Hisdictatorship，absoluteduringfivemonths，isastrikingexampleofthepowerofcertainleaders。Wecanunderstandthatatyrantbackedbyanarmycaneasilydestroywhomhepleases，butthatasinglemanshouldsucceedinsendingtodeathalargenumberofhisequalsisathingthatisnoteasilyexplained。
ThepowerofRobespierrewassoabsolutethathewasabletosendtotheTribunal，andthereforetothescaffold，themosteminentdeputies：Desmoulins，Hebert，Danton，andmanyanother。ThebrilliantGirondistsmeltedawaybeforehim。HeattackedeventheterribleCommune，guillotineditsleaders，andreplaceditbyanewCommuneobedienttohisorders。
InordertoridhimselfmorequicklyofthemenwhodispleasedhimheinducedtheConventiontoenactthelawofPrairial，whichpermittedtheexecutionofmeresuspects，andbymeansofwhichhehad1，373headscutoffinParisinforty—ninedays。Hiscolleagues，thevictimsofaninsaneterror，nolongersleptathome；scarcelyahundreddeputieswerepresentatsessions。
Davidsaid：``IdonotbelievetwentyofusmembersoftheMountainwillbeleft。’’
ItwashisveryexcessofconfidenceinhisownpowersandinthecowardiceoftheConventionthatlostRobespierrehislife。
HavingattemptedtomakethemvoteameasurewhichwouldpermitdeputiestobesentbeforetheRevolutionaryTribunal，whichmeantthescaffold，withouttheauthorisationoftheAssembly，onanorderfromthegoverningCommittee，severalMontagnardsconspiredwithsomemembersofthePlaintooverthrowhim。
Tallien，knowinghimselfmarkeddownforearlyexecution，andhavingthereforenothingtolose，accusedhimloudlyoftyranny。
Robespierrewishedtodefendhimselfbyreadingaspeechwhichhehadlonghadinhand，buthelearnedtohiscostthatalthoughitispossibletodestroymeninthenameoflogicitisnotpossibletoleadanassemblybymeansoflogic。Theshoutsoftheconspiratorsdrownedhisvoice；thecry``Downwiththetyrant！’’quicklyrepeated，thankstomentalcontagion，bymanyofthememberspresent，wasenoughtocompletehisdownfall。
WithoutlosingamomenttheAssemblydecreedhisaccusation。
TheCommunehavingwishedtosavehim，theAssemblyoutlawedhim。
Struckbythismagicformula，hewasdefinitelylost。
``Thiscryofoutlawry，’’writesWilliams，``atthisperiodproducedthesameeffectonaFrenchmanasthecryofpestilence；
theoutlawbecamecivillyexcommunicated，anditwasasthoughmenbelievedthattheywouldbecontaminatedpassingthroughtheairwhichhehadbreathed。SuchwastheeffectitproduceduponthegunnerswhohadtrainedtheircannonagainsttheConvention。
Withoutreceivingfurtherorders，merelyonhearingthattheCommunewas`outsidethelaw，’theyimmediatelyturnedtheirbatteriesabout。’’
Robespierreandallhisband——Saint—Just，thepresidentoftheRevolutionaryTribunal，themayoroftheCommune，&c。，——wereguillotinedonthe10thofThermidortothenumberoftwenty—one。
TheirexecutionwasfollowedonthemorrowbyafreshbatchofseventyJacobins，andonthenextdaybythirteen。TheTerror，whichhadlastedtenmonths，wasatanend。
ThedownfalloftheJacobinedificeinThermidorisoneofthemostcuriouspsychologicaleventsoftherevolutionaryperiod。
NoneoftheMontagnardswhohadworkedforthedownfallofRobespierrehadforamomentdreamedthatitwouldmarktheendoftheTerror。
Tallien，Barras，Fouche，&c。，overthrewRobespierreashehadoverthrownHebert，Danton，theGirondists，andmanyothers。
ButwhentheacclamationsofthecrowdtoldthemthatthedeathofRobespierrewasregardedashavingputanendtotheTerrortheyactedasthoughsuchhadbeentheirintention。TheywerethemoreobligedtodosointhatthePlain——thatis，thegreatmajorityoftheAssembly——whichhadalloweditselftobedecimatedbyRobespierre，nowrebelledfuriouslyagainstthesystemithadsolongacclaimedevenwhileitabhorredit。
Nothingismoreterriblethanabodyofmenwhohavebeenafraidandareafraidnolonger。ThePlainrevengeditselfforbeingterrorisedbytheMountain，andterrorisedthatbodyinturn。
