FROMthecontrarietyofsomeofthenaturalfacultiesofthemind，onetoanother，asalsoofonepassiontoanother，andfromtheirreferencetoconversation，therehasbeenanargumenttakentoinferanimpossibilitythatanyonemanshouldbesufficientlydisposedtoallsortsofcivilduty。Theseverityofjudgement，theysay，makesmencensoriousandunapttopardontheerrorsandinfirmitiesofothermen：andontheotherside，celerityoffancymakesthethoughtslesssteadythanisnecessarytodiscernexactlybetweenrightandwrong。Again，inalldeliberations，andinallpleadings，thefacultyofsolidreasoningisnecessary：forwithoutit，theresolutionsofmenarerash，andtheirsentencesunjust：andyetiftherebenotpowerfuleloquence，whichprocurethattentionandconsent，theeffectofreasonwillbelittle。Butthesearecontraryfaculties；theformerbeinggroundeduponprinciplesoftruth；theotheruponopinionsalreadyreceived，trueorfalse；anduponthepassionsandinterestsofmen，whicharedifferentandmutable。
Andamongstthepassions，couragebywhichImeanthecontemptofwoundsandviolentdeathinclinethmentoprivaterevenges，andsometimestoendeavourtheunsettlingofthepublicpeace：andtimorousnessmanytimesdisposethtothedesertionofthepublicdefence。Boththese，theysay，cannotstandtogetherinthesameperson。
Andtoconsiderthecontrarietyofmen’sopinionsandmannersingeneral，itis，theysay，impossibletoentertainaconstantcivilamitywithallthosewithwhomthebusinessoftheworldconstrainsustoconverse：whichbusinessconsistethalmostinnothingelsebutaperpetualcontentionforhonour，riches，andauthority。
TowhichIanswerthattheseareindeedgreatdifficulties，butnotimpossibilities：forbyeducationanddiscipline，theymaybe，andaresometimes，reconciled。Judgementandfancymayhaveplaceinthesameman；butbyturns；astheendwhichheaimethatrequireth。AstheIsraelitesinEgyptweresometimesfastenedtotheirlabourofmakingbricks，andothertimeswererangingabroadtogatherstraw：soalsomaythejudgementsometimesbefixedupononecertainconsideration，andthefancyatanothertimewanderingabouttheworld。Soalsoreasonandeloquencethoughnotperhapsinthenaturalsciences，yetinthemoralmaystandverywelltogether。Forwheresoeverthereisplaceforadorningandpreferringoferror，thereismuchmoreplaceforadorningandpreferringoftruth，iftheyhaveittoadorn。Noristhereanyrepugnancybetweenfearingthelaws，andnotfearingapublicenemy；norbetweenabstainingfrominjury，andpardoningitinothers。Thereisthereforenosuchinconsistenceofhumannaturewithcivilduties，assomethink。Ihaveknownclearnessofjudgement，andlargenessoffancy；strengthofreason，andgracefulelocution；acourageforthewar，andafearforthelaws，andalleminentlyinoneman；andthatwasmymostnobleandhonouredfriend，Mr。SidneyGodolphin；who，hatingnoman，norhatedofany，wasunfortunatelyslaininthebeginningofthelatecivilwar，inthepublicquarrel，byanundiscernedandanundiscerninghand。
TotheLawsofNaturedeclaredinthefifteenthChapter，Iwouldhavethisadded：thateverymanisboundbynature，asmuchasinhimlieth，toprotectinwartheauthoritybywhichheishimselfprotectedintimeofpeace。Forhethatpretendetharightofnaturetopreservehisownbody，cannotpretendarightofnaturetodestroyhimbywhosestrengthheispreserved：itisamanifestcontradictionofhimself。Andthoughthislawmaybedrawnbyconsequencefromsomeofthosethataretherealreadymentioned，yetthetimesrequiretohaveitinculcatedandremembered。
