60。Now，inafewdays，thoseambassadorswhomhehadsent，camebackagainandinformedus，thatthepeopleweregreatlyprovokedatAnanus，andSimonthesonofGamaliel，andtheirfriends；
that，withoutanypublicdetermination，theyhadsenttoGalilee，andhaddonetheirendeavorsthatImightbeturnedoutofthegovernment。Theambassadorssaidfurther，thatthepeoplewerereadytoburntheirhouses。Theyalsobroughtletters，wherebythechiefmenofJerusalem，attheearnestpetitionofthepeople，confirmedmeinthegovernmentofGalilee，andenjoinedJonathanandhiscolleaguestoreturnhomequickly。WhenIhadgottentheseletters，IcametothevillageArbela，whereI
procuredanassemblyoftheGalileanstomeet，andbidtheambassadorsdeclaretothemtheangerofthepeopleofJerusalematwhathadbeendonebyJonathanandhiscolleagues，andhowmuchtheyhatedtheirwickeddoings，andhowtheyhadconfirmedmeinthegovernmentoftheircountry，asalsowhatrelatedtotheordertheyhadinwritingforJonathanandhiscolleaguestoreturnhome。SoIimmediatelysentthemtheletter，andbidhimthatcarriedittoinquire，aswellashecould，howtheyintendedtoact[onthisoccasion。]
61。Now，whentheyhadreceivedthatletter，andweretherebygreatlydisturbed，theysentforJohn，andforthesenatorsofTiberias，andfortheprincipalmenoftheGabarens，andproposedtoholdacouncil，anddesiredthemtoconsiderwhatwastobedonebythem。However，thegovernorsofTiberiasweregreatlydisposedtokeepthegovernmenttothemselves；fortheysaiditwasnotfittodeserttheircity，nowitwascommittedtotheirtrust，andthatotherwiseIshouldnotdelaytofalluponthem；
fortheypretendedfalselythatsoIhadthreatenedtodo。NowJohnwasnotonlyoftheiropinion，butadvisedthem，thattwoofthemshouldgotoaccusemebeforethemultitude[atJerusalem]，thatIdonotmanagetheaffairsofGalileeasIoughttodo；andthattheywouldeasilypersuadethepeople，becauseoftheirdignity，andbecausethewholemultitudeareverymutable。When，therefore，itappearedthatJohnhadsuggestedthewisestadvicetothem，theyresolvedthattwoofthem，JonathanandAnanias，shouldgotothepeopleofJerusalem，andtheothertwo[SimonandJoazar]shouldbeleftbehindtotarryatTiberins。Theyalsotookalongwiththemahundredsoldiersfortheirguard。
62。However，thegovernorsofTiberiastookcaretohavetheircitysecuredwithwalls，andcommandedtheirinhabitantstotaketheirarms。TheyalsosentforagreatmanysoldiersfromJohn，toassistthemagainstme，ifthereshouldbeoccasionforthem。
NowJohnwasatGischala。Jonathan，therefore，andthosethatwerewithhim，whentheyweredepartedfromTiberias，andassoonastheywerecometoDabaritta，avillagethatlayintheutmostpartsofGalilee，inthegreatplain，they，aboutmidnight，fellamongtheguardsIhadset，whobothcommandedthemtolayasidetheirweapons，andkepttheminbondsupontheplace，asIhadchargedthemtodo。ThisnewswaswrittentomebyLevi，whohadthecommandofthatguardcommittedtohimbyme。HereuponIsaidnothingofitfortwodays；and，pretendingtoknownothingaboutit，IsentamessagetothepeopleofTiberias，andadvisedthemtolaytheirarmsaside，andtodismisstheirmen，thattheymightgohome。But，supposingthatJonathan，andthosethatwerewithhim，werealreadyarrivedatJerusalem，theymadereproachfulanswerstome；yetwasInotterrifiedthereby，butcontrivedanotherstratagemagainstthem，forIdidnotthinkitagreeablewithpietytokindlethefireofwaragainstthecitizens。AsIwasdesiroustodrawthosemenawayfromTiberias，Ichoseouttenthousandofthebestofmyarmedmen，anddividedthemintothreebodies，andorderedthemtogoprivately，andliestillasanambush，inthevillages。Ialsoledathousandintoanothervillage，whichlayindeedinthemountains，asdidtheothers，butonlyfourfurlongsdistantfromTiberias；andgaveorders，thatwhentheysawmysignal，theyshouldcomedownimmediately，whileImyselflaywithmysoldiersinthesightofeverybody。HereuponthepeopleofTiberias，atthesightofme，camerunningoutofthecityperpetually，andabusedmegreatly。
Nay，theirmadnesswascometothatheight，thattheymadeadecentbierforme，and，standingaboutit，theymournedovermeinthewayofjestandsport；andIcouldnotbutbemyselfinapleasanthumoruponthesightofthismadnessoftheirs。
63。AndnowbeingdesiroustocatchSimonbyawile，andJoazarwithhim，Isentamessagetothem，anddesiredthemtocomealittlewayoutofthecity，andmanyoftheirfriendstoguardthem；forIsaidIwouldcomedowntothem，andmakealeaguewiththem，anddividethegovernmentofGalileewiththem。
Accordingly，Simonwasdeludedonaccountofhisimprudence，andoutofthehopesofgain，anddidnotdelaytocome；butJoazar，suspectingsnareswerelaidforhim，staidbehind。SowhenSimonwascomeout，andhisfriendswithhim，forhisguard，Imethim，andsalutedhimwithgreatcivility，andprofessedthatIwasobligedtohimforhiscominguptome；butalittlewhileafterwardIwalkedalongwithhimasthoughIwouldsaysomethingtohimbymyself；andwhenIhaddrawnhimagoodwayfromhisfriends，Itookhimaboutthemiddle，andgavehimtomyfriendsthatwerewithme，tocarryhimintoavillage；and，commandingmyarmedmentocomedown，IwiththemmadeanassaultuponTiberias。Now，asthefightgrewhotonbothsides，andthesoldiersbelongingtoTiberiaswereinafairwaytoconquerme，（formyarmedmenwerealreadyfledaway，）Isawthepostureofmyaffairs；andencouragingthosethatwerewithme，IpursuedthoseofTiberias，evenwhentheywerealreadyconquerors，intothecity。Ialsosentanotherbandofsoldiersintothecitybythelake，andgavethemorderstosetonfirethefirsthousetheycouldseizeupon。Whenthiswasdone，thepeopleofTiberinasthoughtthattheircitywastakenbyforce，andsothrewdowntheirarmsforfear，andimplored，they，theirwives，andchildren，thatIwouldsparetheircity。SoIwasover—persuadedbytheirentreaties，andrestrainedthesoldiersfromthevehemencywithwhichtheypursuedthem；whileImyself，uponthecomingonoftheevening，returnedbackwithmysoldiers，andwenttorefreshmyself。IalsoinvitedSimontosupwithme，andcomfortedhimonoccasionofwhathadhappened；andIpromisedthatIwouldsendhimsafeandsecuretoJerusalem，andwithalwouldgivehimprovisionsforhisjourneythither。