TheservilityofthecolleaguesofRobespierreintheConventionwasbynomeansbaseduponanyfeelingofsympathyforhim。Thedictatorfilledthemwithanunspeakablealarm，butbeneaththemarksofadmirationandenthusiasmwhichtheylavishedonhimoutoffearwasconcealedanintensehatred。WecangatherasmuchbyreadingthereportsofvariousdeputiesinsertedintheMoniteurofAugust11，15，and29，1794，andnotablythaton``theconspiracyofthetriumvirs，Robespierre，Couthon，andSaint—Just。’’Neverdidslavesheapsuchinvectivesonafallenmaster。
Welearnthat``thesemonstershadforsometimebeenrenewingthemosthorribleprescriptionsofMariusandSulla。’’
Robespierreisrepresentedasamostfrightfulscoundrel；weareassuredthat``likeCaligula，hewouldsoonhaveaskedtheFrenchpeopletoworshiphishorse……Hesoughtsecurityintheexecutionofallwhoarousedhisslightestsuspicion。’’
ThesereportsforgettoaddthatthepowerofRobespierreobtainednosupport，asdidthatoftheMariusandSullatowhomtheyallude，fromapowerfularmy，butmerelyfromtherepeatedadhesionofthemembersoftheConvention。Withouttheirextremetimiditythepowerofthedictatorcouldnothavelastedasingleday。
Robespierrewasoneofthemostodioustyrantsofhistory，butheisdistinguishedfromallothersinthathemadehimselfatyrantwithoutsoldiers。
Wemaysumuphisdoctrinesbysayingthathewasthemostperfectincarnation，saveperhapsSaint—Just，oftheJacobinfaith，inallitsnarrowlogic，itsintensemysticism，anditsinflexiblerigidity。Hehasadmirersevento—day。M。Hameldescribeshimas``themartyrofThermidor。’’Therehasbeensometalkoferectingamonumenttohim。Iwouldwillinglysubscribetosuchapurpose，feelingthatitisusefultopreserveproofsoftheblindnessofthecrowd，andoftheextraordinarydocilityofwhichanassemblyiscapablewhentheleaderknowshowtohandleit。HisstatuewouldrecallthepassionatecriesofadmirationandenthusiasmwithwhichtheConventionacclaimedthemostthreateningmeasuresofthedictator，ontheveryeveofthedaywhenitwasabouttocasthimdown。
4。Fouquier—Tinville，Marat，Billaud—Varenne，&c。
Ishalldevoteaparagraphtocertainrevolutionistswhowerefamousforthedevelopmentoftheirmostsanguinaryinstincts。
Theirferocitywascomplicatedbyothersentiments，byfearandhatred，whichcouldbutfortifyit。
Fouquier—Tinville，thepublicprosecutoroftheRevolutionaryTribunal，wasoneofthosewhohaveleftthemostsinistermemories。Thismagistrate，formerlyreputedforhiskindness，andwhobecamethebloodthirstycreaturewhosememoryevokessuchrepulsion，hasalreadyservedmeasanexampleinotherworks，whenIhavewishedtoshowthetransformationofcertainnaturesintimeofrevolution。
Needyintheextremeatthemomentofthefallofthemonarchy，hehadeverythingtohopefromasocialupheavalandnothingtolose。Hewasoneofthosemenwhomaperiodofdisorderwillalwaysfindreadytosustainit。
TheConventionabandoneditspowerstohim。Hehadtopronounceuponthefateofnearlytwothousandaccused，amongwhomwereMarie—Antoinette，theGirondists，Danton，Hebert，&c。Hehadallthesuspectsbroughtbeforehimexecuted，anddidnotscrupletobetrayhisformerprotectors。Assoonasoneofthemfellintohispower——CamilleDesmoulins，Danton，oranother——hewouldpleadagainsthim。
Fouquier—Tinvillehadaveryinferiormind，whichtheRevolutionbroughttothetop。Undernormalconditions，hedgedaboutbyprofessionalrules，hisdestinywouldhavebeenthatofapeaceableandobscuremagistrate。Thiswaspreciselythelotofhisdeputy，orsubstitute，attheTribunal，Gilbert—Liendon。
``Heshould，’’writesM。Durel，``haveinspiredthesamehorrorashiscolleague，yethecompletedhiscareerintheupperranksoftheImperialmagistracy。’’
Oneofthegreatbenefitsofanorganisedsocietyisthatitdoesrestrainthesedangerouscharacters，whomnothingbutsocialrestraintscanhold。
