CHAPTERXXIII——EDUCATION
ThechieffeatureofthehistoryofWalesduringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturiesisthegrowthofasystemofeducation。
Themostdemocratic，themostperfect，andthemostefficientmethodisstillthatoftheSundaySchool。ItwaswellestablishedbeforethedeathofCharlesofBala，whosenameismostcloselyconnectedwithit，in1814。Itsoonbecame，anditstillremains，aschoolforthewholepeople，fromchildrentopatriarchs。Itslanguageisthatofitsdistrict。Itsteachersareselectedforefficiency——theyareeasilyshiftedtotheclasseswhichtheycanteachbest；and，ifnotsuccessful，theygobackwillinglytothe\"teachers’class，\"whereallareequal。ThereputationofagoodSundaySchoolteacherisstillthehighestdegreethatcanbewoninWales。Plentifultextbooksofhighmerit，andanelaboratesystemoforalandwrittenexaminations，markthelaststageinitsdevelopment。
TheLiteraryMeetingisakindofsecularSundaySchool。TherulesofalliterativepoetryandthestudyofWelshliteratureandhistory，andsometimesofmoregeneralknowledge，taketheplaceofthestudyofJewishhistory，andpsalm，andgospel。TheLiteraryMeetingsfeedtheEisteddvod。
TheEisteddvodpassedthroughthesamephasesasthenation。ItwasanaspectofthecourtoftheprinceduringtheMiddleAges。InTudortimesitwasusedpartlytopleasethepeople，butchieflytoregulatethebardsbyforcingthemtoqualifyforadegree——asuremethodofmoderatingtheirpatriotismandofdiminishingtheirnumber。InmoderntimestheEisteddvodisagreatdemocraticmeeting，anditisthemostcharacteristicofallWelshinstitutions。
Itschairingofthebardsisanancientceremony；itsgorseddofbardsisprobablymodern。Butthepeoplethemselvesstillremainthejudgesofpoetry；theycareverylittlewhetherapoethaswonachairornot，whileagorsedddegreeprobablydoeshimmoreharmthangood。
Elementaryeducation，initsmodernsense，beganwiththecirculatingschoolsofGriffithJonesofLlanddowrorin1730。TheywereexceedinglysuccessfulbecausetheinstructionwasgiveninWelsh，andtheystoppedafterteaching150，000toreadnotbecausetherewasnodemandforthem，butonaccountofadisputeabouttheirendowmentsin1779，eighteenyearsafterGriffithJones’death。Theywerefollowedbyvoluntaryschools，veryoftenkeptbyilliterateteachers。
Between1846and1848twoorganisations——theWelshEducationCommitteeandtheCambrianSociety——wereformed；andtheydeveloped，respectively，thenationalschoolsandtheBritishschools。AftertheEducationActof1870，theschoolsbecamevoluntaryorBoard；
educationgraduallybecamecompulsoryandfree；andin1902anattemptwasmadetogivethewholesystemaunityandtoconnectitwiththeordinarysystemoflocalgovernment。
Thetrainingofteachersbecameamatterofthehighestimportance。
In1846acollegeforthispurposewasestablishedatBrecon，andthenremovedtoSwansea。From1848to1862，collegeswereestablishedatCarmarthen，Carnarvon，andBangor。
Thehistoryofsecondaryeducationislonger。Itwasserved，afterthedissolutionofthemonasteries，byendowedschools——likethatoftheFriarsatBangor——andbyproprietaryschools。BytheEducationActof1889，acompletesystemofsecondaryschools，underpopularcontrol，wasestablished。Twooftheendowedschoolsstillremain——
Brecon，foundedbythereligionistsoftheReformation，andLlandovery，theWelshschoolfoundedbyapatriotofmoderntimes。
Itwasprincipallyfortheministryofreligionthatsecondaryschoolsandcollegeswerefirstestablished。Schoolswerefoundedinmanydistricts，andimportantcollegesatLampeter（degree—granting），Carmarthen，Brecon，Bala，Trevecca，Pontypool，Llangollen，Haverfordwest。Manyofthesehavealonghistory。