64。Butonthenextday，Ibroughttenthousandarmedmenwithme，andcametoTiberias。Ithensentfortheprincipalmenofthemultitudeintothepublicplace，andenjoinedthemtotellmewhoweretheauthorsoftherevolt；andwhentheytoldmewhothemenwere，IsentthemboundtothecityJotapata。ButastoJonathanandAnanias，Ifreedthemfromtheirbonds，andgavethemprovisionsfortheirjourney，togetherwithSimonandJoazar，andfivehundredarmedmenwhoshouldguardthem；andsoIsentthemtoJerusalem。ThepeopleofTiberiasalsocametomeagain，anddesiredthatIwouldforgivethemforwhattheyhaddone；andtheysaidtheywouldamendwhattheyhaddoneamisswithregardtome，bytheirfidelityforthetimetocome；andtheybesoughtmetopreservewhatspoilsremainedupontheplunderofthecity，forthosethathadlostthem。Accordingly，I
enjoinedthosethathadgotthem，tobringthemallbeforeus；
andwhentheydidnotcomplyforagreatwhile，andIsawoneofthesoldiersthatwereaboutmewithagarmentonthatwasmoresplendidthanordinary，Iaskedhimwhencehehadit；andwhenherepliedthathehaditoutoftheplunderofthecity，Ihadhimpunishedwithstripes；andIthreatenedalltheresttoinflictasevererpunishmentuponthem，unlesstheyproducedbeforeuswhatsoevertheyhadplundered；andwhenagreatmanyspoilswerebroughttogether，IrestoredtoeveryoneofTiberiaswhattheyclaimedtobetheirown。
65。AndnowIamcometothispartofmynarration，IhaveamindtosayafewthingstoJustus，whohathhimselfwrittenahistoryconcerningtheseaffairs，asalsotootherswhoprofesstowritehistory，buthavelittleregardtotruth，andarenotafraid，eitheroutofill—willorgood—willtosomepersons，torelatefalsehoods。Thesemendolikethosewhocomposeforgeddeedsandconveyances；andbecausetheyarenotbroughttothelikepunishmentwiththem，theyhavenoregardtotruth。When，therefore，Justusundertooktowriteaboutthesefacts，andabouttheJewishwar，thathemightappeartohavebeenanindustriousman，hefalsifiedinwhatherelatedaboutme，andcouldnotspeaktruthevenabouthisowncountry；whenceitisthat，beingbeliedbyhim，Iamunderanecessitytomakemydefense；andsoIshallsaywhatIhaveconcealedtillnow。AndletnoonewonderthatIhavenottoldtheworldthesethingsagreatwhileago。
Foralthoughitbenecessaryforanhistoriantowritethetruth，yetissuchaonenotboundseverelytoanimadvertonthewickednessofcertainmen；notoutofanyfavortothem，butoutofanauthor’sownmoderation。Howthencomesittopass，O
Justus!thoumostsagaciousofwriters，（thatImayaddressmyselftohimasifhewereherepresent，）forsothouboastestofthyself，thatIandtheGalileanshavebeentheauthorsofthatseditionwhichthycountryengagedin，bothagainsttheRomansandagainsttheking[Agrippa，junior]ForbeforeeverI
wasappointedgovernorofGalileebythecommunityofJerusalem，boththouandallthepeopleofTiberiashadnotonlytakenuparms，buthadmadewarwithDecapolisofSyria。Accordingly，thouhadstorderedtheirvillagestobeburnt，andadomesticservantofthinefellinthebattle。NorisitIonlywhosaythis；butsoitiswrittenintheCommentariesofVespasian，theemperor；
asalsohowtheinhabitantsofDecapoliscameclamoringtoVespasianatPtolemais，anddesiredthatthou，whowasttheauthor[ofthatwar]，mightestbebroughttopunishment。AndthouhadstcertainlybeenpunishedatthecommandofVespasian，hadnotkingAgrippa，whohadpowergivenhimtohavetheeputtodeath，attheearnestentreatyofhissisterBernice，changedthepunishmentfromdeathintoalongimprisonment。Thypoliticaladministrationofaffairsafterwarddothalsoclearlydiscoverboththyotherbehaviorinlife，andthatthouwasttheoccasionofthycountry’srevoltfromtheRomans；plainsignsofwhichI
shallproducepresently。IhavealsoamindtosayafewthingstotherestofthepeopleofTiberiasonthyaccount，andtodemonstratetothosethatlightuponthishistory，thatyoubarenogood—will，neithertotheRomans，nortotheking。Tobesure，thegreatestcitiesofGalilee，OJustus!wereSepphoris，andthycountryTiberias。ButSepphoris，situatedintheverymidstofGalilee，andhavingmanyvillagesaboutit，andablewitheasetohavebeenboldandtroublesometotheRomans，iftheyhadsopleased，yetdiditresolvetocontinuefaithfultothosetheirmasters，andatthesametimeexcludedmeoutoftheircity，andprohibitedalltheircitizensfromjoiningwiththeJewsinthewar；and，thattheymightbeoutofdangerfromme，they，byawile，gotleaveofmetofortifytheircitywithwalls：theyalso，oftheirownaccord，admittedofagarrisonofRomanlegions，sentthembyCestlusGallus，whowasthenpresidentofSyria，andsohadmeincontempt，thoughIwasthenverypowerful，andallweregreatlyafraidofme；andatthesametimethatthegreatestofourcities，Jerusalem，wasbesieged，andthattempleofours，whichbelongedtousall，wasindangeroffallingundertheenemy’spower，theysentnoassistancethither，asnotwillingtohaveitthoughttheywouldbeararmsagainsttheRomans。