AndbecauseIfindbydiverseEnglishbookslatelyprintedthatthecivilwarshavenotyetsufficientlytaughtmeninwhatpointoftimeitisthatasubjectbecomesobligedtotheconqueror；norwhatisconquest；norhowitcomesaboutthatitobligesmentoobeyhislaws：thereforeforfurthersatisfactionofmentherein，Isay，thepointoftimewhereinamanbecomessubjecttoaconqueroristhatpointwherein，havinglibertytosubmittohim，heconsenteth，eitherbyexpresswordsorbyothersufficientsign，tobehissubject。Whenitisthatamanhaththelibertytosubmit，Ihaveshownbeforeintheendofthetwenty-firstChapter；namely，thatforhimthathathnoobligationtohisformersovereignbutthatofanordinarysubject，itisthenwhenthemeansofhislifeiswithintheguardsandgarrisonsoftheenemy；foritisthenthathehathnolongerprotectionfromhim，butisprotectedbytheadversepartyforhiscontribution。Seeingthereforesuchcontributioniseverywhere，asathinginevitable，notwithstandingitbeanassistancetotheenemy，esteemedlawful；atotalsubmission，whichisbutanassistancetotheenemy，cannotbeesteemedunlawful。Besides，ifamanconsiderthattheysubmit，assisttheenemybutwithpartoftheirestates，whereastheythatrefuse，assisthimwiththewhole，thereisnoreasontocalltheirsubmissionorcompositionanassistance，butratheradetriment，totheenemy。Butifaman，besidestheobligationofasubject，hathtakenuponhimanewobligationofasoldier，thenhehathnotthelibertytosubmittoanewpower，aslongastheoldonekeepsthefieldandgivethhimmeansofsubsistence，eitherinhisarmiesorgarrisons：forinthiscase，hecannotcomplainofwantofprotectionandmeanstoliveasasoldier。Butwhenthatalsofails，asoldieralsomayseekhisprotectionwheresoeverhehasmosthopetohaveit，andmaylawfullysubmithimselftohisnewmaster。Andsomuchforthetimewhenhemaydoitlawfully，ifhewill。Itthereforehedoit，heisundoubtedlyboundtobeatruesubject：foracontractlawfullymadecannotlawfullybebroken。
Bythisalsoamanmayunderstandwhenitisthatmenmaybesaidtobeconquered；andinwhatthenatureofconquest，andtherightofaconquerorconsisteth：forthissubmissionisitimplieththemall。
Conquestisnotthevictoryitself；buttheacquisition，byvictory，ofarightoverthepersonsofmen。Hethereforethatisslainisovercome，butnotconquered：hethatistakenandputintoprisonorchainsisnotconquered，thoughovercome；forheisstillanenemy，andmaysavehimselfifhecan：buthethatuponpromiseofobediencehathhislifeandlibertyallowedhim，isthenconqueredandasubject；andnotbefore。TheRomansusedtosaythattheirgeneralhadpacifiedsuchaprovince，thatistosay，inEnglish，conqueredit；andthatthecountrywaspacifiedbyvictorywhenthepeopleofithadpromisedimperatafacere，thatis，todowhattheRomanpeoplecommandedthem：thiswastobeconquered。Butthispromisemaybeeitherexpressortacit：express，bypromise；tacit，byothersigns。
As，forexample，amanthathathnotbeencalledtomakesuchanexpresspromise，becauseheisonewhosepowerperhapsisnotconsiderable；yetifheliveundertheirprotectionopenly，heisunderstoodtosubmithimselftothegovernment：butifhelivetheresecretly，heisliabletoanythingthatmaybedonetoaspyandenemyofthestate。Isaynot，hedoesanyinjusticeforactsofopenhostilitybearnotthatname；butthathemaybejustlyputtodeath。
Likewise，ifaman，whenhiscountryisconquered，beoutofit，heisnotconquered，norsubject：butifathisreturnhesubmittothegovernment，heisboundtoobeyit。Sothatconquest，todefineit，istheacquiringoftherightofsovereigntybyvictory。Whichrightisacquiredinthepeople’ssubmission，bywhichtheycontractwiththevictor，promisingobedience，forlifeandliberty。
Inthetwenty-ninthChapterIhavesetdownforoneofthecausesofthedissolutionsofCommonwealthstheirimperfectgeneration，consistinginthewantofanabsoluteandarbitrarylegislativepower；
forwantwhereof，thecivilsovereignisfaintohandletheswordofjusticeunconstantly，andasifitweretoohotforhimtohold：onereasonwhereofwhichIhavenottherementionedisthis，thattheywillallofthemjustifythewarbywhichtheirpowerwasatfirstgotten，andwhereon，astheythink，theirrightdependeth，andnotonthepossession。Asif，forexample，therightofthekingsofEnglanddiddependonthegoodnessofthecauseofWilliamtheConqueror，andupontheirlinealanddirectestdescentfromhim；bywhichmeans，therewouldperhapsbenotieofthesubjects’
