1haveplacedNeighbourhoodalongwithKindredamongtherelationsoutofwhichacertainclaimformutualservicesisthoughttospring。However，nooneperhapswouldsaythatmerelocaljuxtapositionisinitselfagroundofduties:itseemsratherthatneighboursnaturallyfeelmoresympathywithoneanotherthanwithstrangers，asthetieofcommonhumanityisstrengthenedevenbysuchconjunctionandmutualassociationasmereneighbourhoodwithoutcooperationorfriendshipmayinvolve，andamaninwhomthiseffectisnotproducedisthoughtmoreorlessinhuman。
Andsoinlargetownswherethismutualsympathydoesnotsonaturallygrowupforallthetownsmenareinasenseneighbours，andonecannoteasilysympathisewitheachindividualinamultitude，thetieofneighbourhoodisfelttoberelaxed，andneighbouronlyclaimsfromneighbour，asthenearestman，whatonemanmayclaimfromanother。Fortherearesomeservices，slightinordinarytimesbutgreaterinthecaseofexceptionalneed，whichanymanisthoughttohavearighttoaskfromanyother:sothatacomparativelytriflingcircumstancemayeasilygiveaspecialdirectiontothisgeneralclaim，andmakeitseemreasonablethattheserviceshouldbeaskedfromonepersonratherthananother。Thusanydegreeofkinshipseemstohavethiseffectsincetherepresentationofthistendstoproduceafeelingofunionandconsequentsympathy，andsoeventhefactofbelongingtothesameprovince，ascreatingaslightprobabilityofcommunityoforigin-andagainsimilaritiesofvariouskinds，asonesympathisesmoreeasilywithone’slike，andsopersonsnaturallyseekaidindistressfromthoseofthesameage，orsex，orrank，orprofession。Thedutyofneighbourhoodseemsthereforeonlyaparticularapplicationofthedutyofgeneralbenevolenceorhumanity。Andtheclaimoffellow-countrymenisofthesamekind:thatis，iftheyaretakenasindividuals；forone’srelationtoone’scountryasawholeisthoughttobeofadifferentkind，andtoinvolvemuchmorestringentobligations。
StillthedutiesofPatriotismaredifficulttoformulate。Forthemereobediencetothelawsofacountrywhichmoralityrequiresfromallitsinhabitantsseemstocomeunderanotherhead:andaliensareequallyboundtothis。Andinthecaseofmostsocialfunctionswhichmenundertake，patriotismisatleastnotaprominentnorindispensablemotivefortheyundertakethemprimarilyforthesakeofpaymentandhavingundertakenthem，areboundbyJusticeandGoodFaithtoperformthemadequately。However，ifanyofthefunctionsofGovernmentareunpaid，weconsiderthatmenexhibitpatriotisminperformingthem:
forthoughitisplausibletosaythattheygettheirpaymentinsocialdistinction，stillonreflectionthisviewdoesnotappeartobequiteappropriate；sincesocialdistinctionisintendedtoexpressfeelingsofhonourandrespect，andwecannotproperlyrendertheseaspartofabargain，butonlyasatributepaidtovirtueorexcellenceofsomekind。Buthowfaranyindividualisboundtoundertakesuchfunctionsisnotquiteclear:
andthequestionseemsgenerallydecidedbyconsiderationsofexpediency，——exceptinsofarasdutiesofthiskinddevolve，legallyorconstitutionally，uponallthecitizensinafreecountry，asisordinarilythecasetosomeextent。Amongthesethedutyoffightingthenationalenemiesisprominentinmanycountries:andevenwherethisfunctionhasbecomeasalariedandvoluntarilyadoptedprofession，itisoftenfelttobeinaspecialsensethe`serviceofone’scountry’，andwethinkitatleastdesirableandbestthatitshouldbeperformedwithfeelingsofpatriotism:aswefinditsomewhatdegradingandrepulsivethatamanshouldslaughterhisfellow-menforhire。AndingreatcrisesofnationalexistencetheaffectionofPatriotismisnaturallyintensified:andeveninordinarytimeswepraiseamanwhorendersservicestohiscountryoverandabovethecommondutiesofcitizenship。