Highereducationhadbeenthedreamofmanycenturies。OwenGlendowerhadthoughtofestablishingtwonewuniversitiesatthebeginningoftheperiodoftheRevivalofLetters；amonghissupportersweremanyoftheWelshstudentswholedinthegreatfactionfightsofmediaevalOxford。OliverCromwellandRichardBaxterhadthoughtofWelshhighereducation。Butnothingwasdone。
Intheeighteenthcentury，andinthenineteenthuntil1870，theTestActshutthedoorsoftheoldUniversitiestomostWelshmen；thenewUniversityofLondondidnotteach，itonlyexamined；theScotchUniversities，towhichWelshstudentscrowded，wereveryfar。In1872，chieflythroughtheexertionsofSirHughOwen，theUniversityCollegeofWaleswasopenedatAberystwyth，andmaintainedfortenyearsbysupportfromthepeople。TheGovernmenthelped，andtwonewcollegeswereadded——theUniversityCollegeofSouthWalesatCardiffin1883，andtheUniversityCollegeofNorthWalesatBangorin1884。
In1893QueenVictoriagaveacharterwhichformedthethreecollegesintotheUniversityofWales。LordAberdare，itsfirstChancellor，livedtoseeitinthoroughworkingorder。OnLordAberdare’sdeath，thePrinceofWaleswaselectedChancellorin1896；andwhenheascendedthethronein1901，thepresentPrinceofWalesbecameChancellor。
ThetendencyofthewholesystemofWelsheducationistowardsgreaterunity。Thereisadualgovernmentofthesecondaryschoolsandofthecolleges，theonebytheCentralBoardandtheotherbytheUniversityCourt——ahistoricalaccidentwhichisnowablemishonthesystem。TheTrainingCollegesarestilloutsidetheUniversity，buttheyaregravitatingrapidlytowardsit。Thetheologicalcollegesarenecessarilyindependent，buttheUniversityofferstheirstudentsacourseinarts，sothattheycanspecialiseontheologyanditskindredsubjects。Theidealsystemis：anefficientandpatrioticUniversityregulatingthewholeworkofthesecondaryandelementaryschools，guidedbythewillingnessoftheCountyCouncils，orofaneducationauthorityappointedbythem，toprovidemeans。
TheriseoftheeducationalsystemisthemoststrikingandthemostinterestingchapterinWelshhistory。Butthefactsaresonumerousandthedevelopmentissosuddenthat，inspiteofone，itbecomesamerelistofactsanddates。
CHAPTERXXIV——LOCALGOVERNMENT
TheFrenchRevolutionwascondemnedbyBritain，andthevoicesraisedinitsfavourinWaleswerefew。TheexcessesoftheRevolution，andthewidespreadfearofaNapoleonicinvasion，causedastrongreactionagainstprogress。Theyearsimmediatelyafterwereyearsofgreatsuffering，buttheverysufferingpreparedthewayfortheprogressofthefuture，becauseitmademenwillingtoleavetheirowndistrictsandtomoveintothecoalandslatedistricts，wherewageswerehighenoughtoenablethemtolive。
Thefirstdemandwasforpoliticalenfranchisement。In1832，in1867，andin1884thefranchisewasextended，andeveryinterestfoundavoiceinParliament。But，withtheexceptionofthesharpstrugglebetweenthetenantandlandlordaftertheReformActof1867，theeffectsofenfranchisementonWaleshavebeenveryfew。
TwoActsalonehavebeenpassedaspurelyWelshActs——theSundayClosingAct，andtheIntermediateEducationAct。InParliament，thevoiceofWalesisweakeventhoughunanimous；itcanbeoutvotedbythecapitalorbyfourEnglishprovincialtowns。Untilquiterecentlyitssemi—independence——duetogeographyandpasthistory——
