Note:DePauwiswellknowntohavebeentheauthorofthiswork，asoftheRecherchessurlesAmericainsbeforequoted。ThejudgmentofM。Remusatonthiswriterisinaverydifferent，I
fearajustertone。Quandaulieuderechercher，d\'examiner，d\'etudier，onseborne，commecetecrivain，ajugeraprononcer，adecider，sansconnoitrenil\'histoire。nileslangues，sansrecourirauxsources，sansmemesedouterdeleurexistence，onpeutenimposerpendantquelquetempsadeslecteursprevenusoupeuinstruits；maislemeprisquinemanquegueredesuccederacetengouementfaitbientotjusticedecesassertionshazardees，etellesretombentdansl\'oublid\'autantpluspromptement，qu\'ellesonteteposeesavecplusdeconfiance。SurleslanguesTartares，p。231。—M。]
AmongtheusefulconditionsofpeaceimposedbyProbusonthevanquishednationsofGermany，wastheobligationofsupplyingtheRomanarmywithsixteenthousandrecruits，thebravestandmostrobustoftheiryouth。Theemperordispersedthemthroughalltheprovinces，anddistributedthisdangerousreenforcement，insmallbandsoffiftyorsixtyeach，amongthenationaltroops；judiciouslyobserving，thattheaidwhichtherepublicderivedfromthebarbariansshouldbefeltbutnotseen。
^45Theiraidwasnowbecomenecessary。ThefeebleeleganceofItalyandtheinternalprovincescouldnolongersupporttheweightofarms。ThehardyfrontiersoftheRhineandDanubestillproducedmindsandbodiesequaltothelaborsofthecamp；
butaperpetualseriesofwarshadgraduallydiminishedtheirnumbers。Theinfrequencyofmarriage，andtheruinofagriculture，affectedtheprinciplesofpopulation，andnotonlydestroyedthestrengthofthepresent，butinterceptedthehopeoffuture，generations。ThewisdomofProbusembracedagreatandbeneficialplanofreplenishingtheexhaustedfrontiers，bynewcoloniesofcaptiveorfugitivebarbarians，onwhomhebestowedlands，cattle，instrumentsofhusbandry，andeveryencouragementthatmightengagethemtoeducatearaceofsoldiersfortheserviceoftherepublic。IntoBritain，andmostprobablyintoCambridgeshire，^46hetransportedaconsiderablebodyofVandals。Theimpossibilityofanescapereconciledthemtotheirsituation，andinthesubsequenttroublesofthatisland，theyapprovedthemselvesthemostfaithfulservantsofthestate。^47GreatnumbersofFranksandGepidaeweresettledonthebanksoftheDanubeandtheRhine。AhundredthousandBastarnae，expelledfromtheirowncountry，cheerfullyacceptedanestablishmentinThrace，andsoonimbibedthemannersandsentimentsofRomansubjects。^48ButtheexpectationsofProbusweretoooftendisappointed。Theimpatienceandidlenessofthebarbarianscouldillbrooktheslowlaborsofagriculture。Theirunconquerableloveoffreedom，risingagainstdespotism，provokedthemintohastyrebellions，alikefataltothemselvesandtotheprovinces；^49norcouldtheseartificialsupplies，howeverrepeatedbysucceedingemperors，restoretheimportantlimitofGaulandIllyricumtoitsancientandnativevigor。
[Footnote45:HedistributedaboutfiftyorsixtybarbarianstoaNumerus，asitwasthencalled，acorpswithwhoseestablishednumberwearenotexactlyacquainted。]
[Footnote46:Camden\'sBritannia，Introduction，p。136；buthespeaksfromaverydoubtfulconjecture。]
[Footnote47:Zosimus，l。i。p。62。AccordingtoVopiscus，anotherbodyofVandalswaslessfaithful。]
[Footnote48:Hist。August。p。240。TheywereprobablyexpelledbytheGoths。Zosim。l。i。p。66。]
[Footnote49:Hist。August。p。240。]
