（3）See\"Muses’Library，\"pp。86，87。London，1738。
（4）GenteelwiththemseemstobesynonymouswithGentileandGentoo；ifso，themannerinwhichithasbeenappliedforagesceasestosurprise，forgenteelisheathenish。Ideasofbarbaricpearlandgold，glitteringarmour，plumes，tortures，blood—shedding，andlust，shouldalwaysbeconnectedwithit。
Wace，inhisgrandNormanpoem，callstheBarongenteel：—
\"LafurentligentilBaron，\"etc。
AndhecertainlycouldnothaveappliedthewordbetterthantothestrongNormanthief，armedcap—a—pie，withoutoneparticleoftruthorgenerosity；forapersontobeapinkofgentility，thatisheathenism，shouldhavenosuchfeelings；
and，indeed，theadmirersofgentilityseldomorneverassociateanysuchfeelingswithit。ItwasfromtheNorman，theworstofallrobbersandmiscreants，whobuiltstrongcastles，garrisonedthemwithdevils，andtoreoutpoorwretches’eyes，astheSaxonChroniclesays，thattheEnglishgottheirdetestablewordgenteel。WhatcouldeverhavemadetheEnglishsuchadmirersofgentility，itwouldbedifficulttosay；for，duringthreehundredyears，theysufferedenoughbyit。TheirgenteelNormanlandlordsweretheirscourgers，theirtorturers，theplunderersoftheirhomes，thedishonourersoftheirwives，andthedeflourersoftheirdaughters。Perhaps，afterall，fearisattherootoftheEnglishvenerationforgentility。
（5）Gentleandgentlemanlymaybederivedfromthesamerootasgenteel；butnothingcanbemoredistinctfromthemeregenteel，thantheideaswhichenlightenedmindsassociatewiththesewords。Gentleandgentlemanlymeansomethingkindandgenial；genteel，thatwhichisglitteringorgaudy。A
personcanbeagentlemaninrags，butnobodycanbegenteel。
（6）ThewriterhasbeencheckedinprintbytheScotchwithbeingaNorfolkman。Surely，surely，theselattertimeshavenotbeenexactlytheonesinwhichitwasexpedientforScotchmentocheckthechildrenofanycountyinEnglandwiththeplaceoftheirbirth，moreespeciallythosewhohavehadthehonourofbeingborninNorfolk—timesinwhichBritishfleets，commandedbyScotchmen，havereturnedladenwithanythingbutlaurelsfromforeignshores。ItwouldhavebeenwellforBritainhadshehadtheoldNorfolkmantodispatchtotheBalticortheBlacksea，lately，insteadofScotchadmirals。
（7）Asthepresentworkwillcomeoutinthemidstofavehementpoliticalcontest，peoplemaybeledtosupposethattheabovewaswrittenexpresslyforthetime。Thewriterthereforebegstostatethatitwaswrittenintheyear1854。
HecannothelpaddingthatheisneitherWhig，Tory，norRadical，andcaresnotastrawwhatpartygovernsEngland，provideditisgovernedwell。ButhehasnohopesofgoodgovernmentfromtheWhigs。Itistruethatamongstthemthereisoneverygreatman，LordPalmerston，whoisindeedtheswordandbuckler，thechariotsandthehorsesoftheparty；butitisimpossibleforhislordshiptogovernwellwithsuchcolleaguesashehas—colleagueswhichhavebeenforceduponhimbyfamilyinfluence，andwhoarecontinuallypesteringhimintomeasuresanythingbutconducivetothecountry’shonourandinterest。IfPalmerstonwouldgovernwell，hemustgetridofthem；butfromthatstep，withallhiscourageandallhisgreatness，hewillshrink。Yethowproperandeasyastepitwouldbe！Hecouldeasilygetbetter，butscarcelyworse，associates。Theyappeartohaveoneobjectinview，andonlyone—jobbery。Itwaschieflyowingtoamostflagitiouspieceofjobbery，whichoneofhislordship’sprincipalcolleaguessanctionedandpromoted，thathislordshipexperiencedhislateparliamentarydisasters。