waslookeduponasasourceofweaknesstotheEmpireratherthanofstrength。Itsloveforthepastappealstotheonepoliticalparty，itsdesireforprogresstotheother，butitsdistinctiveidealsanditsseparatelanguagearelookedupon，attheveryleast，aspoliticalmisfortunes。Educationandjusticehavesufferedfromofficialwantoftoleration；theappointmentofaCountyCourtjudgewhocouldnotspeakWelsh，withinlivingmemory，hasbeenjustifiedbyGovernmentonthegroundthatEnglishmenresidentinWalesobjecttobeingtriedbyaWelshjudge。
FarmoreimportanttoWalesthantheReformActsaretheLocalGovernmentActswhichfollowedthem。WhentheReformActof1884
addedtheagriculturallabourertotheelectorsofrepresentativesinParliament，everyinteresthadavoice。Afurtherextensionofthefranchisewouldnotaffectthebalanceofparties，itwasthought；
andaBritishParliamenthasnotimeordesiretothinkofsentimentortheoreticalperfection。TheParliamentfoundithadtoomuchtodo，themultiplicityofinterestsmadeitimpossibletopayeffectiveattentiontothem。Theresulthasbeenthathalfacenturyofextensionofthefranchisehasbeenfollowedbyhalfacenturyofextensionoflocalgovernment。TheCountyCouncilActcamein1888，andtheLocalGovernmentActin1894。
OfallpartsofBritain，Waleshadleastlocalgovernment，andneededmost。Itsjusticesofthepeacewerealieninreligion，race，andsympathy；theywereeithercountrysquireswhohadlosttouchwiththepeople，orEnglishandScotchcapitalistswho，withrareexceptions，tooknotroubletounderstandthepeopletheygoverned，ortolearntheirlanguage。Thevestrymeetinghadbeenactiveenoughduringtheearlypartoftheeighteenthcentury；butreligiousdifficultiesmadeitimpossibleforasemi—ecclesiasticalinstitutiontorepresentaparish。TheTudorpolicyhadseparatedthepeoplefromthegreaterland—owners；theironmastersandcoal—ownershadnotyetbecomepartofthepeople；therewasnotasingleinstitutionexcepttheEisteddvodwhereallclassesmet。
Innopartofthecountrywaslocalgovernmentsowarmlywelcomed，andnopartofthecountrywasmorereadyforit。Onethingthepeasantshadbeenallowedtodo——theycouldbuildschoolsandcolleges，churchesandchapels。Theyhadfilledthecountrywiththese——theirarchitecture，finance，government，arethoseofthepeasant。Thereligiousrevivalshadleftorganisersandinstitutions。Fourorfivereligiousbodieshadasystemofinstitutions——parish，district，county，central。Allthesewerethoroughlydemocraticincharacter。WhentheLocalGovernmentActswerepassed，therewashardlyaWelshmanoffullageandaverageabilitywhohadnotbeenadelegateorinauthority；andthoseofstrikingability，iftheycouldaffordthetime，continuallysatinsomelittlecouncilorotherandwatchedovertheinterestsofsomeinstitution。
Itwasfromamongthesetrainedmenthatthecouncillorsforthenewcounty，district，andparishsenateswereelected。Theworkofthecouncils，especiallythatoftheCountyCouncil，hasbeenverydifficult；andwhenthetimecomestowritetheirhistory，thehistorianwillhavetosethimselftoexplainwhythefirstcouncilswereservedbymenwhohadextraordinarytactforgovernmentandgreatskillinfinancialmatters。InthelowercouncilsthevillageHampden’seloquenceismodifiedbythechillingresponsibilityfortherates，buttheParishCouncilshavealready，inmanyplaces，madeupforthenegligenceofgenerationsofsleepymagistratesandofficials。
Withagreatdifference，itistrue，WalesunderlocalgovernmentisWalesbackagaininthetimesoftheprinces。Theparishisroughlythemaenol，thedistrictisthecommoteorthecantrev，theshireisthelittlekingdom——likeCeredigionorMorgannwg——whichfoughtsosturdilyagainstanyattempttosubjectit。