Ofallthebarbarianswhoabandonedtheirnewsettlements，anddisturbedthepublictranquillity，averysmallnumberreturnedtotheirowncountry。Forashortseasontheymightwanderinarmsthroughtheempire；butintheendtheyweresurelydestroyedbythepowerofawarlikeemperor。ThesuccessfulrashnessofapartyofFrankswasattended，however，withsuchmemorableconsequences，thatitoughtnottobepassedunnoticed。TheyhadbeenestablishedbyProbus，onthesea—coastofPontus，withaviewofstrengtheningthefrontieragainsttheinroadsoftheAlani。AfleetstationedinoneoftheharborsoftheEuxinefellintothehandsoftheFranks；andtheyresolved，throughunknownseas，toexploretheirwayfromthemouthofthePhasistothatoftheRhine。TheyeasilyescapedthroughtheBosphorusandtheHellespont，andcruisingalongtheMediterranean，indulgedtheirappetiteforrevengeandplunderbyfrequentdescentsontheunsuspectingshoresofAsia，Greece，andAfrica。TheopulentcityofSyracuse，inwhoseportthenativesofAthensandCarthagehadformerlybeensunk，wassackedbyahandfulofbarbarians，whomassacredthegreatestpartofthetremblinginhabitants。FromtheIslandofSicily，theFranksproceededtothecolumnsofHercules，trustedthemselvestotheocean，coastedroundSpainandGaul，andsteeringtheirtriumphantcoursethroughtheBritishChannel，atlengthfinishedtheirsurprisingvoyage，bylandinginsafetyontheBatavianorFrisianshores。^50Theexampleoftheirsuccess，instructingtheircountrymentoconceivetheadvantagesandtodespisethedangersofthesea，pointedouttotheirenterprisingspiritanewroadtowealthandglory。
[Footnote50:Panegyr。Vet。v。18。Zosimus，l。i。p。66。]
NotwithstandingthevigilanceandactivityofProbus，itwasalmostimpossiblethathecouldatoncecontaininobedienceeverypartofhiswide—extendeddominions。Thebarbarians，whobroketheirchains，hadseizedthefavorableopportunityofadomesticwar。WhentheemperormarchedtothereliefofGaul，hedevolvedthecommandoftheEastonSaturninus。Thatgeneral，amanofmeritandexperience，wasdrivenintorebellionbytheabsenceofhissovereign，thelevityoftheAlexandrianpeople，thepressinginstancesofhisfriends，andhisownfears；butfromthemomentofhiselevation，heneverentertainedahopeofempire，orevenoflife。\"Alas!\"hesaid，\"therepublichaslostausefulservant，andtherashnessofanhourhasdestroyedtheservicesofmanyyears。Youknownot，\"continuedhe，\"themiseryofsovereignpower；aswordisperpetuallysuspendedoverourhead。Wedreadourveryguards，wedistrustourcompanions。Thechoiceofactionorofreposeisnolongerinourdisposition，noristhereanyage，orcharacter，orconduct，thatcanprotectusfromthecensureofenvy。Inthusexaltingmetothethrone，youhavedoomedmetoalifeofcares，andtoanuntimelyfate。
Theonlyconsolationwhichremainsis，theassurancethatIshallnotfallalone。\"^51Butastheformerpartofhispredictionwasverifiedbythevictory，sothelatterwasdisappointedbytheclemencyofProbus。ThatamiableprinceattemptedeventosavetheunhappySaturninusfromthefuryofthesoldiers。Hehadmorethanoncesolicitedtheusurperhimselftoplacesomeconfidenceinthemercyofasovereignwhosohighlyesteemedhischaracter，thathehadpunished，asamaliciousinformer，thefirstwhorelatedtheimprobablenewsofhisdisaffection。^52
Saturninusmight，perhaps，haveembracedthegenerousoffer，hadhenotbeenrestrainedbytheobstinatedistrustofhisadherents。Theirguiltwasdeeper，andtheirhopesmoresanguine，thanthoseoftheirexperiencedleader。
[Footnote51:VopiscusinHist。August。p。245，246。TheunfortunateoratorhadstudiedrhetoricatCarthage；andwasthereforemoreprobablyaMoorZosim。l。i。p。60thanaGaul，asVopiscuscallshim。]
[Footnote52:Zonaras，l。xii。p。638。]