（8）Afact。
EndTHEROMANYRYE
byGeorgeBorrowCHAPTERI
TheMakingoftheLinch—pin—TheSoundSleeper—Breakfast—
ThePostillion’sDeparture。
IAWOKEatthefirstbreakofday，and，leavingthepostillionfastasleep，steppedoutofthetent。Thedinglewasdankanddripping。Ilightedafireofcoals，andgotmyforgeinreadiness。Ithenascendedtothefield，wherethechaisewasstandingaswehadleftitonthepreviousevening。Afterlookingatthecloud—stonenearit，nowcold，andsplitintothreepieces，Isetaboutpryingnarrowlyintotheconditionofthewheelandaxletree—thelatterhadsustainednodamageofanyconsequence，andthewheel，asfarasIwasabletojudge，wassound，beingonlyslightlyinjuredinthebox。Theonlythingrequisitetosetthechaiseinatravellingconditionappearedtobealinch—pin，whichIdeterminedtomake。Goingtothecompanionwheel，I
tookoutthelinch—pin，whichIcarrieddownwithmetothedingle，toserveasamodel。
IfoundBellebythistimedressed，andseatedneartheforge：withaslightnodtoherlikethatwhichapersongiveswhohappenstoseeanacquaintancewhenhismindisoccupiedwithimportantbusiness，Iforthwithsetaboutmywork。SelectingapieceofironwhichIthoughtwouldservemypurpose，Iplaceditinthefire，andplyingthebellowsinafuriousmanner，soonmadeithot；thenseizingitwiththetongs，Ilaiditonmyanvil，andbegantobeatitwithmyhammer，accordingtotherulesofmyart。Thedingleresoundedwithmystrokes。Bellesatstill，andoccasionallysmiled，butsuddenlystartedup，andretreatedtowardsherencampment，onasparkwhichIpurposelysentinherdirectionalightingonherknee。Ifoundthemakingofalinch—pinnoeasymatter；itwas，however，lessdifficultthanthefabricationofapony—shoe；mywork，indeed，wasmuchfacilitatedbymyhavinganotherpintolookat。Inaboutthree—quartersofanhourIhadsucceededtolerablywell，andhadproducedalinch—pinwhichIthoughtwouldserve。Duringallthistime，notwithstandingthenoisewhichIwasmaking，thepostillionnevershowedhisface。Hisnon—
appearanceatfirstalarmedme：Iwasafraidhemightbedead，but，onlookingintothetent，Ifoundhimstillburiedinthesoundestsleep。\"Hemustsurelybedescendedfromoneofthesevensleepers，\"saidI，asIturnedaway，andresumedmywork。Myworkfinished，Itookalittleoil，leather，andsand，andpolishedthepinaswellasIcould；then，summoningBelle，webothwenttothechaise，where，withherassistance，Iputonthewheel。Thelinch—pinwhichIhadmadefitteditsplaceverywell，andhavingreplacedtheother，Igazedatthechaiseforsometimewithmyheartfullofthatsatisfactionwhichresultsfromtheconsciousnessofhavingachievedagreataction；then，afterlookingatBelleinthehopeofobtainingacomplimentfromherlips，whichdidnotcome，Ireturnedtothedingle，withoutsayingaword，followedbyher。Bellesetaboutmakingpreparationsforbreakfast；andItakingthekettle，wentandfilleditatthespring。Havinghungitoverthefire，Iwenttothetentinwhichthepostillionwasstillsleeping，andcalleduponhimtoarise。Heawokewithastart，andstaredaroundhimatfirstwiththeutmostsurprise，notunmixed，Icouldobserve，withacertaindegreeoffear。Atlast，lookinginmyface，heappearedtorecollecthimself。\"Ihadquiteforgot，\"saidhe，ashegotup，\"whereIwas，andallthathappenedyesterday。