Thelocalcouncilswerefortunateinthetimeoftheirappearance。
Theycameataperiodcharacterisedbyanintensedesireforabettersystemofeducation，andatatimeofrapidlygrowingprosperity。A
heavyratewaspossible，andthepeoplewerewillingtobearit。TheCountyCouncilswereabletobuildoverseventyintermediateschoolswithinafewyears；andthatatatimewhenbothelementaryandhighereducationmadeheavydemandsonwhatwasstillacomparativelypoorcounty。TheDistrictCouncilswereabletolowertheamountofoutdoorreliefconsiderably，andwithoutcausinganyrealhardship，fortheyhadknowledgeoftheirdistrictsaswellasthephilanthropythatcomesnaturallytomanwhenhegrantsotherpeople’smoney。TheParishCouncilshavebecometheguardiansofpublicpaths；theyhavebeguntoprovideparishlibraries，andthelittleparishsenateeducatesitsconstituencyandbringsitswisdomtobearuponanumberofpracticalquestions，suchascottagegardensandfairs。
CHAPTERXXV——THEWALESOFTO—DAY
ThemoststrikingcharacteristicoftheWalesofto—dayisitsunity—
—self—consciousandself—reliant。Thepresenceofthisunityisfeltbyall，thoughitmaybeexplainedindifferentways。Itcannotbeexplainedbyrace；forthepopulationofthewestmidlandsandthenorthofEngland，possiblyofthewholeofit，havebeenmadeupofthesameelements。Itcannotbeexplainedbylanguage——nearlyonehalfoftheWelshpeoplespeaknoWelsh。Someattributeittotheinexorablelawsofgeographyandclimate，otherstothefatalismofhistory。Othersfrivolouslyputitdowntomodernfootball。ButnoonewhoknowsWalesisignorantofit。
ThemodernunityoftheWelshpeople——seenoccasionallyinafunctionoftheUniversity，oratanationalEisteddvod，orinaconferenceoftheCountyCouncils——hasbecomeafactinspiteofmanydifficulties。
Onedifficultyhasbeentheabsenceofacapital。TheofficeoftheUniversityandtheNationalMuseumareatCardiff，intheextremesouth；theNationalLibraryisatAberystwyth，onthewesternsea。
Thethrivingindustries，thedenselypopulateddistricts，andthefrequentandactiverailways，areintheextremesouthorintheextremenorth；andtheyareseparatedbyfiveorsixshiresofpasturesandsheep—runs，withoutlargetowns，andwithcomparativelyfewrailways。Inthethreesoutherncounties——Glamorgan，Monmouth，andCarmarthen——thepopulationisbetweentwoandsixpeopleto10
acres，andtheindustrialpopulationisfromtwelvetothreetimesthenumberoftheagricultural。Inthecentralcounties——Brecon，Radnor，Cardigan，Merioneth，Montgomery——thepopulationisbelowonefor10acres；theindustrialandagriculturalpopulationareaboutequal，exceptinRadnor，wheretheagriculturalismorethantwotoone。ThoughMerionethhasmoresheepeventhanBrecon——andeachofthemhasnearly400，000——itsindustrialpopulation，owingtotheslatedistricts，isdoubletheagricultural。Thepopulationbeginstothickenagainaswegetnearertheslate，limestone，andcoaldistricts。InDenbighitistwotothe10acres，inCarnarvonitisthree，andinFlintitrisestofourorfive。Inthesenortherncountiestheindustrialpopulationisdoubleortrebletheagricultural。ThefertilewesterncountiesofPembrokeandAngleseycomebetweentheindustrialandgrazingcountiesindensityofpopulation。{4}
Unityhasariseninspiteofdifferencescausedbytheintensityofareligiousrevival，anintensitythatperiodicallyrenewsitsstrength。TheWelsharedividedintosects，andthebitternessofsectariandifferencesoccasionallyinvadespoliticsandeducation。