TherevoltofSaturninuswasscarcelyextinguishedintheEast，beforenewtroubleswereexcitedintheWest，bytherebellionofBonosusandProculus，inGaul。Themostdistinguishedmeritofthosetwoofficerswastheirrespectiveprowess，oftheoneinthecombatsofBacchus，oftheotherinthoseofVenus，^53yetneitherofthemwasdestituteofcourageandcapacity，andbothsustained，withhonor，theaugustcharacterwhichthefearofpunishmenthadengagedthemtoassume，tilltheysunkatlengthbeneaththesuperiorgeniusofProbus。Heusedthevictorywithhisaccustomedmoderation，andsparedthefortune，aswellasthelivesoftheirinnocentfamilies。^54
[Footnote53:AverysurprisinginstanceisrecordedoftheprowessofProcufus。HehadtakenonehundredSarmatianvirgins。
Therestofthestoryhemustrelateinhisownlanguage:\"Exhisunanectedeceminivi；omnestamen，quodinmeerat，mulieresintradiesquindecimreddidi。VopiscusinHist。August。p。246。]
[Footnote54:Proculus，whowasanativeofAlbengue，ontheGenoesecoastarmedtwothousandofhisownslaves。Hisrichesweregreat，buttheywereacquiredbyrobbery。Itwasafterwardsasayingofhisfamily，sibinonplacereessevelprincipesvellatrones。VopiscusinHist。August。p。247。]
ThearmsofProbushadnowsuppressedalltheforeignanddomesticenemiesofthestate。Hismildbutsteadyadministrationconfirmedthereestablishmentofthepublictranquillity；norwasthereleftintheprovincesahostilebarbarian，atyrant，orevenarobber，torevivethememoryofpastdisorders。ItwastimethattheemperorshouldrevisitRome，andcelebratehisowngloryandthegeneralhappiness。ThetriumphduetothevalorofProbuswasconductedwithamagnificencesuitabletohisfortune，andthepeoplewhohadsolatelyadmiredthetrophiesofAurelian，gazedwithequalpleasureonthoseofhisheroicsuccessor。^55Wecannot，onthisoccasion，forgetthedesperatecourageofaboutfourscoregladiators，reserved，withnearsixhundredothers，fortheinhumansportsoftheamphitheatre。Disdainingtoshedtheirbloodfortheamusementofthepopulace，theykilledtheirkeepers，brokefromtheplaceoftheirconfinement，andfilledthestreetsofRomewithbloodandconfusion。Afteranobstinateresistance，theywereoverpoweredandcutinpiecesbytheregularforces；buttheyobtainedatleastanhonorabledeath，andthesatisfactionofajustrevenge。^56
[Footnote55:Hist。August。p。240。]
[Footnote56:Zosim。l。i。p。66。]
ThemilitarydisciplinewhichreignedinthecampsofProbuswaslesscruelthanthatofAurelian，butitwasequallyrigidandexact。Thelatterhadpunishedtheirregularitiesofthesoldierswithunrelentingseverity，theformerpreventedthembyemployingthelegionsinconstantandusefullabors。WhenProbuscommandedinEgypt，heexecutedmanyconsiderableworksforthesplendorandbenefitofthatrichcountry。ThenavigationoftheNile，soimportanttoRomeitself，wasimproved；andtemples，buildings，porticos，andpalaceswereconstructedbythehandsofthesoldiers，whoactedbyturnsasarchitects，asengineers，andashusbandmen。^57ItwasreportedofHannibal，thatinordertopreservehistroopsfromthedangeroustemptationsofidleness，hehadobligedthemtoformlargeplantationsofolive—treesalongthecoastofAfrica。^58Fromasimilarprinciple，ProbusexercisedhislegionsincoveringwithrichvineyardsthehillsofGaulandPannonia，andtwoconsiderablespotsaredescribed，whichwereentirelydugandplantedbymilitarylabor。^59Oneofthese，knownunderthenameofMountAlmo，wassituatednearSirmium，thecountrywhereProbuswasborn，forwhichheeverretainedapartialaffection，andwhosegratitudeheendeavoredtosecure，byconvertingintotillagealargeandunhealthytractofmarshyground。Anarmythusemployedconstitutedperhapsthemostuseful，aswellasthebravest，portionofRomansubjects。
