第3章
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  Itseemsbesttokeepthisnorthwesternformspecificallyseparatefromthatlargeassemblageofsouthernformsthathavebeencommonlyreferredtoit。TheformsreferredtothisspeciesfromwesternKansas(Smyth’schecklist)havenotbeenexamined,andtheymayrepresentintermediateforms,incliningtosimplehabitandovateform,asintheColoradoforms。Thesoutherntype(C。radiosus)isdistinguishedfromC。viviparusnotonlybyitsverydifferentrange,butalsobyitsovatetocylindricalform,simplehabit,morenumerous(12to40)andlonger(6to22

  mm。)radialspines,usuallymorenumerous(3to14)centralspinesinwhichtheupperaremorerobustthanthelower,porrectlowercentral,obtusestigmas,andbrownobovatestraightseeds。

  58。Cactusradiosus(Engelm。)。

  MamillariaviviparaEngelm。Pl。Fendl。49(1849),notHaw。

  (1819)。

  MamillariaradiosaEngelm。Pl。Lindh。196(1850)。

  MamillariavivipararadiosatexanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。269

  (1856)。

  Ovateorcylindrical,5to12。5cm。highandabout5cm。indiameter,simpleorsparinglyproliferous:tuberclesterete,moreorlessgroovedabove,8to12mm。long:radialspines20to30,straight,slender,withwithduskyapex,veryunequal,6to8mmlong;centralspines4or5,stouter,yellowishortawny,8to12

  mm。long,theupperonesthelongerandmorerobust,thelowestoneshorterandporrect:flowers3。5to5。5cm。long,aboutthesamediameterwhenfullyopen,violettodarkpurple:stigmas7

  to9,obtuse:fruitovalandgreen:seedsyellowishorbrown,obovate,pitted,fully2mm,long。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。

  74,fig。5,seeds)Type,Lindheimerof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。

  Gard。

  ExtendingacrosssouthernTexas,fromtheGuadalupetoElPaso。

  thenceintocontiguousNewMexicoandacrosstheRioGrandenearJuarez(northernChihuahua)。Fl。May-June。

  Specimensexamined:Texas(Lindheimerof1846):NewMexico(Bigelowof1855):Chihuahua,nearJuarez(Evansof1891):alsospecimenscultivatedfromthetypeinSt。Louisin1846。

  AttentionhasbeencalledunderC。viviparustothecharactersthatdistinguishfromC。radiosusThecharacterstheregivenforthelatterspeciesapplytotothewholegroupofincludedforms。

  Thetypeofthespeciesisthevar。TexanaofEngelmann’sSyn。

  Cact。andMex。Bound。,whichischaracterizedintheabove。

  description。

  59。Cactusradiosusneo-mexicanus(Engelm。)。

  Mamillariavivipararadiosaneo-mexicanaEngelm。Syn。Cact。

  269(1856)。

  Generallylower(3。5to10cm。)andsubglobosetoovateorevensub-cylindrical,branchingatbaseorsimple,withmorenumerous(12to40)radialspines,morenumerous(3to12)andpurplishcentrals,andsmallerseeds。(Ill。Cact。Mex。Bound。t。74。fig。

  4,seeds)Type,presumablytheWright,Bigelow,andSchottspecimensfromwesternTexas,NewMexico,andSonora,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。

  FromsouthernUtah,centralColorado,andwesternKansas,southwardthroughwesternTexas,NewMexicoandArizonaintoChihuahuaandSonora。

  Specimensexamined:Kansas(Carleton530of1891,inMeadeCounty):Oklahoma(Carleton233of1891):Colorado(HallandHarbourof1862;Brandegee645of1873;Hicksof1890):Utah(Silerof1870):NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Fendler244,271,of1847:Wright298;Bigelowof1853;G。R。Vaseyof1881):

  Texas(Wrightof1849,1851,1852;Bigelowof1853):Arizona(Rothrock,withnonumberordate):Sonora(Schottof1855):

  Chihuahua(Evansof1891,nearJuarez)。

  ItisthroughthisvarietythatC。radiosusapproachesmostnearlytoC。viviparus,intheformswithfewradialsandcentrals,butthespecificcharactersseemtohold。ThisistheMamillariaviviparaoftheSynFl。Colorado(PorterandCoulter)。

  60。Cactusradiosusarizonicus(Engelm。)。

  MamillariaarizonicaEngelmBot。Calif。i。244(1876)。

  Arobustgloboseorovatesimpleform(7。5to10cm。indiameter),withlong(12to25mm。)deeply-groovedtubercles,15

  to20long(10to30mm。)rigidwhitishradialspines,and3to6

  centralsdeepbrownabove。Type,thespecimensofCous,Palmer,BischoffandJohnson,allinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。