Buttherearetwoever—presentantidotes。OneistheWelshsenseofhumour，thenearestrelativeorthebestfriendoftoleration。Theotheristhehymn——creedhasbeenturnedintosong，andthatisatleasthalfwaytoturningitintolife；theheresyhunterisdisarmedbythepoetryofthehymn，anditsmusichascharmstosoothethesectarianbreast。Theco—operationofallintheworkoflocalgovernmenthasalsoenlargedsympathy。
Unityhasariseninspiteofthebilingualdifficulty。RathermorethanonehalfofthepeoplenowhabituallyspeakEnglish。ForthreecenturiesanAct——adeadletterfromthebeginning——orderedallGovernmentofficialstospeakEnglish；formanygenerations，untilrecently，WelshchildrenwerenottaughtWelshinschools，andtheycouldnotbetaughtEnglish。Thebilingualdifficultyisnowatanend。Thetwolanguagesaretaughtintheschools，andaslivinglanguages。Itisclear，ontheonehand，thateveryoneshouldlearnEnglish，thelanguageoftheEmpireandofcommerce。Itisalsoclearthat，onaccountofitsownbeautyaswellasthatofthegreatliteratureitenshrines，WelshshouldbetaughtineveryschoolthroughoutWales。
Nexttoitsunity，acharacteristicofmodernWalesisitsdemocraticfeeling。Itisacountrywithathoughtfulandintelligentpeasantry，anditisacountrywithoutamiddleclass。Thereisaverysmallupperclass——theoldWelshland—owningfamilieswhoonce，beforetheyturnedtheirbacksonWelshliterature，ledthecountry。
Theyhaveneverbeenhatedordespised，theyaresimplyignored。
Theirtendencynowistocomeintotouchwiththepeople，andtheyarealwayswelcomed。Butamiddleclass，intheEnglishsense，doesnotexist。Thewealthierindustrialclassisboundbytheclosesttiesofsympathytothefarmerandlabourer。Thefarmer’sholdingisgenerallysmall——from50to250acres——andhealwaystreatshisservantsandlabourersasequals。
Thethreegreatlevellingcauses——religion，industry，{5}andeducation——havebeenatworkinWalesinrecentyears。Educationhelpsandishelpedbyequality。IntownandcountryalikeallWelshchildrenattendthesameschools——elementaryandsecondary；andtheyproceed，thosethatdoproceed，tothesameUniversity，andauniversityisessentiallyalevellinginstitution。Thedialects，aswellastheliterarylanguage，arerecognised；andnodialecthasastigma。InthisrespectWalesismorelikeScotlandthanEngland。
ThereisoneothercharacteristicofmodernWales——acertainpride，notsomuchinwhathasbeendone，butinwhatisgoingtobedone。
Walesissmall，thoughnotmuchsmallerthanPalestine，orHolland，orSwitzerland，andeverypartofitknowstheother。Thereisahealthyrivalrybetweenitstownsandbetweenitscolleges；eachtowncanshowthatithasdonesomethingforWalesinthepast——bymeansofitsindustries，orschool，orpress。Inthestrongfeelingofunitythereisambitiontosurpass，andeachpartlivesinthelightoftheactionoftheotherparts。
Thedayisadayofincessantactivity——industrial，educational，literary，andpolitical。Whatistrueinthelifeoftheindividualistrueinthelifeofanation——adayofhardworkisahappydayandadayofhope。
ANOUTLINEOFWELSHPOLITICALHISTORY
INFLUENCESUNDERWHICHTHEHISTORYOFWALESWASFORMED
1。Thenatureofitsrocks——Igneous，Cambrian，Silurian，OldRedSandstone，Limestone，Coal——allbelongingtothePrimaryPeriod。Itsrocks（a）explainitsscenery；
（b）explainitswealth，therichestpartofBritaininminerals。
2。Theconfigurationofitssurface。
（a）Itisisolated，itsmountainsbeingsurroundedbythesea，orrisingsharplyfromtheplains。ItispartoftherangeofmountainswhichrunsalongthewholeofthewestcoastofBritain；buttherangeisbrokenatthemouthoftheSevernandatthemouthoftheDee。