[Footnote57:Hist。August。p。236。]
[Footnote58:Aurel。Victor。inProb。ButthepolicyofHannibal，unnoticedbyanymoreancientwriter，isirreconcilablewiththehistoryofhislife。HeleftAfricawhenhewasnineyearsold，returnedtoitwhenhewasforty—five，andimmediatelylosthisarmyinthedecisivebattleofZama。
Livilus，xxx。37。]
[Footnote59:Hist。August。p。240。Eutrop。ix。17。Aurel。
Victor。inProb。VictorJunior。HerevokedtheprohibitionofDomitian，andgrantedageneralpermissionofplantingvinestotheGauls，theBritons，andthePannonians。]
Butintheprosecutionofafavoritescheme，thebestofmen，satisfiedwiththerectitudeoftheirintentions，aresubjecttoforgettheboundsofmoderation；nordidProbushimselfsufficientlyconsultthepatienceanddispositionofhisfiercelegionaries。^60Thedangersofthemilitaryprofessionseemonlytobecompensatedbyalifeofpleasureandidleness；
butifthedutiesofthesoldierareincessantlyaggravatedbythelaborsofthepeasant，hewillatlastsinkundertheintolerableburden，orshakeitoffwithindignation。TheimprudenceofProbusissaidtohaveinflamedthediscontentofhistroops。Moreattentivetotheinterestsofmankindthantothoseofthearmy，heexpressedthevainhope，that，bytheestablishmentofuniversalpeace，heshouldsoonabolishthenecessityofastandingandmercenaryforce。^61Theunguardedexpressionprovedfataltohim。Inoneofthehottestdaysofsummer，asheseverelyurgedtheunwholesomelaborofdrainingthemarshesofSirmium，thesoldiers，impatientoffatigue，onasuddenthrewdowntheirtools，graspedtheirarms，andbrokeoutintoafuriousmutiny。Theemperor，consciousofhisdanger，tookrefugeinaloftytower，constructedforthepurposeofsurveyingtheprogressofthework。^62Thetowerwasinstantlyforced，andathousandswordswereplungedatonceintothebosomoftheunfortunateProbus。Therageofthetroopssubsidedassoonasithadbeengratified。Theythenlamentedtheirfatalrashness，forgottheseverityoftheemperor，whomtheyhadmassacred，andhastenedtoperpetuate，byanhonorablemonument，thememoryofhisvirtuesandvictories。^63
[Footnote60:Julianbestowsasevere，andindeedexcessive，censureontherigorofProbus，who，ashethinks，almostdeservedhisfate。]
[Footnote61:VopiscusinHist。August。p。241。Helavishesonthisidlehopealargestockofveryfoolisheloquence。]
[Footnote62:Turrisferrata。Itseemstohavebeenamovabletower，andcasedwithiron。]
[Footnote63:Probus，etvereprobussitusest；VictoromniumgentiumBarbararum；victoretiamtyrannorum。]
WhenthelegionshadindulgedtheirgriefandrepentanceforthedeathofProbus，theirunanimousconsentdeclaredCarus，hisPraetorianpraefect，themostdeservingoftheImperialthrone。
Everycircumstancethatrelatestothisprinceappearsofamixedanddoubtfulnature。HegloriedinthetitleofRomanCitizen；
andaffectedtocomparethepurityofhisbloodwiththeforeignandevenbarbarousoriginoftheprecedingemperors；yetthemostinquisitiveofhiscontemporaries，veryfarfromadmittinghisclaim，havevariouslydeducedhisownbirth，orthatofhisparents，fromIllyricum，fromGaul，orfromAfrica。^64Thoughasoldier，hehadreceivedalearnededucation；thoughasenator，hewasinvestedwiththefirstdignityofthearmy；andinanagewhenthecivilandmilitaryprofessionsbegantobeirrecoverablyseparatedfromeachother，theywereunitedinthepersonofCarus。NotwithstandingtheseverejusticewhichheexercisedagainsttheassassinsofProbus，towhosefavorandesteemhewashighlyindebted，hecouldnotescapethesuspicionofbeingaccessorytoadeedfromwhencehederivedtheprincipaladvantage。Heenjoyed，atleast，beforehiselevation，anacknowledgedcharacterofvirtueandabilities；^65buthisausteretemperinsensiblydegeneratedintomorosenessandcruelty；andtheimperfectwritersofhislifealmosthesitatewhethertheyshallnotrankhiminthenumberofRomantyrants。