Fouquier—Tinvillediedwithoutunderstandingwhyhewascondemned，andfromtherevolutionarypointofviewhiscondemnationwasnotjustifiable。Hadhenotmerelyzealouslyexecutedtheordersofhissuperiors？Itisimpossibletoclasshimwiththerepresentativeswhoweresentintotheprovinces，whocouldnotbesupervised。ThedelegatesoftheConventionexaminedallhissentencesandapprovedofthemuptothelast。
Ifhiscrueltyandhissummaryfashionoftryingtheprisonersbeforehimhadnotbeenencouragedbyhischiefs，hecouldnothaveremainedinpower。IncondemningFouquier—Tinville，theConventioncondemneditsownfrightfulsystemofgovernment。Itunderstoodthisfact，andsenttothescaffoldanumberofTerroristswhomFouquier—Tinvillehadmerelyservedasafaithfulagent。
BesideFouquier—TinvillewemaysetDumas，whopresidedovertheRevolutionaryTribunal，andwhoalsodisplayedanexcessivecruelty，whichwaswhettedbyanintensefear。Heneverwentoutwithouttwoloadedpistols，barricadedhimselfinhishouse，andonlyspoketovisitorsthroughawicket。Hisdistrustofeverybody，includinghisownwife，wasabsolute。Heevenimprisonedthelatter，andwasabouttohaveherexecutedwhenThermidorarrived。
AmongthemenwhomtheConventionbroughttolight，Billaud—
Varennewasoneofthewildestand，mostbrutal。Hemayberegardedasaperfecttypeofbestialferocity。
``Inthesehoursoffruitfulangerandheroicanguishheremainedcalm，acquittinghimselfmethodicallyofhistask——anditwasafrightfultask：heappearedofficiallyatthemassacresoftheAbbaye，congratulatedtheassassins，andpromisedthemmoney；uponwhichhewenthomeasifhehadmerelybeentakingawalk。WeseehimaspresidentoftheJacobinClub，presidentoftheConvention，andmemberoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety；hedragstheGirondiststothescaffold：hedragsthequeenthither，andhisformerpatron，Danton，saidofhim，`Billaudhasadaggerunderhistongue。’HeapprovesofthecannonadesatLyons，thedrowningsatNantes，themassacresatArras；heorganisesthepitilesscommissionofOrange；heisconcernedinthelawsofPrairial；heeggsonFouquier—Tinville；onalldecreesofdeathishisname，oftenthefirst；hesignsbeforehiscolleagues；heiswithoutpity，withoutemotion，withoutenthusiasm；whenothersarefrightened，hesitate，anddrawback，hegoeshisway，speakinginturgidsentences，`shakinghislion’smane’——fortomakehiscoldandimpassivefacemoreinharmonywiththeexuberancethatsurroundshimhenowdeckshimselfinayellowwigwhichwouldmakeonelaughwereitonanybutthesinisterheadofBillaud—Varenne。WhenRobespierre，Saint—Just，andCouthonarethreatenedinturn，hedesertsthemandgoesovertotheenemy，andpushesthemundertheknife……Why？Whatishisaim？Nooneknows；heisnotinanywayambitious；hedesiresneitherpowernormoney。’’
Idonotthinkitwouldbedifficulttoanswerwhy。Thethirstforblood，ofwhichwehavealreadyspoken，andwhichisverycommonamongcertaincriminals，perfectlyexplainstheconductofBillaud—Varennes。Banditsofthistypekillforthesakeofkilling，assportsmenshootgame——fortheverypleasureofexercisingtheirtastefordestruction。Inordinarytimesmenendowedwiththesehomicidaltendenciesrefrain，generallyfromfearofthepolicemanandthescaffold。Whentheyareabletogivethemfreeventnothingcanstopthem。SuchwasthecasewithBillaud—Varenneandmanyothers。
ThepsychologyofMaratisrathermorecomplicated，notonlybecausehiscravingformurderwascombinedwithotherelements——
woundedself—love，ambition，mysticbeliefs，&c。——butalsobecausewemustregardhimasasemi—lunatic，affectedbymegalomania，andhauntedbyfixedideas。
BeforetheRevolutionhehadadvancedgreatscientificpretensions，butnooneattachedmuchimportancetohismaunderings。Dreamingofplaceandhonour，hehadonlyobtainedaverysubordinatesituationinthehouseholdofagreatnoble。
TheRevolutionopenedupanunhoped—forfuture。Swollenwithhatredoftheoldsocialsystemwhichhadnotrecognisedhismerits，heputhimselfattheheadofthemostviolentsectionofthepeople。HavingpubliclyglorifiedthemassacresofSeptember，hefoundedajournalwhichdenouncedeverybodyandclamouredincessantlyforexecutions。