（b）Itisdivided，itsvalleysandroadsradiatinginalldirections。SowehaveinitshistoryA。WarsofIndependence。
B。CivilWar。
THEPEOPLEWHOCAMEINTOWALES
1。TheIberians——ageneralnamefortheshortdarkpeoplewhostillformthegreaterpartofthenations。Theyhadstoneweapons，andlivedintribes；theybecamesubjecttolaterinvaders，butgraduallybecamefree。Theirlanguageislost。
2。TheCelts——atallfair—hairedrace，speakinganAryantongue。ItwastheirmigrationthatwasstoppedbytheriseofRome。Fourgroupsofmountains，fournations（CelticandIberian），fourmediaevalkingdoms，andfourmoderndiocesescanberememberedthus：
i。SnowdoniaDecangiGwyneddBangorii。BerwynOrdovicesPowysStAsaphiii。PlinlimmonDemetaeDyvedStDavid’siv。BlackMountainsSiluresMorgannwgLlandaff3。TheRomans。Theymaderoads，builtcities，workedmines。
50—78。TheConquest。TheSiluresweredefeatedin50，theDecangiin58，theOrdovicesin78。
80—200。TheSettlement。WalespartofaRomanprovinceincludingChesterandYork。
200—450。Thestruggleagainstthenewwanderingnations。TheintroductionofChristianity。
450—TheHouseofCuneddarepresentsRomanrule。
4。TheEnglish。
577。BattleofDeorham。WalesseparatedfromCornwall。
613。BattleofChester。WalesseparatedfromCumbria。
I。THEWALESOFTHEPRINCES
IsolatedafterthebattlesofDeorhamandChester，mediaevalWalesbeginstomakeitsownhistory。TheHouseofCuneddarepresentsunity，theotherprincesrepresentindependence。English，Danish，Normanattacksfromwithout。
1。613—1063。ThestrugglebetweentheWelshprincesandtheEnglishprovincialkings。FromthebattleofChestertothefallofGriffithapLlywelyn。
（a）BetweenWalesandNorthumbria，613—700；forthesovereigntyofthenorth。Cadwallon，Cadwaladrv。Edwin，Oswald，Oswiu。
（b）BetweenWalesandMercia，700—815；forthevalleyoftheSevern。
RhodriMolwynogandhissonsv。EthelbaldandOffa。
（c）BetweenWalesandtheDanes，815—1000。RhodritheGreatandHoweltheGood。
（d）BetweenWalesandWessex，1000—1063；forpoliticalinfluence。
GriffithapLlywelynv。Harold。
2。1063—1284。ThestrugglebetweentheWelshprincesandthecentralEnglishkings。
（a）1066—1137。TheNormanConquest。Normanbaronsv。GriffithapConanandGriffithapRees。
1063。BleddynofPowystriestouniteWales。
1070。WilliamtheConqueroratChester。AdvanceofNormanbaronsfromChester，Shrewsbury，Hereford，Gloucester。
1075。DeathofBleddyn；succeededbyTrahaiarn。
1077。BattleofMynyddCarn。RestorationofHouseofCunedda——
GriffithapConaninthenorth；Rees，followedbyhissonGriffith，inthesouth。
1094。NormancastlesdominatePowys，Gwent，Morgannwg，andDyved。
GwyneddandDeheubarththreatened。
1137。DeathofGriffithapConanandGriffithapRees，aftersettingboundstotheNormanConquest。
（b）1137—1197。ThestruggleagainstHenryII。andhissons。
1137。TheaccessionofOwenGwyneddandoftheLordReesoftheDeheubarth。
1157。HenryII。interferesinthequarrelofOwenandCadwaladr。
1564。TheCisterciansatStrataFlorida。
1164。MeetingofOwenGwynedd，theLordRees，andOwenCyveiliogatCorwen，toopposeHenryII。
1170。DeathofOwenGwynedd。
1188。PreachingoftheCrusadesinWales。
1189。DeathofHenryII。
1197。DeathoftheLordRees。
（c）1194—1240。ThereignofLlywelyntheGreat。
1194—1201。SecuringthecrownofGwynedd。
1201—1208。AlliancewithKingJohn。
1208—1212。WarwithJohn。
1212—1218。AlliancewithbaronsofMagnaCarta。
1218—1226。StrugglewiththeMarshallsofPembroke。
1226—1240。UnityofWales：alliancewithMarshalls。