However，Iremembernowthewholeaffair，thunder—storm，thunder—bolt，frightenedhorses，andallyourkindness。Come，Imustseeaftermycoachandhorses；Ihopeweshallbeabletorepairthedamage。\"\"Thedamageisalreadyquiterepaired，\"saidI，\"asyouwillsee，ifyoucometothefieldabove。\"\"Youdon’tsayso，\"saidthepostillion，comingoutofthetent；\"well，Iammightilybeholdentoyou。Goodmorning，younggentle—woman，\"saidhe，addressingBelle，who，havingfinishedherpreparations，wasseatednearthefire。\"Goodmorning，youngman，\"saidBelle，\"Isupposeyouwouldbegladofsomebreakfast；however，youmustwaitalittle，thekettledoesnotboil。\"\"Comeandlookatyourchaise，\"saidI；\"buttellmehowithappenedthatthenoisewhichIhavebeenmakingdidnotawakeyou；
forthree—quartersofanhouratleastIwashammeringcloseatyourear。\"\"Iheardyouallthetime，\"saidthepostillion，\"butyourhammeringmademesleepallthesounder；Iamusedtohearhammeringinmymorningsleep。
There’saforgeclosebytheroomwhereIsleepwhenI’mathome，atmyinn；forwehaveallkindsofconveniencesatmyinn—forge，carpenter’sshop，andwheel—wright’s，—sothatwhenIheardyouhammeringIthought，nodoubt，thatitwastheoldnoise，andthatIwascomfortableinmybedatmyowninn。\"Wenowascendedtothefield，whereIshowedthepostillionhischaise。Helookedatthepinattentively，rubbedhishands，andgavealoudlaugh。\"Isitnotwelldone？\"saidI。\"ItwilldotillIgethome，\"hereplied。
\"Andthatisallyouhavetosay？\"Idemanded。\"Andthat’sagooddeal，\"saidhe，\"consideringwhomadeit。Butdon’tbeoffended，\"headded，\"Ishallprizeitallthemoreforitsbeingmadebyagentleman，andnoblacksmith；andsowillmygovernor，whenIshowittohim。Ishan’tletitremainwhereitis，butwillkeepit，asaremembranceofyou，aslongasIlive。\"Hethenagainrubbedhishandswithgreatglee，andsaid，\"Iwillnowgoandseeaftermyhorses，andthentobreakfast，partner，ifyouplease。\"Suddenly，however，lookingathishands，hesaid，\"BeforesittingdowntobreakfastIaminthehabitofwashingmyhandsandface：
Isupposeyoucouldnotfurnishmewithalittlesoapandwater。\"\"Asmuchwaterasyouplease，\"saidI，\"butifyouwantsoap，Imustgoandtroubletheyounggentle—womanforsome。\"\"Bynomeans，\"saidthepostillion，\"waterwilldoatapinch。\"\"Followme，\"saidI，andleadinghimtothepondofthefrogsandnewts，Isaid，\"thisismyewer；youarewelcometopartofit—thewaterissosoftthatitisscarcelynecessarytoaddsoaptoit；\"thenlyingdownonthebank，Iplungedmyheadintothewater，thenscrubbedmyhandsandface，andafterwardswipedthemwithsomelonggrasswhichgrewonthemarginofthepond。\"Bravo，\"saidthepostillion，\"Iseeyouknowhowtomakeashift：\"hethenfollowedmyexample，declaredheneverfeltmorerefreshedinhislife，and，givingabound，said，\"hewouldgoandlookafterhishorses。\"
Wethenwenttolookafterthehorses，whichwefoundnotmuchtheworseforhavingspentthenightintheopenair。
Mycompanionagaininsertedtheirheadsinthecorn—bags，and，leavingtheanimalstodiscusstheircorn，returnedwithmetothedingle，wherewefoundthekettleboiling。Wesatdown，andBellemadeteaanddidthehonoursofthemeal。
Thepostillionwasinhighspirits，ateheartily，and，toBelle’sevidentsatisfaction，declaredthathehadneverdrankbetterteainhislife，orindeedanyhalfsogood。