  SandyandrockysoilfromsouthernUtahthroughnorthernandwesternArizonatosouthernCalifornia。

  Specimensexamined:Arizona(Cousof1865;Cous&Palmerof1865

  and1872;Palmerof1869;Bischoffof1871;Millerof1881;Rusby617of1853;Pringleof1884):Utah(Johnsonof1871,1872,1874;

  Parryof1875,1877):California(Parishof1880):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;andinMeehan’sGard。in1882。

  61。Cactusradiosusdeserti(Engelm。)。

  MamillariadesertiEngelm。Bot。Calif。ii。449(1880)。

  Subgloboseoroval(5to10cm。high)andsimple,withdeeplygroovedtubercles(slenderandabout12mm。long),25to30

  ratherlong(10to16mm。)grayishwhiteradialspines(thelargerwithreddishtips),3or4shorterandstoutercentralswith5or6intermediateonesabove,small(2。5cm。long)

  straw-coloredflowers(becomingpurplish-tipped),5or6stigmas,andobliquelyobovatecurvedseeds。Type,Parish433inHerb。

  Mo。Bot。Gard。

  InthemountainsborderingthedesertsofsoutheasternCalifornia(SanBernardinoCounty)andextendingtocentralNevada(ReeseRiverValley)。

  Specimensexamined:California(Parish453of1880,alsoof1882;

  Baileyof1890):Nevada,LincolnCounty(Coville&Funstonof1891,DeathValleyExpedition):alsospecimenscultivatedinMeehan’sGard。in1882。

  Thesmallerstraw-coloredflowersalonesuggesttheproprietyofkeepingthisformspecificallydistinct,buteveninsizeandcolorthereisanoccasionaltendencytowardthespecificcharacter。TheobliquelyobovatecurvedseedsresemblethoseofC。viviparus。Theplantdenselycoveredwithstoutashy-grayinterlockingspinesiseasilyrecognized。

  62。Cactusradiosuschloranthus(Engelm。)。

  MamillariachloranthaEngelm。Wheeler’sRep。127(1878)。

  Ovaltocylindrical(7。5cm。indiameter,sometimes20to22。5

  cm。high),with20to25grayradialspinesalmostintwoseries,6to9stouterreddishorbrownish-tippedcentrals(12to25mm。

  long),andyellowishorgreenish-yellowflowers3。5cm。longandwide。Type:SouthernUtahspecimensofbothParryandJohnsonoccurinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。,buttheyareallreferredtoC。

  radiosusarizonicus,andIcanfindnotraceofanyspecimensofC。radiosuschloranthusintheEngelmanncollection。

  SouthernUtah,eastofSt。George(Parry;Johnson)。

  TheplantisevidentlynearC。radiosusdeserti,ofwhichvarietyitseemstobetheUtahrepresentative,butintheabsencenotonlyofthetype,butevenofauthenticspecimens,thetwoarekeptseparate,athingfullyjustifiedbythedescription。

  63。Cactusradiosusalversoni,var。nov。

  Differsfromvar。desertiinitsmorerobustandbranchinghabit(becoming12。5cm。talland10cm。indiameter),shorterandthickertubercles,morenumerous(12to14centrals)stouterandlonger(12to22mm。)spines,allofwhichareblack-tipped(thecentralsblackhalfwaydown,shadingintored),andpinkflowers。Type,Alverson’sspecimensinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。andinHerb。Coulter。

  InthedesertregionofextremesoutheasternCalifornia。

  Specimensexamined:SouthernCalifornia(A。H。Alversonof1892):

  alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。

  Thecoveringofstoutbushyinterlockingspinesislikethatofvar。deserti,buttheblackandreddishcolorationgivesadecidedlydifferentappearance。Onaccountofthisappearanceofareddish-blackbrushtheplanthasbeenpopularlycalled\"foxtailcactus。\"ThedecidedlypinkflowersweresentbyMr。S。

  B。ParishfromspecimensgrowingincultivationinSanDiego,andarenotfromtheoriginalcollectionofMr。Alverson。