Speakingcontinuallyoftheinterestsofthepeople，Maratbecametheiridol。Themajorityofhiscolleaguesheartilydespisedhim。HadheescapedtheknifeofCharlotteCorday，hecertainlywouldnothaveescapedthatoftheguillotine。
5。TheDestinyofthoseMembersoftheConventionwhosurvivedtheRevolution。
BesidethemembersoftheConventionwhosepsychologypresentsparticularcharacteristicstherewereothers——Barras，Fouche，Tallien，MerlindeThionville，&c。——completelydevoidofprinciplesorbelief，whoonlysoughttoenrichthemselves。
Theysoughttobuildupenormousfortunesoutofthepublicmisery。Inordinarytimestheywouldhavebeenqualifiedassimplescoundrels，butinperiodsofrevolutionallstandardsofviceandvirtueseemtodisappear。
AlthoughafewJacobinsremainedfanatics，themajorityrenouncedtheirconvictionsassoonastheyhadobtainedriches，andbecamethefaithfulcourtiersofNapoleon。Cambaceres，who，onaddressingLouisXVI。inprison，calledhimLouisCapet，undertheEmpirerequiredhisfriendstocallhim``Highness’’inpublicand``Monseigneur’’inprivate，thusdisplayingtheenviousfeelingwhichaccompaniedthecravingforequalityinmanyoftheJacobins。
``ThemajorityoftheJacobins，’’writesM。Madelin``weregreatlyenriched，andlikeChabot，Bazire，Merlin，Barras，Boursault，Tallien，Barrere，&c。，possessedchateauxandestates。Thosewhowerenotwealthyasyetweresoontobecomeso……IntheCommitteeoftheyearIII。alonethestaffoftheThermidorianpartycomprisedafutureprince，13futurecounts，5
futurebarons，7futuresenatorsoftheEmpire，and6futureCouncillorsofState，andbesidethemintheConventiontherewere，betweenthefutureDukeofOtrantotothefutureCountRegnault，nolessthan50democratswhofifteenyearslaterpossessedtitles，coatsofarms，plumes，carriages，endowments，entailedestates，hotels，andchateaux。
FouchediedworthL600，000。’’
Theprivilegesoftheancienregimewhichhadbeensobitterlydecriedwerethusverysoonre—establishedforthebenefitofthebourgeoisie。ToarriveatthisresultitwasnecessarytoruinFrance，toburnentireprovinces，tomultiplysuffering，toplungeinnumerablefamiliesintodespair，tooverturnEurope，andtodestroymenbythehundredthousandonthefieldofbattle。
Inclosingthischapterwewillrecallwhatwehavealreadysaidconcerningthepossibilityofjudgingthemenofthisperiod。
Althoughthemoralistisforcedtodealseverelywithcertainindividuals，becausehejudgesthembythetypeswhichsocietymustrespectifitistosucceedinmaintainingitself，thepsychologistisnotinthesamecase。Hisaimistounderstand，andcriticismvanishesbeforeacompletecomprehension。
Thehumanmindisaveryfragilemechanism，andthemarionetteswhichdanceuponthestageofhistoryarerarelyabletoresisttheimperiousforceswhichimpelthem。Heredity，environment，andcircumstancesareimperiousmasters。Noonecansaywithcertaintywhatwouldhavebeenhisconductintheplaceofthemenwhoseactionsheendeavourstointerpret。
BOOKIII
THECONFLICTBETWEENANCESTRALINFLUENCESANDREVOLUTIONARY
PRINCIPLES
CHAPTERI
THELASTCONVULSIONSOFANARCHY——THEDIRECTORY
1。ThePsychologyoftheDirectory。
Asthevariousrevolutionaryassemblieswerecomposedinpartofthesamemen，onemightsupposethattheirpsychologywouldbeverysimilar。
Atordinaryperiodsthiswouldhavebeenso，foraconstantenvironmentmeansconstancyofcharacter。ButwhencircumstanceschangeasrapidlyastheydidundertheRevolution，charactermustperforcetransformitselftoadaptitselfthereto。SuchwasthecasewiththeDirectory。
TheDirectorycomprisedseveraldistinctassemblies：twolargechambers，consistingofdifferentcategoriesofdeputies，andoneverysmallchamber，whichconsistedofthefiveDirectors。
ThetwolargerAssembliesremindonestronglyoftheConventionbytheirweakness。Theywerenolongerforcedtoobeypopularriots，asthesewereenergeticallypreventedbytheDirectors，buttheyyieldedwithoutdiscussiontothedictatorialinjunctionsofthelatter。