Breakfastover，hesaidthathemustnowgoandharnesshishorses，asitwashightimeforhimtoreturntohisinn。
Bellegavehimherhandandwishedhimfarewell：thepostillionshookherhandwarmly，andwasadvancingcloseuptoher—forwhatpurposeIcannotsay—whereuponBelle，withdrawingherhand，drewherselfupwithanairwhichcausedthepostilliontoretreatasteportwowithanexceedinglysheepishlook。Recoveringhimself，however，hemadealowbow，andproceededupthepath。Iattendedhim，andhelpedtoharnesshishorsesandputthemtothevehicle；
hethenshookmebythehand，andtakingthereinsandwhip，mountedtohisseat；erehedroveawayhethusaddressedme：
\"IfeverIforgetyourkindnessandthatoftheyoungwomanbelow，dashmybuttons。Ifevereitherofyoushouldentermyinnyoumaydependuponawarmwelcome，thebestthatcanbesetbeforeyou，andnoexpensetoeither，forIwillgivebothofyouthebestofcharacterstothegovernor，whoistheverybestfellowuponalltheroad。Asforyourlinch—
pin，ItrustitwillservetillIgethome，whenIwilltakeitoutandkeepitinremembranceofyouallthedaysofmylife：\"thengivingthehorsesajerkwithhisreins，hecrackedhiswhipanddroveoff。
Ireturnedtothedingle，Bellehadremovedthebreakfastthings，andwasbusyinherownencampment：nothingoccurred，worthyofbeingrelated，fortwohours，attheendofwhichtimeBelledepartedonashortexpedition，andIagainfoundmyselfaloneinthedingle。
CHAPTERII
TheManinBlack—TheEmperorofGermany—Nepotism—DonnaOlympia—Omnipotence—CamilloAstalli—TheFivePropositions。
INtheeveningIreceivedanothervisitfromthemaninblack。Ihadbeentakingastrollintheneighbourhood，andwassittinginthedingleinratheralistlessmanner，scarcelyknowinghowtoemploymyself；hiscoming，therefore，wasbynomeansdisagreeabletome。Iproducedthehollandsandglassfrommytent，whereIsopelBernershadrequestedmetodepositthem，andalsosomelumpsugar，thentakingthegotchIfetchedwaterfromthespring，and，sittingdown，beggedthemaninblacktohelphimself；hewasnotslowincomplyingwithmydesire，andpreparedforhimselfaglassofhollandsandwaterwithalumpofsugarinit。Afterhehadtakentwoorthreesipswithevidentsatisfaction，I，rememberinghischucklingexclamationof\"GotoRomeformoney，\"whenhelastleftthedingle，tooktheliberty，afteralittleconversation，ofremindinghimofit，whereupon，withahe！he！he！hereplied，\"YourideawasnotquitesooriginalasIsupposed。Afterleavingyoutheothernight，I
rememberedhavingreadofanEmperorofGermanywhoconceivedtheideaofapplyingtoRomeformoney，andactuallyputitintopractice。
\"UrbantheEighththenoccupiedthepapalchair，ofthefamilyoftheBarbarini，nicknamedtheMosche，orFlies，fromthecircumstanceofbeesbeingtheirarmorialbearing。TheEmperorhavingexhaustedallhismoneyinendeavouringtodefendthechurchagainstGustavusAdolphus，thegreatKingofSweden，whowasbentonitsdestruction，appliedinhisnecessitytothePopeforaloanofmoney。ThePope，however，andhisrelations，whosecellarswereatthattimefullofthemoneyofthechurch，whichtheyhadbeenplunderingforyears，refusedtolendhimascudo；whereuponapasquinadepicturewasstuckupatRome，representingthechurchlyingonabed，gashedwithdreadfulwounds，andbesetalloverwithflies，whichweresuckingher，whilsttheEmperorofGermanywaskneelingbeforeherwithamiserableface，requestingalittlemoneytowardscarryingonthewaragainsttheheretics，towhichthepoorchurchwasmadetosay：’HowcanIassistyou，Omychampion，doyounotseethattheflieshavesuckedmetotheverybones？’Whichstory，\"saidhe，\"showsthattheideaofgoingtoRomeformoneywasnotquitesooriginalasIimaginedtheothernight，thoughutterlypreposterous。