  64。Cactusmacromeris(Engelm。)KuntzeRev。Gen。Pl。260(1891)。

  MamillariamacromerisEngelm。Wisliz。Rep。13(1848)。

  MamillariaheteromorphaScheerinSalm。Cact。Hort。Dyck。128

  (1850)。

  MamillariadactylitheleLabouret,Monogr。Cact。146(1858)。

  Ovateorcylindrical,5to10cm。high,simpleorbranchingfromthebaseandatlengthcespitose:tubercleslarge,looseandspreading,fromadilatedbase,moreorlesselongated(12to30

  mm。)andteretish(oftenincurved),thegrooveabsentinyoungplantsandneverreachingtheaxil:radialspines10to17,slenderandterete,orstouterandoftenangled,spreading,12to40mm。long,whitish(ormoreorlessrose-coloredwhenyoung),straightoralittlecurved;centralspines4(orfewerinyoungplantsorevenwanting),spreading,25to55mm。long,stouter,bulbousatbase,mostlyblack(thelowestthelongestandstoutest),straightorsometimescurvedortwisted:flowers6to7。5cm。longandofsamediameter,deepredtopurple:fruitovate-subglobose,green,15to25mm,long:seedsglobose-obovate,yellow,andsmooth。1。2to1。6mm。long。(Ill。

  Cact。Mex。Bound。t。14and15)Type,Wislizenusof1846inHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。

  Mostlyinloosesand,inthevalleyoftheRioGrande(onbothsidesoftheriver),fromsouthernNewMexicotoEaglePass,Texas,anddoubtlessfurtherdown。

  Specimensexamined:NewMexico(Wislizenusof1846;Wright384,531,of1852;G。R。Vaseyof1881):Texas(Wrightof1850,1851,1852;Bigelowof1852):Chihuahua(Evansof1891;Buddof1891):

  alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。

  ThisspeciesshowsaninterestingtransitionfromCoryphanthatoEchinocactus。ThewoollygrooveoftheCoryphanthaextendsfromthespine-bearingareolatotheaxilofthetubercle,whereitexpandsintotheflower-bearingareola。InC。macromeristhegrooveextendsonlyabouthalfwaydownthetubercleandgivesorigintotheflower-bearingareolaonthesideofthetubercle;

  whileinEchinocactustheflower-bearingareolabecomesadjacenttothespine-bearingareolaandtheflowerappearsatthesummitofthetubercle。

  ARTIFICIALKEYTOTHESPECIES。

  Itseemsimpossibletomakeasimpleartificialkeythatwillserveasausefulguidetoeachindividualspeciesandvariety。

  Ourknowledgeofsomanyofthespeciesisimperfect,thatnosetofcharacterscanbeappliedthroughout。However,asnoplantsarecollectedinsuchfragmentarycondition,itwillbeusefultoconstructakeybaseduponsuchcharactersasarealwayslikelytobepresent,evenifspecificdistinctionsarenotalwaysreached。Inmanycases,speciesaresocloselyanddifferentlyrelatedtoeachotherthatthecompletedescriptionswillhavetobeconsultedtodeterminethedifferences,andinsuchcasestheartificialkeycanonlyindicatethegroup。Eventhefulldescriptionsareverycompact,allcharactersnotnecessaryfordiscriminationhavingbeeneliminated。Noattemptneedbemadetodetermineanyspeciesbymeansoftheflowersalone。Inmostcasesmoreorlessoftheplantbodywillbeavailable,presentingspineandtuberclecharacters,andtheseareusedinthefollowingkey。ThedistinctionbetweenEumamillariaandCoryphantha,onthebasisofgroovelessandgroovedtuberclesshouldalwaysbemadeouteasily。Itmaybeusefultosuggestasacaution,however,thatoftentuberclesindryingdevelopfoldswhichsimulategrooves,andespeciallyisthistrueinquadrangulartubercles。Insuchcasesitisnecessarytorestoretheoriginalplumpnessofthetuberclebyboiling,beforethepresenceorabsenceofthegroovecanbedefinitelydetermined。

  Thespeciesandvarietiesareindicatedonlybytheirspecificorvarietalnamesinthefollowingkey,andthenumbersrefertotheserialnumbersofthesynopticalpresentation。FormsoccurringwithintheUnitedStatesaremarkedwithan\"*\":