^66WhenCarusassumedthepurple，hewasaboutsixtyyearsofage，andhistwosons，CarinusandNumerianhadalreadyattainedtheseasonofmanhood。^67
[Footnote64:Yetallthismaybeconciliated。HewasbornatNarbonneinIllyricum，confoundedbyEutropiuswiththemorefamouscityofthatnameinGaul。HisfathermightbeanAfrican，andhismotheranobleRoman。Carushimselfwaseducatedinthecapital。SeeScaligerAnimadversion。adEuseb。
Chron。p。241。]
[Footnote65:Probushadrequestedofthesenateanequestrianstatueandamarblepalace，atthepublicexpense，asajustrecompenseofthesingularmeritofCarus。VopiscusinHist。
August。p。249。]
[Footnote66:VopiscusinHist。August。p。242，249。JulianexcludestheemperorCarusandbothhissonsfromthebanquetoftheCaesars。]
[Footnote67:JohnMalala，tom。i。p。401。ButtheauthorityofthatignorantGreekisveryslight。HeridiculouslyderivesfromCarusthecityofCarrhae，andtheprovinceofCaria，thelatterofwhichismentionedbyHomer。]
TheauthorityofthesenateexpiredwithProbus；norwastherepentanceofthesoldiersdisplayedbythesamedutifulregardforthecivilpower，whichtheyhadtestifiedaftertheunfortunatedeathofAurelian。TheelectionofCaruswasdecidedwithoutexpectingtheapprobationofthesenate，andthenewemperorcontentedhimselfwithannouncing，inacoldandstatelyepistle，thathehadascendedthevacantthrone。^68Abehaviorsoveryoppositetothatofhisamiablepredecessoraffordednofavorablepresageofthenewreign:andtheRomans，deprivedofpowerandfreedom，assertedtheirprivilegeoflicentiousmurmurs。^69Thevoiceofcongratulationandflatterywasnot，however，silent；andwemaystillperuse，withpleasureandcontempt，aneclogue，whichwascomposedontheaccessionoftheemperorCarus。Twoshepherds，avoidingthenoontideheat，retireintothecaveofFaunus。Onaspreadingbeechtheydiscoversomerecentcharacters。Theruraldeityhaddescribed，inpropheticverses，thefelicitypromisedtotheempireunderthereignofsogreataprince。Faunushailstheapproachofthathero，who，receivingonhisshouldersthesinkingweightoftheRomanworld，shallextinguishwarandfaction，andonceagainrestoretheinnocenceandsecurityofthegoldenage。^70
[Footnote68:Hist。August。p。249。Caruscongratulatedthesenate，thatoneoftheirownorderwasmadeemperor。]
[Footnote69:Hist。August。p。242。]
[Footnote70:SeethefirsteclogueofCalphurnius。ThedesignofitispreferesbyFontenelletothatofVirgil\'sPollio。Seetom。iii。p。148。]
Itismorethanprobable，thattheseeleganttriflesneverreachedtheearsofaveterangeneral，who，withtheconsentofthelegions，waspreparingtoexecutethelong—suspendeddesignofthePersianwar。Beforehisdepartureforthisdistantexpedition，Carusconferredonhistwosons，CarinusandNumerian，thetitleofCaesar，andinvestingtheformerwithalmostanequalshareoftheImperialpower，directedtheyoungprince，firsttosuppresssometroubleswhichhadariseninGaul，andafterwardstofixtheseatofhisresidenceatRome，andtoassumethegovernmentoftheWesternprovinces。^71ThesafetyofIllyricumwasconfirmedbyamemorabledefeatoftheSarmatians；