\"Thisaffair，\"saidhe，\"occurredinwhatwerecalledthedaysofnepotism。Certainpopes，whowishedtomakethemselvesinsomedegreeindependentofthecardinals，surroundedthemselveswiththeirnephewsandtherestoftheirfamily，whosuckedthechurchandChristendomasmuchastheycould，nonedoingsomoreeffectuallythantherelationsofUrbantheEighth，atwhosedeath，accordingtothebookcalledthe’NipotismodiRoma，’therewereintheBarbarinifamilytwohundredandtwenty—sevengovernments，abbeysandhighdignities；andsomuchhardcashintheirpossession，thatthreescoreandtenmuleswerescarcelysufficienttoconveytheplunderofoneofthemtoPalestrina。\"Headded，however，thatitwasprobablethatChristendomfaredbetterwhilstthepopeswerethusindependent，asitwaslesssucked，whereasbeforeandafterthatperioditwassuckedbyhundredsinsteadoftens，bythecardinalsandalltheirrelations，insteadofbythepopeandhisnephewsonly。
Then，afterdrinkingrathercopiouslyofhishollands，hesaidthatitwascertainlynobadideaofthepopestosurroundthemselveswithnephews，onwhomtheybestowedgreatchurchdignities，asbysodoingtheyweretolerablysafefrompoison，whereasapope，ifabandonedtothecardinals，mightatanytimebemadeawaywithbythem，providedtheythoughtthathelivedtoolong，orthatheseemeddisposedtodoanythingwhichtheydisliked；adding，thatGanganelliwouldneverhavebeenpoisonedprovidedhehadhadnephewsabouthimtotakecareofhislife，andtoseethatnothingunholywasputintohisfood，orabustlingstirringbrother’swifelikeDonnaOlympia。Hethenwithahe！he！
he！askedmeifIhadeverreadthebookcalledthe\"NipotismodiRoma\"；andonmyreplyinginthenegative，hetoldmethatitwasaverycuriousandentertainingbook，whichheoccasionallylookedatinanidlehour，andproceededtorelatetomeanecdotesoutofthe\"NipotismodiRoma，\"aboutthesuccessorofUrban，InnocenttheTenth，andDonnaOlympia，showinghowfondhewasofher，andhowshecookedhisfood，andkeptthecardinalsawayfromit，andhowsheandhercreaturesplunderedChristendom，withthesanctionofthePope，untilChristendom，becomingenraged，insistedthatheshouldputheraway，whichhedidforatime，puttinganephew—oneCamilloAstalli—inherplace，inwhich，however，hedidnotcontinuelong；forthePope，conceivingapiqueagainsthim，banishedhimfromhissight，andrecalledDonnaOlympia，whotookcareofhisfood，andplunderedChristendomuntilPopeInnocentdied。
IsaidthatIonlywonderedthatbetweenpopeandcardinalsthewholesystemofRomehadnotlongfallentotheground，andwastold，inreply，thatitsnothavingfallenwasthestrongestproofofitsvitalpower，andtheabsolutenecessityfortheexistenceofthesystem。Thatthesystem，notwithstandingitsoccasionaldisorders，wenton。Popesandcardinalsmightpreyuponitsbowels，andsellitsinterests，butthesystemsurvived。ThecuttingoffofthisorthatmemberwasnotabletocauseRomeanyvitalloss；for，assoonasshelostamember，thelosswassuppliedbyherowninherentvitality；thoughherpopeshadbeenpoisonedbycardinals，andhercardinalsbypopes；andthoughpriestsoccasionallypoisonedpopes，cardinals，andeachother，afterallthathadbeen，andmightbe，shehadstill，andwouldeverhave，herpriests，cardinals，andpope。