（d）1240—1284。TheWarsofIndependence。
1241。DavidII。doeshomagetoHenryIII。
1244。DeathofGriffith，intryingtoescapefromtheTowerofLondon。
1245。FiercefightingontheConway。
1254。Edward（afterwardsEdwardI。）EarlofChester。
1255。LlywelynapGriffithsupremeinGwynedd。
1263。AlliancewiththeEnglishbarons。
1267。TreatyofMontgomery；LlywelynPrinceofWales。
1274。LlywelynrefusestodohomagetoEdwardI。
1277。TreatyofRhuddlan；LlywelynkeepsGwyneddonly。
1278。LlywelynmarriesEleanordeMontfort。
1282。Lastwar。BattleofMoelyDon。Llywelyn’sdeath。
1284。StatuteofWales。
3。1284—1535。Theruleofsheriffandmarchlord。
1287。RevoltofCeredigion。
1294。RevoltsInGwynedd，Dyved，Morgannwg。
1315。RevoltofLlywelynBren。
1349。TheBlackDeathinWales。
1400。RiseofOwenGlendower。
1402。BattlesoftheVyrnwyandBrynGlas。
1404。Anti—Welshlegislation。
1455。TheWarsoftheRoses。
1461。BattleofMortimer’sCross。
1468。SiegeofHarlech。
1469。BattleofEdgecote。
1478。CourtofWalesatLudlow。
1485。BattleofBosworthandaccessionofHenryVII。
1535。ActofUnion。AllWalesgovernedbykingthroughsheriffs。
II。THEWALESOFTHEPEOPLE。
In1535themarchlordshipswereformedintoshires，andareignoflawbegan。
1535—1603。PeriodofloyaltytoTudorsovereigns——forequalitybeforelawandpoliticalrights。
1536。Themarchlordshipsbecomeshireground。WalesgivenarepresentationinParliament，anditsownsystemoflawcourts——theGreatSessionsofWales。
1539。WelshpassiveresistancetotheReformation。
1567。SirThomasMiddletonopenssilverminesofCardiganshire。
1588。BishopMorgan’sWelshBible。
1593。ExecutionofJohnPenry。
Results1。Destructionofpowerofbarons。
2。Anglicisingofgentry。
3。AWelshBible。
1603—1689。Strugglebetweennewandoldideas。
1618。CoalofSouthWalesattractsattention。
1640。FirstCivilWar。
1644。BreretonandMyddletonwinNorthWales，LaugharneandPoyerwinSouthWales，forParliament。
1648。SecondCivilWar：siegeofPembroke。
1650。Puritan\"ActforthebetterPropagationoftheGospelinWales。\"
1670。VavasourPowelldiesinprison。
1689。AbolitionoftheCourtofWales。
1689—1894。RiseoftheWelshdemocracy。
1719。CopperworksatSwansea。
1730。GriffithJones’circulatingschools。
1750。IronfurnacesatMerthyrTydvil。
1773。DeathofHowelHarris。
1814。DeathofCharlesofBala。
1830。AbolitionofGreatSessionsofWales。
1832。FirstReformBill。
1839。ChartismatLlanidloesandNewport。
1867。SecondReformBill。
1872，1883，1884。UniversityColleges。
1884。ThirdReformBill。
1888。CountyCouncilAct。
1889。SecondaryEducationAct。
1894。LocalGovernmentAct。UniversityofWales。
THEHOUSEOFCUNEDDA
TABLEI
CUNEDDAWLEDIG（DuxBritanniae）。
MAELGWNGWYNEDD
CADWALADR
Idwal
RhodriMolwynog
ConanTindaethwy
Esyllt=Mervin
RHODRITHEGREAT
AnarawdCadellMervinHOWELTHE
IdwaltheGOOD
Bald
IagoOwen？
Conan{6}Einion
（SeeTableMeredithII。）Cadell
LLYWELYNABSEISYLLT=Angharad*=CynvynTewdwr{6}
（SeeTable
III。）
GRIFFITHBLEDDYNRhiwallon（SeeTableIV。）
TABLEII——GWYNEDD
GRIFFITHAPCONAN
OWENGWYNEDDCadwaladrGwenllian=G。apRees
IorwerthDAVIDI。
LLYWELYNTHEGREAT
GriffithDAVIDII。
Eleanorde=LLYWELYNOwenDavidRhodriMontfortTHELASTtheRed
ThomasGwenllian
OwenofWalesTABLEIII——DYNEVOR
REESAPTUDOR
GRIFFITHNest
THELORDREES
GRIFFITHReestheHoarseTABLEIV——POWYS
BLEDDYNAPCYNVYN
MEREDITHCADWGAN
IORWERTH
OwenofPowys
MADOCOWENCYVEILIOG
GriffithMaelorGRIFFITH
MadocGWENWYNWYN
GriffithofBromfield
MadocGriffithVychan
Madoc
Griffith
