWest，andGallusfixedhisresidenceatAntioch；fromwhence，withadelegatedauthority，headministeredthefivegreatdiocesesoftheeasternpraefecture。^13Inthisfortunatechange，thenewCaesarwasnotunmindfulofhisbrotherJulian，whoobtainedthehonorsofhisrank，theappearancesofliberty，andtherestitutionofanamplepatrimony。^14
[Footnote11:GregoryNazianzenOrat。iii。p。90reproachestheapostatewithhisingratitudetowardsMark，bishopofArethusa，whohadcontributedtosavehislife；andwelearn，thoughfromalessrespectableauthority，Tillemont，Hist。desEmpereurs，tom。
iv。p。916，thatJulianwasconcealedinthesanctuaryofachurch。
Note:GallusandJulianwerenotsonsofthesamemother。
Theirfather，JuliusConstantius，hadhadGallusbyhisfirstwife，namedGalla:JulianwasthesonofBasilina，whomhehadespousedinasecondmarriage。Tillemont。Hist。desEmp。ViedeConstantin。art。3。—G。]
[Footnote12:ThemostauthenticaccountoftheeducationandadventuresofJulianiscontainedintheepistleormanifestowhichhehimselfaddressedtothesenateandpeopleofAthens。
Libanius，Orat。Parentalis，onthesideofthePagans，andSocrates，l。iii。c。1，onthatoftheChristians，havepreservedseveralinterestingcircumstances。]
[Footnote13:ForthepromotionofGallus，seeIdatius，Zosimus，andthetwoVictors。AccordingtoPhilostorgius，l。iv。c。1，
Theophilus，anArianbishop，wasthewitness，and，asitwere，theguaranteeofthissolemnengagement。Hesupportedthatcharacterwithgenerousfirmness；butM。deTillemontHist。desEmpereurs，tom。iv。p。1120thinksitveryimprobablethatahereticshouldhavepossessedsuchvirtue。]
[Footnote14:JulianwasatfirstpermittedtopursuehisstudiesatConstantinople，butthereputationwhichheacquiredsoonexcitedthejealousyofConstantius；andtheyoungprincewasadvisedtowithdrawhimselftothelessconspicuousscenesofBithyniaandIonia。]
ThewritersthemostindulgenttothememoryofGallus，andevenJulianhimself，thoughhewishedtocastaveiloverthefrailtiesofhisbrother，areobligedtoconfessthattheCaesarwasincapableofreigning。Transportedfromaprisontoathrone，hepossessedneithergeniusnorapplication，nordocilitytocompensateforthewantofknowledgeandexperience。Atempernaturallymoroseandviolent，insteadofbeingcorrected，wassouredbysolitudeandadversity；theremembranceofwhathehadendureddisposedhimtoretaliationratherthantosympathy；andtheungovernedsalliesofhisragewereoftenfataltothosewhoapproachedhisperson，orweresubjecttohispower。^15
Constantina，hiswife，isdescribed，notasawoman，butasoneoftheinfernalfuriestormentedwithaninsatiatethirstofhumanblood。^16Insteadofemployingherinfluencetoinsinuatethemildcounselsofprudenceandhumanity，sheexasperatedthefiercepassionsofherhusband；andassheretainedthevanity，thoughshehadrenounced，thegentlenessofhersex，apearlnecklacewasesteemedanequivalentpriceforthemurderofaninnocentandvirtuousnobleman。^17ThecrueltyofGalluswassometimesdisplayedintheundissembledviolenceofpopularormilitaryexecutions；andwassometimesdisguisedbytheabuseoflaw，andtheformsofjudicialproceedings。TheprivatehousesofAntioch，andtheplacesofpublicresort，werebesiegedbyspiesandinformers；andtheCaesarhimself，concealedinaaplebeianhabit，veryfrequentlycondescendedtoassumethatodiouscharacter。Everyapartmentofthepalacewasadornedwiththeinstrumentsofdeathandtorture，andageneralconsternationwasdiffusedthroughthecapitalofSyria。TheprinceoftheEast，asifhehadbeenconscioushowmuchhehadtofear，andhowlittlehedeservedtoreign，selectedfortheobjectsofhisresentmenttheprovincialsaccusedofsomeimaginarytreason，andhisowncourtiers，whomwithmorereasonhesuspectedofincensing，bytheirsecretcorrespondence，thetimidandsuspiciousmindofConstantius。Butheforgotthathewasdeprivinghimselfofhisonlysupport，theaffectionofthepeople；whilsthefurnishedthemaliceofhisenemieswiththearmsoftruth，andaffordedtheemperorthefairestpretenceofexactingtheforfeitofhispurple，andofhislife。^18