Thefirstdeputiestobeelectedweremostlymoderates。EveryonewaswearyoftheJacobintyranny。ThenewAssemblydreamedofrebuildingtheruinswithwhichFrancewascovered，andestablishingaliberalgovernmentwithoutviolence。
ButbyoneofthosefatalitieswhichwerealawoftheRevolution，andwhichprovethatthecourseofeventsisoftensuperiortomen’swills，thesedeputies，liketheirpredecessors，maybesaidalwaystohavedonethecontraryofwhattheywishedtodo。Theyhopedtobemoderate，andtheywereviolent；theywantedtoeliminatetheinfluenceoftheJacobins，andtheyallowedthemselvestobeledbythem；theythoughttorepairtheruinsofthecountryandtheysucceededonlyinaddingotherstothem；theyaspiredtoreligiouspeace，andtheyfinallypersecutedandmassacredthepriestswithgreaterrigourthanduringtheTerror。
ThepsychologyofthelittleassemblyformedbythefiveDirectorswasverydifferentfromthatoftheChamberofDeputies。Encounteringfreshdifficultiesdaily，thedirectorswereforcedtoresolvethem，whilethelargeAssemblies，withoutcontactwithrealities，hadonlytheiraspirations。
TheprevailingthoughtoftheDirectorswasverysimple。Highlyindifferenttoprinciples，theywishedabovealltoremainthemastersofFrance。Toattainthatresulttheydidnotshrinkfromresortingtothemostillegitimatemeasures，evenannullingtheelectionsofagreatnumberofthedepartmentswhentheseembarrassedthem。
FeelingthemselvesincapableofreorganisingFrance，theylefthertoherself。Bytheirdespotismtheycontrivedtodominateher，buttheynevergovernedher。Now，whatFranceneededmorethananythingatthisjuncturewastobegoverned。
TheconventionhasleftbehinditthereputationofastrongGovernment，andtheDirectorythatofaweakGovernment。Thecontraryistrue：itwastheDirectorythatwasthestrongGovernment。
PsychologicallywemayreadilyexplainthedifferencebetweentheGovernmentoftheDirectoryandthatoftheprecedingAssembliesbyrecallingthefactthatagatheringofsixhundredtosevenhundredpersonsmaywellsufferfromwavesofcontagiousenthusiasm，asonthenightofthe4thofAugust，orevenimpulsesofenergeticwill—power，suchasthatwhichlauncheddefianceagainstthekingsofEurope。Butsuchimpulsesaretooephemeraltopossessanygreatforce。Acommitteeoffivemembers，easilydominatedbythewillofone，isfarmoresusceptibleofcontinuousresolution——thatis，ofperseveranceinasettledlineofconduct。
TheGovernmentoftheDirectoryprovedtobealwaysincapableofgoverning，butitneverlackedastrongwill。Nothingrestrainingit，neitherrespectforlawnorconsiderationforthecitizens，norloveofthepublicwelfare，itwasabletoimposeuponFranceadespotismmorecrushingthanthatofanyGovernmentsincethebeginningoftheRevolution，notexceptingtheTerror。
AlthoughitutilisedmethodsanalogoustothoseoftheConvention，andruledFranceinthemosttyrannicalmanner，theDirectory，nomorethantheConvention，wasneverthemasterofFrance。
Thisfact，whichIhavealreadynoted，provesoncemoretheimpotenceofmaterialconstrainttodominatemoralforces。Itcannotbetoooftenrepeatedthatthetrueguideofmankindisthemoralscaffoldingerectedbyhisancestors。
Accustomedtoliveinanorganisedsociety，supportedbycodesandrespectedtraditions，wecanwithdifficultyrepresenttoourselvestheconditionofanationdeprivedofsuchabasis。Asageneralthingweonlyseetheirksomesideofourenvironment，tooreadilyforgettingthatsocietycanexistonlyonconditionofimposingcertainrestraints，andthatlaws，manners，andcustomconstituteacheckuponthenaturalinstinctsofbarbarismwhichneverentirelyperishes。
ThehistoryoftheConventionandtheDirectorywhichfolloweditshowsplainlytowhatdegreedisordermayovercomeanationdeprivedofitsancientstructure，andhavingforguideonlytheartificialcombinationsofaninsufficientreason。