Butasforthycountry，OJustus：situateduponthelakeofGennesareth，anddistancefromHipposthirtyfurlongs，fromGadarasixty，andfromScythopolis，whichwasundertheking’sjurisdiction，ahundredandtwenty；whentherewasnoJewishcitynear，itmighteasilyhavepreserveditsfidelity[totheRomans，]ifithadsopleasedthemtodo，forthecityanditspeoplehadplentyofweapons。But，asthousayest，Iwasthentheauthor[oftheirrevolts]。Andpray，OJustus!whowasthatauthorafterwards？ForthouknowestthatIwasinthepoweroftheRomansbeforeJerusalemwasbesieged，andbeforethesametimeJotapatawastakerbyforce，aswellasmanyotherfortresses，andagreatmanyoftheGalileansfellinthewar。Itwasthereforethenapropertime，whenyouwerecertainlyfreedfromanyfearonmyaccount，tothrowawayyourweapons，andtodemonstratetothekingandtotheRomans，thatitwasnotofchoice，butasforcedbynecessity，thatyoufellintothewaragainstthem；butyoustaidtillVespasiancamehimselfasfarasyourwalls，withhiswholearmy；andthenyoudidindeedlayasideyourweaponsoutoffear，andyourcityhadforcertainbeentakenbyforce，unlessVespasianhadcompliedwiththeking’ssupplicationforyou，andhadexcusedyourmadness。ItwasnotI，therefore，whowastheauthorofthis，butyourowninclinationstowar。DonotyourememberhowoftenIgotyouundermypower，andyetputnoneofyoutodeath？Nay，youoncefellintoatumultoneagainstanother，andslewonehundredandeighty—fiveofyourcitizens，notonaccountofyourgood—willtothekingandtotheRomans，butonaccountofyourownwickedness，andthiswhileIwasbesiegedbytheRomansinJotapata。Nay，indeed，weretherenotreckoneduptwothousandofthepeopleofTiberiasduringthesiegeofJerusalem，someofwhomwereslain，andtherestcaughtandcarriedcaptives？Butthouwiltpretendthatthoudidstnotengageinthewar，sincethoudidstfleetotheking。Yes，indeed，thoudidstfleetohim；
butIsayitwasoutoffearofme。Thousayest，indeed，thatitisIwhoamawickedman。Butthen，forwhatreasonwasitthatkingAgrippa，whoprocuredtheethylifewhenthouwastcondemnedtodiebyVespian，andwhobestowedsomuchrichesuponthee，didtwiceafterwardputtheeinbonds，andasoftenobligedtheetorunawayfromthycountry，and，whenhehadonceorderedtheetobeputtodeath，hegrantedtheeapardonattheearnestdesireofBernice？Andwhen（aftersomanyofthywickedpranks）hemadetheehissecretary，hecaughttheefalsifyinghisepistles，anddrovetheeawayfromhissight。ButIshallnotinquireaccuratelyintothesemattersofscandalagainstthee。YetcannotIbutwonderatthyimpudence，whenthouhasttheassurancetosay，thatthouhastbetterrelatedtheseaffairs[ofthewar]
thanhavealltheothersthathavewrittenaboutthem，whilstthoudidstnotknowwhatwasdoneinGalilee；forthouwastthenatBerytuswiththeking；nordidstthouknowhowmuchtheRomanssufferedatthesiegeofJotapata，orwhatmiseriestheybroughtuponus；norcouldstthoulearnbyinquirywhatIdidduringthatsiegemyself；forallthosethatmightaffordsuchinformationwerequitedestroyedinthatsiege。Butperhapsthouwiltsay，thouhastwrittenofwhatwasdoneagainstthepeopleofJerusalemexactly。Buthowshouldthatbe？forneitherwastthouconcernedinthatwar，norhastthoureadthecommentariesofCaesar；ofwhichwehaveevidentproof，becausethouhastcontradictedthosecommentariesofCaesarinthyhistory。Butifthouartsohardyastoaffirm，thatthouhastwrittenthathistorybetterthanalltherest，whydidstthounotpublishthyhistorywhiletheemperorsVespasianandTitus，thegeneralsinthatwar，aswellaskingAgrippaandhisfamily，whoweremenverywellskilledinthelearningoftheGreeks，wereallalive？
forthouhasthaditwrittenthesetwentyyears，andthenmightestthouhavehadthetestimonyofthyaccuracy。Butnowwhenthesemenarenolongerwithus，andthouthinkestthoucanstnotbecontradicted，thouventuresttopublishit。ButthenIwasnotinlikemannerafraidofmyownwriting，butIofferedmybookstotheemperorsthemselves，whenthefactswerealmostundermen’seyes；forIwasconscioustomyself，thatIhadobservedthetruthofthefacts；andasIexpectedtohavetheirattestationtothem，soIwasnotdeceivedinsuchexpectation。
Moreover，Iimmediatelypresentedmyhistorytomanyotherpersons，someofwhomwereconcernedinthewar，aswaskingAgrippaandsomeofhiskindred。NowtheemperorTituswassodesirousthattheknowledgeoftheseaffairsshouldbetakenfromthesebooksalone，thathesubscribedhisownhandtothem，andorderedthattheyshouldbepublished；andforkingAgrippa，hewrotemesixty—twoletters，andattestedtothetruthofwhatI
hadthereindelivered；twoofwhichlettersIhaveheresubjoined，andthoumaysttherebyknowtheircontents：—\"KingAgrippatoJosephus，however，whenthoucomesttome，Iwillinformtheeofagreatmanythingswhichthoudostnotknow。\"Sowhenthishistorywasperfected，Agrippa，neitherbywayofflattery，whichwasnotagreeabletohim，norbywayofirony，asthouwiltsay，（forhewasentirelyastrangertosuchanevildispositionofmind，）buthewrotethisbywayofattestationtowhatwastrue，asallthatreadhistoriesmaydo。AndsomuchshallbesaidconcerningJustus（24）whichIamobligedtoaddbywayofdigression。