[Footnote15:SeeJulian。adS。P。Q。A。p。271。Jerom。inChron。AureliusVictor，Eutropius，x。14。IshallcopythewordsofEutropius，whowrotehisabridgmentaboutfifteenyearsafterthedeathofGallus，whentherewasnolongeranymotiveeithertoflatterortodepreciatehischaracter。\"MultisincivilibusgestisGallusCaesar……virnaturaferoxetadtyrannidempronior，sisuojureimperarelicuisset。\"]
[Footnote16:Megaeraquidemmortalis，inflammatrixsaevientisassidua，humanicruorisavida，&c。Ammian。Marcellin。l。xiv。c。
1。ThesincerityofAmmianuswouldnotsufferhimtomisrepresentfactsorcharacters，buthisloveofambitiousornamentsfrequentlybetrayedhimintoanunnaturalvehemenceofexpression。]
[Footnote17:HisnamewasClematiusofAlexandria，andhisonlycrimewasarefusaltogratifythedesiresofhismother—in—law；
whosolicitedhisdeath，becauseshehadbeendisappointedofhislove。Ammian。xiv。c。i。]
[Footnote18:SeeinAmmianusl。xiv。c。1，7averyampledetailofthecrueltiesofGallus。HisbrotherJulianp。272
insinuates，thatasecretconspiracyhadbeenformedagainsthim；
andZosimusnamesl。ii。p。135thepersonsengagedinit；aministerofconsiderablerank，andtwoobscureagents，whowereresolvedtomaketheirfortune。]
AslongasthecivilwarsuspendedthefateoftheRomanworld，ConstantiusdissembledhisknowledgeoftheweakandcrueladministrationtowhichhischoicehadsubjectedtheEast；andthediscoveryofsomeassassins，secretlydespatchedtoAntiochbythetyrantofGaul，wasemployedtoconvincethepublic，thattheemperorandtheCaesarwereunitedbythesameinterest，andpursuedbythesameenemies。^19ButwhenthevictorywasdecidedinfavorofConstantius，hisdependentcolleaguebecamelessusefulandlessformidable。Everycircumstanceofhisconductwasseverelyandsuspiciouslyexamined，anditwasprivatelyresolved，eithertodepriveGallusofthepurple，oratleasttoremovehimfromtheindolentluxuryofAsiatothehardshipsanddangersofaGermanwar。ThedeathofTheophilus，consularoftheprovinceofSyria，whoinatimeofscarcityhadbeenmassacredbythepeopleofAntioch，withtheconnivance，andalmostattheinstigation，ofGallus，wasjustlyresented，notonlyasanactofwantoncruelty，butasadangerousinsultonthesuprememajestyofConstantius。Twoministersofillustriousrank，DomitiantheOrientalpraefect，andMontius，quaestorofthepalace，wereempoweredbyaspecialcommissiontovisitandreformthestateoftheEast。TheywereinstructedtobehavetowardsGalluswithmoderationandrespect，and，bythegentlestartsofpersuasion，toengagehimtocomplywiththeinvitationofhisbrotherandcolleague。Therashnessofthepraefectdisappointedtheseprudentmeasures，andhastenedhisownruin，aswellasthatofhisenemy。OnhisarrivalatAntioch，Domitianpasseddisdainfullybeforethegatesofthepalace，andallegingaslightpretenceofindisposition，continuedseveraldaysinsullenretirement，toprepareaninflammatorymemorial，whichhetransmittedtotheImperialcourt。YieldingatlengthtothepressingsolicitationsofGallus，thepraefectcondescendedtotakehisseatincouncil；buthisfirststepwastosignifyaconciseandhaughtymandate，importingthattheCaesarshouldimmediatelyrepairtoItaly，andthreateningthathehimselfwouldpunishhisdelayorhesitation，bysuspendingtheusualallowanceofhishousehold。ThenephewanddaughterofConstantine，whocouldillbrooktheinsolenceofasubject，expressedtheirresentmentbyinstantlydeliveringDomitiantothecustodyofaguard。Thequarrelstilladmittedofsometermsofaccommodation。TheywererenderedimpracticablebytheimprudentbehaviorofMontius，astatesmanwhoseartsandexperiencewerefrequentlybetrayedbythelevityofhisdisposition。^20ThequaestorreproachedGallusinahaughtylanguage，thataprincewhowasscarcelyauthorizedtoremoveamunicipalmagistrate，shouldpresumetoimprisonaPraetorianpraefect；convokedameetingofthecivilandmilitaryofficers；