2。DespoticGovernmentoftheDirectory。RecrudescenceoftheTerror。
Withtheobjectofdivertingattention，occupyingthearmy，andobtainingresourcesbythepillageofneighbouringcountries，theDirectorsdecidedtoresumethewarsofconquestwhichhadsucceededundertheConvention。
ThesecontinuedduringthelifetimeoftheDirectory。Thearmieswonarichbooty，especiallyinItaly。
Someoftheinvadedpopulationsweresosimpleastosupposethattheseinvasionswereundertakenintheirinterest。Theywerenotlongindiscoveringthatallmilitaryoperationswereaccompaniedbycrushingtaxesandthepillageofchurches，publictreasuries，&c。
ThefinalconsequenceofthispolicyofconquestwastheformationofanewcoalitionagainstFrance，whichlasteduntil1801。
Indifferenttothestateofthecountryandincapableofreorganisingit，theDirectorswereprincipallyconcernedinstrugglingagainstanincessantseriesofconspiraciesinordertokeepinpower。
Thistaskwasenoughtooccupytheirleisure，forthepoliticalpartieshadnotdisarmed。Anarchyhadreachedsuchapointthatallwerecallingforahandpowerfulenoughtorestoreorder。
Everyonefelt，theDirectorsincluded，thattherepublicansystemcouldnotlastmuchlonger。
Somedreamedofre—establishingroyalty，otherstheTerroristsystem，whileotherswaitedforageneral。OnlythepurchasersofthenationalpropertyfearedachangeofGovernment。
TheunpopularityoftheDirectoryincreaseddaily，andwheninMay，1797，thethirdpartoftheAssemblyhadtoberenewed，themajorityofthoseelectedwerehostiletothesystem。
TheDirectorswerenotembarrassedbyalittlethinglikethat。
Theyannulledtheelectionsin49departments；154ofthenewdeputieswereinvalidatedandexpelled，53condemnedtodeportation。AmongtheselatterfiguredthemostillustriousnamesoftheRevolution：Portalis，Carnot，TronsonduCoudray，&c。
Tointimidatetheelectors，militarycommissionscondemnedtodeath，ratheratrandom，160persons，andsenttoGuiana330，ofwhomhalfspeedilydied。TheemigresandpriestswhohadreturnedtoFrancewereviolentlyexpelled。Thiswasknownasthecoupd’etatofFructidor。
Thiscoup，whichstruckmoreespeciallyatthemoderates，wasnottheonlyoneofitskind；anotherquicklyfollowed。TheDirectors，findingtheJacobindeputiestoonumerous，annulledtheelectionsofsixtyofthem。
TheprecedingfactsdisplayedthetyrannicaltemperoftheDirectors，butthisappearedevenmoreplainlyinthedetailsoftheirmeasures。ThenewmastersofFrancealsoprovedtobeasbloodthirstyasthemostferociousdeputiesoftheTerror。
Theguillotinewasnotre—establishedasapermanency，butreplacedbydeportationunderconditionswhichleftthevictimslittlechanceofsurvival。SenttoRochefortincagesofironbars，exposedtoalltheseveritiesoftheweather，theywerethenpackedintoboats。
``BetweenthedecksoftheDecadeandtheBayonnaise，’’
saysTaine，``themiserableprisoners，suffocatedbythelackofairandthetorridheat，bulliedandfleeced，diedofhungerorasphyxia，andGuianacompletedtheworkofthevoyage：of193
takenthitherbytheDecade39wereleftaliveattheendoftwenty—twomonths；of120takenbytheBayonnaise1remained。
ObservingeverywhereaCatholicrenascence，andimaginingthattheclergywereconspiringagainstthem，theDirectorsdeportedorsenttothegalleysinoneyear1，448priests，tosaynothingofalargenumberwhoweresummarilyexecuted。TheTerrorwasinrealitycompletelyre—established。
TheautocraticdespotismoftheDirectorywasexercisedinallthebranchesoftheadministration，notablythefinances。Thus，havingneedofsixhundredmillionfrancs，itforcedthedeputies，alwaysdocile，tovoteaprogressiveimpost，whichyielded，however，onlytwelvemillions。Beingpresentlyinthesamecondition，itdecreedaforcedloanofahundredmillions，whichresultedintheclosingofworkshops，thestoppageofbusiness，andthedismissalofdomestics。Itwasonlyatthepriceofabsoluteruinthatfortymillionscouldbeobtained。