66。Now，whenIhadsettledtheaffairsofTiberias，andhadassembledmyfriendsasasanhedrim，IconsultedwhatIshoulddoastoJohn。WhereuponitappearedtobetheopinionofalltheGalileans，thatIshouldarmthemall，andmarchagainstJohn，andpunishhimastheauthorofallthedisordersthathadhappened。YetwasnotIpleasedwiththeirdetermination；aspurposingtocomposethesetroubleswithoutbloodshed。UponthisIexhortedthemtousetheutmostcaretolearnthenamesofallthatwereunderJohn；whichwhentheyhaddone，andItherebywasapprizedwhothemenwere，Ipublishedanedict，whereinI
offeredsecurityandmyrighthandtosuchofJohn’spartyashadamindtorepent；andIallowedtwentydays’timetosuchaswouldtakethismostadvantageouscourseforthemselves。Ialsothreatened，thatunlesstheythrewdowntheirarms，Iwouldburntheirhouses，andexposetheirgoodstopublicsale。Whenthemenheardofthis，theywereinnosmalldisorder，anddesertedJohn；
andtothenumberoffourthousandthrewdowntheirarms，andcametome。SothatnoothersstaidwithJohnbuthisowncitizens，andaboutfifteenhundredstrangersthatcamefromthemetropolisofTyre；andwhenJohnsawthathehadbeenoutwittedbymystratagem，hecontinuedafterwardinhisowncountry，andwasingreatfearofme。
67。ButaboutthistimeitwasthatthepeopleofSepphorisgrewinsolent，andtookuparms，outofaconfidencetheyhadinthestrengthoftheirwalls，andbecausetheysawmeengagedinotheraffairsalso。SotheysenttoCestiusGallus，whowaspresidentofSyria，anddesiredthathewouldeithercomequicklytothem，andtaketheircityunderhisprotection，orsendthemagarrison。Accordingly，Galluspromisedthemtocome，butdidnotsendwordwhenhewouldcome：andwhenIhadlearnedsomuch，I
tookthesoldiersthatwerewithme，andmadeanassaultuponthepeopleofSepphoris，andtookthecitybyforce。TheGalileanstookthisopportunity，asthinkingtheyhadnowapropertimeforshowingtheirhatredtothem，sincetheyboreill—willtothatcityalso。Theythenexertedthemselves，asiftheywoulddestroythemallutterly，withthosethatsojournedtherealso。Sotheyranuponthem，andsettheirhousesonfire，asfindingthemwithoutinhabitants；forthemen，outoffear，rantogethertothecitadel。SotheGalileanscarriedoffeverything，andomittednokindofdesolationwhichtheycouldbringupontheircountrymen。WhenIsawthis，Iwasexceedinglytroubledatit，andcommandedthemtoleaveoff，andputtheminmindthatitwasnotagreeabletopietytodosuchthingstotheircountrymen：butsincetheyneitherwouldhearkentowhatIexhorted，nortowhatIcommandedthemtodo，（forthehatredtheyboretothepeopletherewastoohardformyexhortationstothem，）Ibadethosemyfriends，whoweremostfaithfultome，andwereaboutme，togiveonreports，asiftheRomanswerefallingupontheotherpartofthecitywithagreatarmy；andthisIdid，that，bysuchareportbeingspreadabroad，ImightrestraintheviolenceoftheGalileans，andpreservethecityofSepphoris。Andatlengththisstratagemhaditseffect；for，uponhearingthisreport，theywereinfearforthemselves，andsotheyleftoffplunderingandranaway；andthismoreespecially，becausetheysawme，theirgeneral，dothesamealso；for，thatImightcausethisreporttobebelieved，Ipretendedtobeinfearaswellasthey。ThusweretheinhabitantsofSepphorisunexpectedlypreservedbythiscontrivanceofmine。
68。Nay，indeed，TiberiashadliketohavebeenplunderedbytheGalileansalsouponthefollowingoccasion：—Thechiefmenofthesenatewrotetotheking，anddesiredthathewouldcometothem，andtakepossessionoftheircity。Thekingpromisedtocome，andwrotealetterinanswertotheirs，andgaveittooneofhisbed—chamber，whosenamewasCrispus，andwhowasbybirthaJew，tocarryittoTiberias。WhentheGalileansknewthatthismancarriedsuchaletter，theycaughthim，andbroughthimtome；butassoonasthewholemultitudeheardofit，theywereenraged，andbetookthemselvestotheirarms。Soagreatmanyofthemtogetherfromallquartersthenextday，andcametothecityAsochis，whereIthenlodged，andmadeheavyclamors，andcalledthecityofTiberiasatraitortothem，andafriendtotheking；anddesiredleaveofmetogodownandutterlydestroyit；fortheyborethelikeill—willtothepeopleofTiberias，astheydidtothoseofSepphoris。
69。WhenIheardthis，Iwasindoubtwhattodo，andhesitatedbywhatmeansImightdeliverTiberiasfromtherageoftheGalileans；forIcouldnotdenythatthoseofTiboriashadwrittentotheking，andinvitedhimtocometothem；forhisletterstothem，inanswerthereto，wouldfullyprovethetruthofthat。SoIsatalongtimemusingwithmyself，andthensaidtothem，\"IknowwellenoughthatthepeopleofTiberiashaveoffended；norshallIforbidyoutoplunderthecity。However，suchthingsoughttobedonewithdiscretion；fortheyofTiberiashavenotbeentheonlybetrayersofourliberty，butmanyofthemosteminentpatriotsoftheGalileans，astheypretendedtobe，havedonethesame。TarrythereforetillIshallthoroughlyfindoutthoseauthorsofourdanger，andthenyoushallhavethemallatonceunderyourpower，withallsuchasyoushallyourselvesbringinalso。\"Uponmysayingthis，I
pacifiethemultitude，andtheyleftofftheiranger，andwenttheirways；andIgaveordersthathewhobroughttheking’slettersshouldbeputintobonds；butinafewdaysIpretendedthatIwasobliged，byanecessaryaffairofmyown，tooutofthekingdom。IthencalledCrispusprivately，andorderedhimtomakethesoldierthatkepthimdrunk，andtorunawaytotheking。SowhenTiberiaswasindangerofbeingutterlydestroyedasecondtime，itescapedthedangerbymyskillfulmanagement，andthecarethatIhadforitspreservation。