  I。Tuberclesnevergrooved。

  *Centralspinesnone。

  Radials5to9,stout。

  meiacanthus*(7)。

  Radials20to40。

  micromeris*(12),greggii(13)。

  Radials40to80。

  lasiacanthus*(10),denudatus*(11)。

  **Centralspinesolitaryandnothooked。

  Centralspinelongerthantheradials。

  Radials7or8:tuberclesverylong(40to50mm。)。

  longimamma(36)。

  Radials15to20:tubercles6to8mm。long。

  eschanzieri(21)。

  Centralspineshorterthantheradials。

  Radials5to9,stout。

  meiacanthus*(7)。

  Radials9to22。

  heyderi*(5),hemisphaericus*(6),gummiferus(8),gabbii(34),sphaericus(35)。

  ***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。

  Stemsslendercylindric:LowerCalifornian。

  Centrals1,20to30mm。long。

  roseanus(23)。

  Centrals1to4,20to50mm。long。

  setispinus(24)。

  Stemsdepressed-globosetoovate。

  Radials4to6,rigid。

  uncinatus(9)。

  Radials8to12。

  wrightii*(15)。

  Radials15to30。

  grahami*(19),eschanzieri(21)。

  Radials50to60。

  barbatus(18)。

  ****Centralspinesmorethanone,andnoneofthemhooked。

  Slenderorsometimesstoutcylindricalplants,branchingatbase:LowerCalifornian。

  brandegei(3),setispinus(24),halei(25)。

  Depressed-globosetoovateandstoutcylindrical。

  Radialsfew(3to12)andrigid:Mexican。

  Radials3:centrals3。

  alternatus(1)

  Radials7or8:tubercles40to50mm。long。

  longimamma(36)。

  Radials10to12:tubercles12to15mm。long。

  gummiferus(8)。

  Radialsnumerous(16to60),capillaryorbristle-like。

  Radials15to30,slenderbutrigid(bristly)。

  acanthophlegmus(2),densispinus(4),bispinus(14),rhodanthus(26),sulphureospinus(27),palmeri(29),pringlei(32)。

  Radials30to60ormore,mostlycapillary。

  tetrancistrus*(22),capillaris(28),texanus*(31),spaerotrichus(33)。

  *****Centralspinesmorethanoneandbutoneofthemhooked。

  Radials10to15。

  goodrichii*(16),setispinus(24)。

  Radials15to30。

  pondii(17),grahami*(19),bocasanus(20)。

  Radials30to60。

  tetrancistrus(22)。

  ******Centralspinesmorethanone,andmorethenoneofthemhooked。

  Radials8to12。

  wrightii*(15)。

  Radials30to60。

  tetrancistrus(22)。

  II。Tubercleswithamoreorlessprominentgroove。

  *Centralspinesnone。

  Radialswhitishandrigid,oppressed(pectinate)andinterwovenwithadjacentclusters。

  Depressed-globoseandsimple。

  compactus(44)。

  Globoseandsimple。

  radians*(45),corniferus(47)。

  Cespitose。

  pectenoides(46),sulcatus*(49)。

  Radialsmoreslenderandspreading。

  Radials10to17。

  missouriensis*(37),similis*(38),macromeris*(64)。

  Radials30to50,capillary。

  dasyacanthus*(51)。

  **Centralspinesolitary,nothooked。

  Centralspineporrect。

  Radials6to17。

  missouriensis*(37),robustior*(39),scheerii*(40)。

  Radials30to50,whiteandcapillary。

  dasyacanthus*(51)。

  Centralspinecurveddownwards。

  Radials8to12。

  sulcatus*(49)。

  Radials12to26。

  robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),corniferus(47),scolymoides*(48)。

  Centralspineerect:Mexican。

  Radials7or8:central50mm。long。

  salm-dyckianus(43)。

  Radials10or11:central25to35mm。long。

  maculatus(52)。

  Radials13to16。

  compactus(44)。

  ***Centralspinesolitaryandhooked。

  brunneus(53)。

  ****Centralspinesmorethanoneandnoneofthemhooked。

  Centrals2:radials6to20。

  scheerii*(40),robustispinus(41),recurvatus(42),scolymoides*(48)。

  Centrals3:radials6to40。

  scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60)。

  Centrals4or5:radials6to40。

  scheerii*(40),scolymoides*(48),echinus*(50),conoideus(54),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),radiosus*(58),neo-mexicanus*(59)。arizonicus*(60),macromeris*(64)。

  Centrals6or7:radials12to40。

  potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),arizonicus*(60),chloranthus(62)。

  Centrals8to14:radials12to40ormore。

  potsii*(55),tuberculosus*(56),viviparus*(57),neo-mexicanus*(59),deserti*(61),chloranthus*(62),alversoni*(63)。

  GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION

  ItisonlypossibletodealwiththeformsthatoccurwithinthebordersoftheUnitedStates,asevenindividualstationsofcommonMexicanformsarelittleifatallknown。TheseUnitedStatesformsrepresentanorthernextensionofanabundantMexicandisplay。ThegroupEUMAMILLARIA,containingtwelveofthethirty-oneformsdefinedasoccurringnorthoftheRioGrande,makesthefeeblestextensionnorthward,atnoplacebeingfoundfarfromtheboundary,andallthetwelveareMexicanformswhichextendbutslightlyintotheUnitedStates。OnlyfiveoftheformsarefoundeastofthePecos:heyderi,themostwidelydistributedEUMAMILLARIA,extendingfromthesoutheasternborderofTexaswestwardalongthewholeMexicanboundaryexceptinCalifornia;hemisphaericus,extendingthroughsouthernTexasandsouthernNewMexico;meiacanthus,alsoalongtheMexicanborderofTexasandNewMexico;texanus,alowgroundformoftheRioGrandeValley,extendingfromthemouthoftherivertoElPaso,andsuggestingaconnectionwiththeWestIndianstellatus;andsphaericus,anotherlowgroundvalleyformofsimilarrange,butapparentlyonlyextendinguptheRioGrandetotheregionofEaglePass。

  ThePecosformstheeasternboundaryoffiveotherEUMAMILLARIA

  forms:micromeris,extendingnorthwardfromCoahuilaandChihuahua,apparentlyonlyinthemountainsbetweenthePecosandElPaso;wrightii,ofsimilarnarrownorthwardextension,butrangingfurthernorthwardonthehighplainsoftheUpperPecosinNewMexico;denudatus,alsowithanarrownorthwardextensionwestofthePecos;lasiacanthus,extendingfromChihuahuawithanorthernlimitbetweenthePecosandArizona;andgrahami,aSonorantypewhichhasspreadbetweenthePecosandsoutheasternCalifornia。

  ThetenprecedingformshaveevidentlyenteredourbordersfromthehighlandsofSonoraandChihuahua,withtheexceptionoftheRioGrandeValleyforms,texanusandsphaericus。Anotherspecies,tetrancistrus,isalsoaSonorantypewhichhasreachedtheeasternslopesofthemountainsofsoutheasternCalifornia,andextendedthroughwesternArizonatosouthernNevadaandsouthernUtah,themostextendednorthernrangeofanyEUMAMILLARIA。Thetwelfthform,goodrichii,isLowerCalifornian,andextendsintoCaliforniaonlyinSanDiegoCounty。AsummarizedstatementofthedistributionofourtwelveEUMAMILLARIAwouldbethattwoofthemhaveextendedfromthelowgroundsofCoahuilaandChihuahuaandspreadalongthevalleyoftheRioGrande;ninehavecomefromthehighgroundsofChihuahuaandSonora,fourofwhichhaveextendedeastwardtothelowlevelsofsoutheasternTexas;fourhavekepttothehighlandswestofthePecos,andonehaskepttotheColoradoValleyanditstributaries,whileonehasashortnorthernextensionfromLowerCalifornia。

  ThenineteenformsofCORYPHANTHAaredecidedlymorenorthernintheirdistribution,andareourcharacteristicrepresentativesofthegenusCactus。Tenofthese,however,arebutnorthernextensionsofMexicanforms,andsixofthetenhavesimplythattongue-likenorthernextensioninthemountainsbetweenthePecosandtheUpperRioGrande(above。ElPaso),viz。:dasyacanthus,tuberculosus,scheerii(whichhasalsospreadsomewhateastofthePecos),andthethreepectinateandcloselyrelatedformsradians,echinus,andscolymoides。OfthefourremainingMexicanforms,macromerisisalowgroundRioGrandeValleyform,extendingfromaboveElPasowelltowardstheLowerRioGrande;

  potsiijustcrossestheborderintheneighborhoodofLaredo;andradiosusandneo-mexicanushavebyfarthegreatestnorthernextension,stretchingfromSonoraandChihuahuatosouthernUtahandcentralColorado,andeastwardtotheGuadalupeRiverofTexas。

  ThenineremainingcoryphanthsaredistinctlyformsoftheUnitedStates,occupyingtwowell-markedregions,viz。:thenorthernplains,andthedesertregionofwesternArizonaandadjacentCalifornia,Nevada,andUtah。Intheformerregionisfoundthewidespreadviviparus,whichextendsfromthesouthernbordersofBritishAmericatotheplainsofeasternColoradoandwesternKansas,andevencrossestheRockyMountaindivideintonorthernIdahoandnortheasternWashington;andmissouriensis,whichalsorangesfromthehighprairiesoftheUpperMissouritothesamesouthernlimit,andiscontinuedsouthwardintoTexasinitsvarietiessimilisandrobustior。