GriffithVychan
OWENGLENDOWER。
TABLEV——MORTIMER
LLYWELYNTHEGREAT
GladystheDark=RalphMortimerofWigmore
RogerMortimer=MatildadeBraose
EdmundRogerofChirk
Roger，firstEarlofMarchEDWARDIII。
Edmund
Roger，secondEarlLionelofJohnofEdmundofofMarchClarenceGauntYork
Edmund，thirdEarlofMarch=Philipa
RogerEdmund=d。ofGlendower
EdmundAnne=Richard，EarlofCambridge
Richard，DukeofYork（killedatWakefield，1460）
EDWARDIVRICHARDIII
（killedatBosworth，1485）
HenryVII。=Elizabeth
HENRYVIII
TABLEVI——TUDOR
EDWARDIII。
JohnofGaunt
——————————————————
HENRYIV。JohnBeaufortI。，EarlofSomerset
OwenTudor=CatherineofFrance=HENRYV。JohnBeaufortII。，DukeofSomersetHENRYVI。
EdmundTudor，EarlofRichmond=MargaretBeaufort
HENRYVII。
HENRYVIII。
EDWARDVI。MARYELIZABETH
APPENDIXA——PARLIAMENTARYREFORMINWALES
BytheActof1535。BytheActof1832。
GLAMORGAN1CountyMember2CountyMembers1MemberforCardiff1MemberforCardiff，Cowbridge，andLlantrisant1MemberforSwansea，Loughor，Neath，Aberavon，andKenfig。
1MemberforMerthyrTydvil。
MONMOUTH2CountyMembers2CountyMembers1MemberforMonmouth1MemberforMonmouthCARMARTHEN1CountyMember2CountyMembers1MemberforCarmarthen1MemberforCarmarthenandLlanellyPEMBROKE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforPembroke1MemberforPembroke，1MemberforTenby，Wiston，MilfordHaverfordwest。1MemberforHaverfordwest，Narberth，FishguardCARDIGANSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforCardigan1MemberforCardigan，Aberystwyth，Adpar，andLampeterBRECONSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforBrecon1MemberforBreconRADNORSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforRadnor1MemberforRadnor，Knighton，Rhayadr，Cefnllys，Knucklas，PresteignMONTGOMERYSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforMontgomery1MemberforMontgomery，Llanidloes，Machynlleth，Newtown，Welshpool，LlanfyllinMERIONETHSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMemberDENBIGHSHIRE1CountyMember2CountyMembers1MemberforDenbigh1MemberforDenbigh，Ruthin，Holt，WrexhamFLINTSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforFlint1MemberforFlint，Rhuddlan，StAsaph，Mold，Holywell，Caerwys，Caergwrle，OvertonCARNARVONSHIRE1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforCarnarvon1MemberforCarnarvon，Conway，Bangor，Nevin，Pwllheli，CricciethANGLESEY1CountyMember1CountyMember1MemberforBeaumaris1MemberforBeaumaris，Llangefni，Amlwch，andHolyheadFootnotes：
{1}Mihangel=Michael。LlanFihangel=SiMichael’s。
{2}Mair=Mary。LlanFair=StMary’s。
{3}About1291theabbeysofAberconwayandStrataMarcellahadoverahundredcowseach，Whitlandoverathousandsheep，andBasingwerkovertwothousand。
{4}Accordingtothecensusof1901thepopulationpersquaremileofGlamorganis758，Monmouth427，Carmarthen141，Brecon73，Radnor49，Cardigan88，Montgomery68，Merioneth74，Denbigh197，Carnarvon217，Flint319，Pembroke143，Anglesey183。
Therateofincreasepercent。between1891and1901are——Wales13。3；
England12。1；Scotland11。1；Ireland——5。2。
{5}In1801thepopulationofCardiffwas1870，andcoalwasbroughtdownfromMerthyrondonkeys。In1901thethreeportsofCardiff，Newport，andSwanseaexportednearlyasmuchcoalasallthegreatEnglishandScotchportsputtogether。
{6}ThelinksbetweentheHouseofCuneddaandthethreerulingfamiliesaftertheNormanConquestrestontheauthorityoftraditionratherthanonthatofrecords。