70。AboutthistimeitwasthatJustus，thesonofPistus，withoutmyknowledge，ranawaytotheking；theoccasionofwhichIwillhererelate。UponthebeginningofthewarbetweentheJewsandRomans，thepeopleofTiberiasresolvedtosubmittotheking，andnottorevoltfromtheRomans；whileJustustriedtopersuadethemtobetakethemselvestotheirarms，asbeinghimselfdesirousofinnovations，andhavinghopesofobtainingthegovernmentofGalilee，aswellasofhisowncountry[Tiberias]also。Yetdidhenotobtainwhathehopedfor，becausetheGalileansboreill—willtothoseofTiberias，andthisonaccountoftheirangeratwhatmiseriestheyhadsufferedfromthembeforethewar；thenceitwasthattheywouldnotendurethatJustusshouldbetheirgovernor。Imyselfalso，whohadbeenintrustedbythecommunityofJerusalemwiththegovernmentofGalilee，didfrequentlycometothatdegreeofrageatJustus，thatIhadalmostresolvedtokillhim，asnotabletobearhismischievousdisposition。Hewasthereforemuchafraidofme，lestatlengthmypassionshouldcometoextremity；sohewenttotheking，assupposingthathewoulddwellbetterandmoresafelywithhim。
71。Now，whenthepeopleofSepphorishad，insosurprisingamanner，escapedtheirfirstdanger，theysenttoCestiusGallus，anddesiredhimtocometothemimmediately，andtakepossessionoftheircity，orelsetosendforcessufficienttorepressalltheirenemies’incursionsuponthem；andatthelasttheydidprevailwithGallustosendthemaconsiderablearmy，bothofhorseandfoot，whichcameinthenighttime，andwhichtheyadmittedintothecity。ButwhenthecountryroundaboutitwasharassedbytheRomanarmy，Itookthosesoldiersthatwereaboutme，andcametoGarisme，whereIcastupabank，agoodwayoffthecitySepphoris；andwhenIwasattwentyfurlongsdistance，I
cameuponitbynight，andmadeanassaultuponitswallswithmyforces；andwhenIhadorderedaconsiderablenumberofmysoldierstoscalethemwithladders，Ibecamemasterofthegreatestpartofthecity。Butsoonafter，ourunacquaintednesswiththeplacesforcedustoretire，afterwehadkilledtwelveoftheRomanfootmen，andtwohorsemen，andafewofthepeopleofSepphoris，withthelossofonlyasinglemanofourown。Andwhenitafterwardscametoabattleintheplainagainstthehorsemen，andwehadundergonethedangersofitcourageouslyforalongtime，wewerebeaten；forupontheRomansencompassingmeabout，mysoldierswereafraid，andfellback。Therefellinthatbattleoneofthosethathadbeenintrustedtoguardmybody；hisnamewasJustus，whoatthistimehadthesamepostwiththeking。Atthesametimealsotherecameforces，bothhorsemenandfootmen，fromtheking，andSyllatheircommander，whowasthecaptainofhisguard：thisSyllapitchedhiscampatfivefurlongs’distancefromJulias，andsetaguardupontheroads，boththatwhichledtoCana，andthatwhichledtothefortressGamala，thathemighthindertheirinhabitantsfromgettingprovisionsoutofGalilee。
72。AssoonasIhadgottenintelligenceofthis，Isenttwothousandarmedmen，andacaptainoverthem，whosenamewasJeremiah，whoraisedabankafurlongoffJulias，neartotheriverJordan，anddidnomorethanskirmishwiththeenemy；tillItookthreethousandsoldiersmyself，andcametothem。Butonthenextday，whenIhadlaidanambushinacertainvalley，notfarfromthebanks，Iprovokedthosethatbelongedtothekingtocometoabattle，andgaveorderstomyownsoldierstoturntheirbacksuponthem，untiltheyshouldhavedrawntheenemyawayfromtheircamp，andbroughtthemoutintothefield，whichwasdoneaccordingly；forSylla，supposingthatourpartydidreallyrunaway，wasreadytopursuethem，whenoursoldiersthatlayinambushtookthemontheirbacks，andputthemallintogreatdisorder。Ialsoimmediatelymadeasuddenturnwithmyownforces，andmetthoseoftheking’sparty，andputthemtoflight。AndIhadperformedgreatthingsthatday，ifacertainfatehadnotbeenmyhinderance；forthehorseonwhichIrode，anduponwhosebackIfought，fellintoaquagmire，andthrewmeontheground，andIwasbruisedonmywrist，andcarriedintoavillagenamedCepharnome，orCapernaum。Whenmysoldiersheardofthis，theywereafraidIhadbeenworsehurtthanIwas；andsotheydidnotgoonwiththeirpursuitanyfurther，butreturnedinverygreatconcernforme。Ithereforesentforthephysicians，andwhileIwasundertheirhands，Icontinuedfeverishthatday；andasthephysiciansdirected，IwasthatnightremovedtoTaricheee。
73。WhenSyllaandhispartywereinformedwhathappenedtome，theytookcourageagain；andunderstandingthatthewatchwasnegligentlykeptinourcamp，theybynightplacedabodyofhorsemeninambushbeyondJordan，andwhenitwasdaytheyprovokedustofight；andaswedidnotrefuseit，butcameintotheplain，theirhorsemenappearedoutofthatambushinwhichtheyhadlain，andputourmenintodisorder，andmadethemrunaway；sotheyslewsixmenofourside。Yetdidtheynotgooffwiththevictoryatlast；forwhentheyheardthatsomearmedmenweresailedfromTaricheaetoJuli，theywereafraid，andretired。