  IntheArizonadesertregion,fourdistinctbutcloselyalliedformshavebecomedifferentiatedfromthestrongradiosusstock,viz。:arizonicus,deserti,alversoni,andchloranthus,allofwhichmightberegardedasdistinctspecies。InsoutheasternTexasisfoundanisolatedform,sulcatus,occurringbetweentheBrazosandNuecesrivers。Thatviviparusmustberegardedasastrongnorthernextensionoftheradiosusstockcannotbedoubted,asthelowdepressedcespitosenorthernformseemstomergesouthwardsograduallyintothesimplemorerobustovatetocylindricalformsofradiosusastosuggesttheproprietyofregardingthemallasspecificallyidentical。

  Theresultofacloserinspectionofthedistributionofthesenearlyrelatedformsisworthyofnote。C。viviparusextendsfromBritishAmericaandtheUpperMissouritoeasternColoradoandwesternKansas;neo-mexicanus(theformmostnearlyrelatedtoviviparus)extendsfromcentralColoradoandsouthernUtahintoMexico;atthesoutheasternedgeofthisrangebeginsradiosusandextendseastwardthroughsouthernTexas;fromthewesternedgeofneo-mexicanustheformarizonicusextendswestwardintosouthernCalifornia,touchingchloranthusatitsUtahlimit,andatitsCaliforniaextensionreachingalversonianddeserti,thelatterofwhichextendsnorthwardintothedesertregionofsoutheasternCaliforniaandadjacentNevada。

  TakingthistypeasofMexicanorigin,itseemstohaveenteredtheUnitedStatesfromSonoraandChihuahua,andtohavespreadinthreedirections,viz。:eastwardthroughsouthernTexas;

  westwardandnorthwestwardintosouthernCaliforniaandsouthern,Utah;andnorthwardtotheheadwatersoftheMissouriandBritishAmerica,thoughwewouldlimitthenorthernextensionofthepresentspecifictypetocentralColorado,andwouldregardthestillmorenorthernformsasofthesameoriginbutentitledtospecificrank。

  2。ANHALONIUMLem。Cact。Gen。Nov。(1839)。

  Depressedorflattened,simple,unarmedplants,coveredwithpeculiarimbricatedtuberclesaboveandtheirscale-likeremainsbelow:tuberclewithlowerandupperpartsverydifferent;lowerpartcomparativelythinandflat;upperexposedparttriangularinoutlineanddivergent,verythickandhard,thelowersurfacesmoothandkeeled,theuppersurfaceplaneorconvex,smoothortuberculateorvariouslyfissured,withabroadwool-bearinggrooveorsimplyamoreorlessevidenttomentuloseapicalareola:spine-bearingareolaobsolete:flower-bearingareolaatthesummitofthelowerpeduncle-likeportionoftheveryyoungtubercle(thusappearingaxillarywithreferencetotheexposedpartofthetubercle)andbearingadensepenicellatetuftoflongsofthairswhichconcealsthelowerpartoftheflowerandtheentirefruitandpersistsabouttheapicalregionoftheplantasmattedandapparentlyaxillarywool:ovarynaked:seedslarge,black,andtuberculate:embryoobovate,straight。

  AccordingtothepresentviewsconcerninggenericlimitationsinCactaceae,AnhaloniummustcertainlybekeptdistinctfromMamillaria,andtosuchaviewDr。Engelmannhadfinallycome。

  Thegenericdistinctionisbaseduponsuchcharactersas(1)thecompletesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae;(2)thestrongdifferentiationofthetuberclesintotwoverydistinctregions;

  (3)theproductionoftheflowerattheapexofthebasalorpenduncle-likeportion(whichbecomesflattenedandexpandedatmaturity)ofaveryyoungtubercle;and(4)thelargetuberculateseeds。

  Inthecaseofengelmannithebroadwoollygrooveoftheupperportionofthetubercleexpandsbelowintotheflower-bearingareola,butterminatesblindlyabovejustbehindthesharpapex。

  Inprismaticumandfurfuraceumthegrooveisobliterated,butthereusuallyremainsasmall(moreorlesstufted)areolaanddepressionjustbehindtheapextomarkitsupperextremity。

  Thisapicalareolatherefore,doesnotrepresentaspine-bearingareola,buttheclosedupperextremityofatuberclegroove。

  ItseemsevidentthatAnhaloniumisamuchmodifiedCactus,andthatitsaffinityiswiththecoryphanths,throughsuchaspeciesasC。macromeris,inwhichtheflowerbecomesextra-axillary。Ifinmacromeris,withtheflowerstandingwelluponthetubercle,theportionsofthetubercleaboveandbelowtheflowershouldbecomeverydifferentfromeachother,theupperportionbeingsomuchmodifiedastocausethespine-bearingareolatobeobliterated,theconditionofthingsinAnhaloniumwouldbeobtained。