Findingthemaninblacksocommunicativeandreasonable，I
determinedtomakethebestofmyopportunity，andlearnfromhimallIcouldwithrespecttothepapalsystem，andtoldhimthathewouldparticularlyobligemebytellingmewhothePopeofRomewas；andreceivedforanswer，thathewasanoldmanelectedbyamajorityofcardinalstothepapalchair；who，immediatelyafterhiselection，becameomnipotentandequaltoGodonearth。Onmybegginghimnottotalksuchnonsense，andaskinghimhowapersoncouldbeomnipotentwhocouldnotalwayspreservehimselffrompoison，evenwhenfencedroundbynephews，orprotectedbyabustlingwoman，he，aftertakingalongsipofhollandsandwater，toldmethatImustnotexpecttoomuchfromomnipotence；forexample，thatasitwouldbeunreasonabletoexpectthatOneabovecouldannihilatethepast—forinstance，theSevenYears’War，ortheFrenchRevolution—thoughanyonewhobelievedinHimwouldacknowledgeHimtobeomnipotent，sowoulditbeunreasonableforthefaithfultoexpectthatthePopecouldalwaysguardhimselffrompoison。Then，afterlookingatmeforamomentstedfastly，andtakinganothersip，hetoldmethatpopeshadfrequentlydoneimpossibilities；forexample，InnocenttheTenthhadcreatedanephew；for，notlikingparticularlyanyofhisrealnephews，hehadcreatedthesaidCamilloAstallihisnephew；
askingme，withahe！he！\"Whatbutomnipotencecouldmakeayoungmannephewtoapersontowhomhewasnotintheslightestdegreerelated？\"OnmyobservingthatofcoursenoonebelievedthattheyoungfellowwasreallythePope’snephew，thoughthePopemighthaveadoptedhimassuch，themaninblackreplied，\"thattherealityofthenephewshipofCamilloAstallihadhithertoneverbecomeapointoffaith；
let，however，thepresentpope，oranyotherpope，proclaimthatitisnecessarytobelieveintherealityofthenephewshipofCamilloAstalli，andseewhetherthefaithfulwouldnotbelieveinit。Whocandoubtthat，\"headded，\"seeingthattheybelieveintherealityofthefivepropositionsofJansenius？TheJesuits，wishingtoruintheJansenists，inducedapopetodeclarethatsuchandsuchdamnableopinions，whichtheycalledfivepropositions，weretobefoundinabookwrittenbyJansen，though，inreality，nosuchpropositionsweretobefoundthere；whereupontheexistenceofthesepropositionsbecameforthwithapointoffaithtothefaithful。Doyouthenthink，\"hedemanded，\"thatthereisoneofthefaithfulwhowouldnotswallow，ifcalledupon，thenephewshipofCamilloAstalliaseasilyasthefivepropositionsofJansenius？\"\"Surely，then，\"saidI，\"thefaithfulmustbeaprettypackofsimpletons！\"
Whereuponthemaninblackexclaimed，\"What！aProtestant，andaninfringeroftherightsoffaith！Here’safellow，whowouldfeelhimselfinsultedifanyoneweretoaskhimhowhecouldbelieveinthemiraculousconception，callingpeoplesimpletonswhoswallowthefivepropositionsofJansenius，andaredisposed，ifcalledupon，toswallowtherealityofthenephewshipofCamilloAstalli。\"
Iwasabouttospeak，whenIwasinterruptedbythearrivalofBelle。Afterunharnessingherdonkey，andadjustingherpersonalittle，shecameandsatdownbyus。InthemeantimeIhadhelpedmycompaniontosomemorehollandsandwater，andhadplungedwithhimintoyetdeeperdiscourse。