74。ItwasnotnowlongbeforeVespasiancametoTyre，andkingAgrippawithhim；buttheTyriansbegantospeakreproachfullyoftheking，andcalledhimanenemytotheRomans。FortheysaidthatPhilip，thegeneralofhisarmy，hadbetrayedtheroyalpalaceandtheRomanforcesthatwereinJerusalem，andthatitwasdonebyhiscommand。WhenVespasianheardofthisreport，herebukedtheTyriansforabusingamanwhowasbothakingandafriendtotheRomans；butheexhortedthekingtosendPhiliptoRome，toanswerforwhathehaddonebeforeNero。ButwhenPhilipwassentthither，hedidnotcomeintothesightofNero，forhefoundhimveryneardeath，onaccountofthetroublesthatthenhappened，andacivilwar；andsohereturnedtotheking。ButwhenVespasianwascometoPtolemais，thechiefmenofDecapolisofSyriamadeaclamoragainstJustusofTiberias，becausehehadsettheirvillagesonfire：soVespasiandeliveredhimtotheking，toheputtodeathbythoseundertheking’sjurisdiction；
yetdidthekingonlyputhimintobonds，andconcealedwhathehaddonefromVespasian，asIhavebeforerelated。ButthepeopleofSepphorismetVespasian，andsalutedhim，andhadforcessenthim，withPlacidustheircommander：healsowentupwiththem，asIalsofollowedthem，tillVespasiancameintoGalilee。Astowhichcomingofhis，andafterwhatmanneritwasordered，andhowhefoughthisfirstbattlewithmenearthevillageTaricheae，andhowfromthencetheywenttoJotapata，andhowI
wastakenalive，andbound，andhowIwasafterwardloosed，withallthatwasdonebymeintheJewishwar，andduringthesiegeofJerusalem，IhaveaccuratelyrelatedtheminthebooksconcerningtheWaroftheJews。However，itwill，Ithink，hefitformetoaddnowanaccountofthoseactionsofmylifewhichI
havenotrelatedinthatbookoftheJewishwar。
75。ForwhenthesiegeofJotapatawasover，andIwasamongtheRomans，IwaskeptwithmuchCare，bymeansofthegreatrespectthatVespasianshowedme。Moreover，athiscommand，Imarriedavirgin，whowasfromamongthecaptivesofthatcountry（25）yetdidshenotlivewithmelong，butwasdivorced，uponmybeingfreedfrommybonds，andmygoingtoAlexandria。However，I
marriedanotherwifeatAlexandria，andwasthencesent，togetherwithTitus，tothesiegeofJerusalem，andwasfrequentlyindangerofbeingputtodeath；whileboththeJewswereverydesiroustogetmeundertheirpower，inordertohawmepunished。AndtheRomansalso，whenevertheywerebeaten，supposedthatitwasoccasionedbymytreachery，andmadecontinualclamorstotheemperors，anddesiredthattheywouldbringmetopunishment，asatraitortothem：butTitusCaesarwaswellacquaintedwiththeuncertainfortuneofwar，andreturnednoanswertothesoldiers’vehementsolicitationsagainstme。Moreover，whenthecityJerusalemwastakenbyforce，TitusCaesarpersuadedmefrequentlytotakewhatsoeverIwouldoftheruinsofmycountry；anddidthathegavemeleavesotodo。Butwhenmycountrywasdestroyed，Ithoughtnothingelsetobeofanyvalue，whichIcouldtakeandkeepasacomfortundermycalamities；soImadethisrequesttoTitus，thatmyfamilymighthavetheirliberty：Ihadalsotheholybooks（26）byTitus’sconcession。NorwasitlongafterthatIaskedofhimthelifeofmybrother，andoffiftyfriendswithhim，andwasnotdenied。WhenIalsowentoncetothetemple，bythepermissionofTitus，wheretherewereagreatmultitudeofcaptivewomenandchildren，IgotallthosethatIrememberedasamongmyownfriendsandacquaintancestobesetfree，beinginnumberaboutonehundredandninety；andsoIdeliveredthemwithouttheirpayinganypriceofredemption，andrestoredthemtotheirformerfortune。AndwhenIwassentbyTitusCaesarwithCerealins，andathousandhorsemen，toacertainvillagecalledThecoa，inordertoknowwhetheritwereaplacefitforacamp，asIcameback，I
sawmanycaptivescrucified，andrememberedthreeofthemasmyformeracquaintance。Iwasverysorryatthisinmymind，andwentwithtearsinmyeyestoTitus，andtoldhimofthem；soheimmediatelycommandedthemtobetakendown，andtohavethegreatestcaretakenofthem，inordertotheirrecovery；yettwoofthemdiedunderthephysician’shands，whilethethirdrecovered。
76。ButwhenTitushadcomposedthetroublesinJudea，andconjecturedthatthelandswhichIhadinJudeawouldbringmenoprofit，becauseagarrisontoguardthecountrywasafterwardtopitchthere，hegavemeanothercountryintheplain。AndwhenhewasgoingawaytoRome，hemadechoiceofmetosailalongwithhim，andpaidmegreatrespect：andwhenwewerecometoRome，I
hadgreatcaretakenofmebyVespasian；forhegavemeanapartmentinhisownhouse，whichhelivedinbeforehecametotheempire。HealsohonoredmewiththeprivilegeofaRomancitizen，andgavemeanannualpension；andcontinuedtorespectmetotheendofhislife，withoutanyabatementofhiskindnesstome；whichverythingmademeenvied，andbroughtmeintodanger；foracertainJew，whosenamewasJonathan，whohadraisedatumultinCyrene，andhadpersuadedtwothousandmenofthatcountrytojoinwithhim，wastheoccasionoftheirruin。
Butwhenhewasboundbythegovernorofthatcountry，andsenttotheemperor，hetoldhimthatIhadsenthimbothweaponsandmoney。However，hecouldnotconcealhisbeingaliarfromVespasian，whocondemnedhimtodie；accordingtowhichsentencehewasputtodeath。Nay，afterthat，whenthosethatenviedmygoodfortunedidfrequentlybringaccusationsagainstme，byGod’sprovidenceIescapedthemall。IalsoreceivedfromVespasiannosmallquantityofland，asafreegift，inJudea；