  *Uppersurfaceoftuberclewithabroadanddeepwool-bearinglongitudinalgroovewhichwidensbelow。

  1。AnhaloniumengelmanniLem。Cact42(1839)。

  MamillariafissurataEngelm。Syn。Cact。270(1856)。

  AnhaloniumfissuratumEngelm。Bot。Mex。Bound。75(1859)。

  Depressedgloboseorflat,top-shapedbelowandtaperingintoathickroot,5to12cm。indiameter:tubercles(upperportion)

  appressed-imbricate,12to18mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfaceconvexandvariouslyfissured(presentinganirregularwartyappearance)eventotheedges:flowersapparentlycentral,about2。5cm。longandbroad,shadingfromwhitishtorose:fruitoval,palegreen,about10mm。long:seeds1。6mm。

  long。(Ill。Bot。Mex。Bound。t。16)Typeunknown;butspecimensofWright,Bigelow,andParryinHerb。Mo。Bot。Gard。arethebasisofEngelmann’sMamillariafissurata。

  Onlimestonehills,inthe\"GreatBend\"regionoftheRioGrandeinTexas,andsouthwardintoCoahuila。Fl。September-October。

  Specimensexamined:Texas(Wrightof1850;Bigelowof1852;

  Parry,withnonumberordate;Lloydof1890;Evansof1891;

  Briggsof1892):alsogrowinginMo。Bot。Gard。1893。

  ThisspeciesisverycloselyrelatedtotheMexicanA。kotchubeyiLem。(A。sulcatumSalm-Dyck),butunfortunatelynotypeofthatspeciesseemstobeinexistence,andDr。Engelmannnotes(Mex。

  Bound。Rep。75)that\"itseemsnolivingordeadspecimenisatpresentextantinEurope。\"Judgingfromthedescription,theuppersurfaceofthetuberclesinA。kotchubeyi,asidefromthecentralfurrow,issmooth;atleastthemarginis\"veryentire。\"

  **Uppersurfaceoftuberclenotgrooved,butusuallywithatomentosepulvillusatthetip。

  2。AnhaloniumprismaticumLem。Cact。1(1839)。

  MamillariaprismaticaLem。Hort。Univ。i。231(1839)。

  CactusprismaticusKuntze,Rev。Gen。Pl。261(1891)。

  Flatabove,top-shapedbelow,7。5to12。5cm。indiameter:

  tubercles(upperportion)close]yimbricatebutsquarrose-

  spreading,sharplytriangular-pyramidalandveryacute(withasharpcartilaginoustip,whichusuallydisappearswithageandleavestheoldertuberclesbluntorretuse),18to25mm。longandaboutaswideatbase,theuppersurfacealmostplaneandsmooth,exceptthatitismoreorlesspulverulentandusuallybearsasmalltomentosepulvillus(oftenevanescentlater)justbehindtheclaw-liketip:flowersrose-color:fruitelongated-

  ovalandreddish。(Ill。Lem。Cact。t。1。)Typeunknown。

  ReferredtoMexicoingeneral,butreporteddefinitelyonlyfromSanLuisPotosi。UndoubtedlyfoundinCoahuila,andpossiblycrossestheRioGrandeintheregionofthe\"GreatBend。\"

  Specimensexamined:SanLuisPotosi(Eschanzierof1891):Mexicoingeneral(specimensfromColl。Salm-Dyckin1858;Schottof1858):alsospecimenscultivatedinMo。Bot。Gard。in1881;alsogrowinginsamegardenin1893。

  3。Anhaloniumfurfuraceum(Watson)。

  MamillariafurfuraceaWatson,Proc。Amer。Acad。xxv。150

  (1890)。

  Verycloselyrelatedtoprismaticum;buttriangularportionoftubercleacuminateandshorter,havinganirregularlymamillateuppersurface,andtheacuminationendingabruptlyinacartilaginousdepressioncontainingatomentosepulvillus:

  flowers2。5to3cm。long,whiteorpinkish,thesepalsbrownish。

  Type,Pringle2580inGrayHerb。

  AtCarnerosPass,Coahuila。

  Specimensexamined:Coahuila(Pringle2580of1889)。

  ThetypeofthisspecieswasnotamongthecollectionsreceivedfromCambridge,butaspecimenofthesamedistributionfromtheNationalHerbariumshowstubercledimensionsdifferentfromthoserecordedinDr。Watson’sdescription。Inthatdescriptionthetriangularterminalsurfaceissaidtobe\"aboutaninchbroadbyone-halfinch,\"whichisdecidedlydifferentfromtheequilateralsurfaceofthetubercleofprismaticum。IntheNationalHerbariumspecimenoffurfuraceum,however,ofthesamedistribution,thesurfaceisalmostequilateral,measuring15mm。