obediencetotheirsovereignatthisdayinalltheworld：whereinwhilsttheyneedlesslythinktojustifythemselves，theyjustifyallthesuccessfulrebellionsthatambitionshallatanytimeraiseagainstthemandtheirsuccessors。ThereforeIputdownforoneofthemosteffectualseedsofthedeathofanystate，thattheconquerorsrequirenotonlyasubmissionofmen’sactionstothemforthefuture，butalsoanapprobationofalltheiractionspast；whenthereisscarceaCommonwealthintheworldwhosebeginningscaninconsciencebejustified。
Andbecausethenameoftyrannysignifiethnothingmorenorlessthanthenameofsovereignty，beitinoneormanymen，savingthattheythatusetheformerwordareunderstoodtobeangrywiththemtheycalltyrants；IthinkthetolerationofaprofessedhatredoftyrannyisatolerationofhatredtoCommonwealthingeneral，andanotherevilseed，notdifferingmuchfromtheformer。Fortothejustificationofthecauseofaconqueror，thereproachofthecauseoftheconqueredisforthemostpartnecessary：butneitherofthemnecessaryfortheobligationoftheconquered。AndthusmuchIhavethoughtfittosayuponthereviewofthefirstandsecondpartofthisdiscourse。
Inthethirty-fifthChapter，IhavesufficientlydeclaredoutoftheScripturethatintheCommonwealthoftheJews，GodHimselfwasmadetheSovereign，bypactwiththepeople；whowerethereforecalledHis“peculiarpeople，“todistinguishthemfromtherestoftheworld，overwhomGodreigned，notbytheirconsent，butbyHisownpower：andthatinthiskingdomMoseswasGod’slieutenantonearth；andthatitwashethattoldthemwhatlawsGodappointedthemtoberuledby。ButIhaveomittedtosetdownwhoweretheofficersappointedtodoexecution；especiallyincapitalpunishments；notthenthinkingitamatterofsonecessaryconsiderationasIfinditsince。
WeknowthatgenerallyinallCommonwealths，theexecutionofcorporealpunishmentswaseitherputupontheguards，orothersoldiersofthesovereignpower，orgiventothoseinwhomwantofmeans，contemptofhonour，andhardnessofheartconcurredtomakethemsueforsuchanoffice。ButamongsttheIsraelitesitwasapositivelawofGodtheirSovereignthathethatwasconvictedofacapitalcrimeshouldbestonedtodeathbythepeople；andthatthewitnessesshouldcastthefirststone，andafterthewitnesses，thentherestofthepeople。Thiswasalawthatdesignedwhoweretobetheexecutioners；butnotthatanyoneshouldthrowastoneathimbeforeconvictionandsentence，wherethecongregationwasjudge。
Thewitnesseswereneverthelesstobeheardbeforetheyproceededtoexecution，unlessthefactwerecommittedinthepresenceofthecongregationitself，orinsightofthelawfuljudges；forthenthereneedednootherwitnessesbutthejudgesthemselves。
Nevertheless，thismannerofproceeding，beingnotthoroughlyunderstood，hathgivenoccasiontoadangerousopinion，thatanymanmaykillanother，insomecases，byarightofzeal；asiftheexecutionsdoneuponoffendersinthekingdomofGodinoldtimeproceedednotfromthesovereigncommand，butfromtheauthorityofprivatezeal：which，ifweconsiderthetextsthatseemtofavourit，isquitecontrary。
First，wheretheLevitesfelluponthepeoplethathadmadeandworshippedthegoldencalf，andslewthreethousandofthem，itwasbythecommandmentofMosesfromthemouthofGod；asismanifest，Exodus，32。27。AndwhenthesonofawomanofIsraelhadblasphemedGod，theythathearditdidnotkillhim，butbroughthimbeforeMoses，whoputhimundercustody，tillGodshouldgivesentenceagainsthim；asappears，Leviticus，24。11，12。Again，whenPhinehaskilledZimriandCozbi，*itwasnotbyrightofprivatezeal：theircrimewascommittedinthesightoftheassembly；thereneedednowitness；thelawwasknown，andhetheheirapparenttothesovereignty；and，whichistheprincipalpoint，thelawfulnessofhisactdependedwhollyuponasubsequentratificationbyMoses，whereofhehadnocausetodoubt。AndthispresumptionofafutureratificationissometimesnecessarytothesafetyofaCommonwealth；