aboutwhichtimeIdivorcedmywifealso，asnotpleasedwithherbehavior，thoughnottillshehadbeenthemotherofthreechildren，twoofwhomaredead，andonewhomInamedHyrcanus，isalive。AfterthisImarriedawifewhohadlivedatCrete，butaJewessbybirth：awomanshewasofeminentparents，andsuchaswerethemostillustriousinallthecountry，andwhosecharacterwasbeyondthatofmostotherwomen，asherfuturelifediddemonstrate。ByherIhadtwosons；theelder’snamewasJustus，andthenextSimonides，whowasalsonamedAgrippa。Andthesewerethecircumstancesofmydomesticaffairs。However，thekindnessoftheemperortomecontinuedstillthesame；forwhenVespasianwasdead，Titus，whosucceededhiminthegovernment，keptupthesamerespectformewhichIhadfromhisfather；andwhenIhadfrequentaccusationslaidagainstme，hewouldnotbelievethem。AndDomitian，whosucceeded，stillaugmentedhisrespectstome；forhepunishedthoseJewsthatweremyaccusers，andgavecommandthataservantofmine，whowasaeunuch，andmyaccuser，shouldbepunished。HealsomadethatcountryIhadinJudeataxfree，whichisamarkofthegreatesthonortohimwhohathit；nay，Domitia，thewifeofCaesar，continuedtodomekindnesses。Andthisistheaccountoftheactionsofmywholelife；andletothersjudgeofmycharacterbythemastheyplease。Buttothee，OEpaphroditus，（28）thoumostexcellentofmen!doIdedicateallthistreatiseofourAntiquities；andso，forthepresent，Ihereconcludethewhole。
AutobiographyFootnotes（1）WemayhencecorrecttheerroroftheLatincopyofthesecondbookAgainstApion，sect。8，（fortheGreekistherelost，）whichsays，therewerethenonlyfourtribesorcoursesofthepriests，insteadoftwenty—four。Noristhistestimonytobedisregarded，asifJosephustherecontradictedwhathehadaffirmedhere；becauseeventheaccounttheregivenbetteragreestotwenty—fourthantofourcourses，whilehesaysthateachofthosecoursescontainedabove5000men，which，multipliedbyonlyfour，willmakenotmorethan20，000priests；whereasthenumber120，000，asmultipliedby24，seemsmuchthemostprobable，theybeingaboutone—tenthofthewholepeople，evenafterthecaptivity。SeeEzra2：36—39；Nehemiah7：39—42；1Esdras5：24，25，withEzra2；64；Nehemiah7：66；1Esdras5：41。Norwillthiscommonreadingornotionofbutfourcoursesofpriests，agreewithJosephus’sownfurtherassertionelsewhere，Antiq。B。VII。
ch。14。sect。7，thatDavid’spartitionofthepriestsintotwenty—fourcourseshadcontinuedtothatday。
（2）AneminentexampleofthecareoftheJewsabouttheirgenealogies，especiallyastothepriests。SeeAgainstAp。B。1
sect。7。
（3）WhenJosephusheresays，thatfromsixteentonineteen，orforthreeyears，hemadetrialofthethreeJewishsects，thePharisees，theSadducees，andtheEssens，andyetsayspresently，inallourcopies，thathestayedbesideswithoneparticularascetic，calledBanus，withhim，andthisstillbeforehewasnineteen，thereislittleroomleftforhistrialofthethreeothersects。Isuppose，therefore，thatfor，withhim，theoldreadingmightbe，withthem；whichisaverysmallemendation，andtakesawaythedifficultybeforeus。NorisDr。Hudson’sconjecture，hintedatbyMr。HallinhisprefacetotheDoctor’seditionofJosephus，atallimprobable，thatthisBanus，bythishisdescription，mightwellbeafollowerofJohntheBaptist，andthatfromhimJosephusmighteasilyimbibesuchnotions，asafterwardspreparedhimtohaveafavorableopinionofJesusChristhimself，whowasattestedtobyJohntheBaptist。
（4）Wemaynotehere，thatreligiousmenamongtheJews，oratleastthosethatwerepriests，weresometimesasceticsalso，and，likeDanielandhiscompanionsinBabylon，Daniel1：8—16，atenoflesh，butfigsandnuts，etc。only。Thiswaslikethe，orausteredietoftheChristianasceticsinPassion—week。
Constitut。V。18。
（5）IthasbeenthoughtthenumberofPaulandhiscompanionsonship—board，Acts27：38，whichare276inourcopies，aretoomany；whereaswefindhere，thatJosephusandhiscompanions，averyfewyearsaftertheother，wereabout600。
（6）SeeJewishWar，B。II。ch。18。sect。3。
（7）TheJewsmightcollectthisunlawfulnessoffightingagainsttheirbrethrenfromthatlawofMoses，Leviticus19：16，\"Thoushaltnotstandagainstthebloodofthyneighbor；\"andthat，ver。17，\"Thoushaltnotavenge，norbearanygrudgeagainstthechildrenofthypeople；butthoushaltlovethyneighborasthyself；\"aswellasfrommanyotherplacesinthePentateuchandProphets。SeeAntiq。B。VIII。ch。8。sect。3。
（8）ThatthisHerodAgrippa，thefather，wasofoldcalledaGreatKing，ashere，appearsbyhiscoinsstillremaining；towhichHavercamprefersus。
（9）ThefamousJewishnumbersoftwelveandseventyarehereremarkable。
（10）OurJosephusshows，bothhereandeverywhere，thathewasamostreligiousperson，andonethathadadeepsenseofGodandhisprovidenceuponhismind，andascribedallhisnumerousandwonderfulescapesandpreservations，intimesofdanger，toGod’sblessinghim，andtakingcareofhim，andthisonaccountofhisactsofpiety，justice，humanity，andcharity，totheJewshisbrethren。
（11）Josephus’sopinionisherewellworthnoting：—ThateveryoneistobepermittedtoworshipGodaccordingtohisownconscience，andisnottobecompelledinmattersofreligion：asonemayhereobserve，onthecontrary，thattherestoftheJewswerestillforobligingallthosewhomarriedJewessestobecircumcised，andbecomeJews，andwerereadytodestroyallthatwouldnotsubmittodoso。Seesect。31，andLuke11：54。
（12）HowJosephuscouldsayherethattheJewishlawsforbadethemto\"spoileventheirenemies，whileyet，alittlebeforehistime，ourSaviorhadmentioneditasthenacurrentmaximwiththem，\"Thoushaltlovethyneighbor，andhatethineenemy，\"