  longby18mm。wideatbase。Withouttheacuminateupperportionthebreadthofthetriangularportionwouldbeaboutdoubleitslength。Thelowerrimofthecup-likedepressionwhichterminatesthetubercleandcontainsthepulvillusissometimesslightlyprolongedintoatooth,whichinprismaticumbecomesthesharptipofthetubercle。The\"minutelyfurfuraceous-punctulate\"characterofthetubercleiscommontoallthespeciesofAnhaloniumIhaveseen,andsimplyrepresentstheexternalopeningsoftheremarkablylongcuticularpassagewaystothestomata。

  4。AnhaloniumpulvilligerumLem。Cact。(1839)。

  AnhaloniumelongatumSalm-Dyck(1850)。

  ThisseemstobeathirdgroovelessMexicanspecies。Ihaveseennospecimens,butjudgefromthedescriptionthatitdiffersfromthetwoprecedingspecieschieflyinitslesscrowdedandmoreelongatedtubercles(triangularportion5cm。longby2。5cm。

  broadatbase),whicharecoveredatapexwithatomentosepulvillus。

  GEOGRAPHICALDISTRIBUTION。

  ThiscuriousgenusisstrictlyMexican,and,sofarasatpresentrecorded,ischaracteristicofCoahuila,butasinglespecies(engelmanni)ofthefourorfiveknowncrossingtheRioGrandeintheGreatBend。

  3。LOPHOPHORA,gen。nov。

  Depressed-globose,proliferousandcespitose,tuberculate-ribbed,unarmedplants:tuberclesatfirstconicalandbearingatsummitaflower-bearingareolawithadensetuftorshortpencilofcompacterecthairs,whenmaturebecomingbroadandrounded(withtheremnantofthepenicellatetuftasapersistentpulvillusinasmallcentraldepression)andcoalescingintobroadconvexverticalribs:spinebearingareolaeobsolete:flowersborneatthesummitofnascenttubercles:ovarynaked(thatisfreefromscales,butoftendowny):fruitandseedunknown。

  TheseformshavebeenvariouslyreferredtoAnhaloniumandEchinocactus,butseemtodeservegenericdistinction。TheydifferfromAnhaloniumintheentiresuppressionoftheupperhighlydifferentiatedportionofthetubercle,inthebroadandroundeddevelopmentofthelowerportion,andinthecoalescenceoftheenlargedtuberclesintobroadverticalribs。Infact,inyoungspecimens,theplantappearsalmostsmooth,withshallowfurrowsradiatingfromthedepressedapex。ThegenusdiffersfromEchinocactusinthesuppressionofthespine-bearingareolae,andthenakedovary。IntheexaminationofdevelopingtuberclestherelationtoAnhaloniumisevident。Inthelattergenustheyoungtuberclebearsonthesummitofitspedicel-likelowerportionthetuftedflower-bearingareolathemodifiedupperportionofthetubercleatthattimeappearingasabractbeneaththeflower。InLophophorathereisthesameconditionofthings,exceptthatthebract-likeupperportioniswanting。FromthispointofviewitwouldappearthatthedifferencesbetweenLophophoraandEchinocactusareintensifiedbythefactthattheflower-bearingareolaintheformergenusistoberegardedasreallylateralonatubercletheupperpartofwhichhasdisappeared。ThisgenusoccursabundantlyinsoutheasternTexas,extendingsouthwardintoMexico。Mrs。A。B。NickelsreportsthattheIndiansusetheplantsinmanufacturinganintoxicatingdrink,alsofor\"breakingfevers,\"andthatthetopscutoffanddriedarecalled\"mescalbuttons。\"

  1。Lophophorawilliamsii(Lem)。

  EchinocactuswilliamsiiLem。Allg。Gart。Zeit。xiii。385

  (1845)。

  AnhaloniumwilliamsiiLem。inForstHandb。Cact。i。233

  (1846)。

  Hemispherical,fromaverythickroot,oftendenselyproliferous,transverselylinedbelowbytheremainsofwitheredtubercles:

  ribsusually8(inyoungspecimensoften6),verybroad,graduallymergingaboveintothedistinctnascenttubercleswhicharecrownedwithsomewhatdelicatepenicellatetufts,whichbecomeratherinconspicuouspulvilliontheribs:flowerssmall,whitishtorose:stigmas4。(Ill。Bot。Mag。t。4296)Typeunknown。

  AlongtheLowerRioGrande,Texas,andextendingsouthwardintoSanLuisPotosiandsouthernMexico。

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