Matthew5：43，isworthourinquiry。ItakeitthatJosephus，havingbeennowformanyyearsanEbioniteChristian，hadlearnedthisinterpretationofthelawofMosesfromChrist，whomheownedforthetrueMelah，asitfollowsinthesucceedingverses，which，thoughhemightnotreadinSt。Matthew’sGospel，yetmighthehavereadmuchthesameexpositionintheirownEbioniteorNazareneGospelitself；ofwhichimprovementsmadebyJosephus，afterhewasbecomeaChristian，wehavealreadyhadseveralexamplesinthishislife，sect。3，13，15，19，21，23，andshallhavemanymorethereinbeforeitsconclusion，aswellaswehavethemelsewhereinallhislaterwritings。
（13）HerewemayobservethevulgarJewishnotionofwitchcraft，butthatourJosephuswastoowisetogiveanycountenancetoit。
（14）Inthissection，aswellasinthe18and33。thosesmallvesselsthatsailedontheseaofGalilee，arecalledbyJosephus，i。e。plainlyships；sothatweneednotwanderatourevangelists，whostillcallthemships；noroughtwetorenderthemboats，assomedo，Theirnumberwasinall230，aswelearnfromourauthorelsewhere。JewishWar。B。II。ch。21。sect。8。
（15）PartofthesefortificationsonMountTabormaybethosestillremaining，andwhichwereseenlatelybyMr。Maundrel。SeehisTravels，p。112。
（16）ThisGamalielmaybetheverysamethatismentionedbytherabbinsintheMishna，inJuchasin，andinPortaMosis，asisobservedintheLatinnotes。HemightbealsothatGamalielII。，whosegrandfatherwasGamalielI。，whoismentionedinActs5：34，andatwhosefeetSt。Paulwasbroughtup，Acts22：3。SeePrid。
attheyear449。
（17）ThisJonathanisalsotakennoticeofintheLatinnotes，asthesamethatismentionedbytherabbinsinPortaMosis。
（18）ThisItaketobethefirstofJosephus’sremarkableordivinedreams，whichwerepredictiveofthegreatthingsthatafterwardscametopass；ofwhichseemoreinthenoteonAntiq。
B。III。ch。8。sect。9。TheotherisintheWar，B。III。ch。8。
sect。3，9。
（19）Josephus’sdirectionstohissoldiersherearemuchthesamethatJohntheBaptistgave，Luke3：14，\"Doviolencetonoman，neitheraccuseanyfalsely，andbecontentwithyourwages。\"
WhenceDr。Hudsonconfirmsthisconjecture，thatJosephus，insomethings，was，evennow，afollowerofJohntheBaptist，whichisnowayimprobable。Seethenoteonsect。2。
（20）WeherelearnthepracticeoftheJews，inthedaysofJosephus，toinquireintothecharactersofwitnessesbeforetheywereadmitted；andthattheirnumberoughttobethree，ortwoattheleast，alsoexactlyasinthelawofMoses，andintheApostolicalConstitutions，B。II。ch。37。SeeHorebCovenantRevived，page97，98。
（21）ThisappealtothewholebodyoftheGalileansbyJosephus，andthetestimonytheygavehimofintegrityinhisconductastheirgovernor，isverylikethatappealandtestimonyinthecaseoftheprophetSamuel，1Samuel12：1—5，andperhapswasdonebyJosephusinimitationofhim。
（22）Itisworthnotinghere，thattherewasnowagreatProseucha，orplaceofprayer，inthecityofTiberiasitself，thoughsuchProseuchausedtobeoutofcities，asthesynagogueswerewithinthem。Ofthem，seeLeMoyneonPolycarp’sEpistle，page76。Itisalsoworthourremark，thattheJews，inthedaysofJosephus，usedtodineatthesixthhour，ornoon；andthatinobediencetotheirnotionsofthelawofMosesalso。
（23）Onemayobservehere，thatthislayPharisee，Ananias，iswehaveseenhewas，sect。39，tookuponhimtoappointafastatTiberias，andwasobeyed；thoughindeeditwasnotoutofreligion，butknavishpolicy。
（24）ThecharacterofthishistoryofJustusofTiberias，therivalofourJosephus，whichisnowlost，withitsonlyremainingfragment，aregivenusbyaveryablecritic，Photius，whoreadthathistory。Itisinthe33rdcodeofhisBibliotheea，andrunsthus：\"Ihaveread（saysPhotius）thechronologyofJustusofTiberias，whosetitleisthis，[TheChronologyof]theKingsofJudahwhichsucceededoneanother。This[Justus]cameoutofthecityofTiberiasinGalilee。HebeginshishistoryfromMoses，andendsitnottillthedeathofAgrippa，theseventh[ruler]ofthefamilyofHerod，andthelastkingoftheJews；whotookthegovernmentunderClaudius，haditaugmentedunderNero，andstillmoreaugmentedbyVespasian。HediedinthethirdyearofTrajan，wherealsohishistoryends。Heisveryconciseinhislanguage，andslightlypassesoverthoseaffairsthatweremostnecessarytobeinsistedon；andbeingundertheJewishprejudices，asindeedhewashimselfalsoaJewbybirth，hemakesnottheleastmentionoftheappearanceofChrist，orwhatthingshappenedtohim，orofthewonderfulworksthathedid。HewasthesonofacertainJew，whosenamewasPistus。Hewasaman，asheisdescribedbyJosephus，ofamostprofligatecharacter；aslavebothtomoneyandtopleasures。InpublicaffairshewasoppositetoJosephus；anditisrelated，thathelaidmanyplotsagainsthim；butthatJosephus，thoughhehadhisenemyfrequentlyunderhispower，didonlyreproachhiminwords，andsolethimgowithoutfurtherpunishment。Hesaysalso，thatthehistorywhichthismanwroteis，forthemain，fabulous，andchieflyastothosepartswherehedescribestheRomanwarwiththeJews，andthetakingofJerusalem。\"
（25）HereJosephus，apriest，honestlyconfessesthathedidthatatthecommandofVespasian，whichhehadbeforetolduswasnotlawfulforapriesttodobythelawofMoses，Antiq。B。III。ch。
12。sect。2。Imean，thetakingacaptivewomantowife。SeealsoAgainstApion，B。I。sect。7。Butheseemstohavebeenquicklysensiblethathiscompliancewiththecommandsofanemperorwouldnotexcusehim，forhesoonputheraway，asRelandjustlyobserveshere。
（27）Ofthismostremarkableclause，anditsmostimportantconsequences，seeEssayontheOldTestament，page193——195。
（28）OfthisEpaphroditus，seethenoteonthePrefacetotheAntiquities。