Seventhly，isannexedtothesovereigntythewholepowerofprescribingtheruleswherebyeverymanmayknowwhatgoodshemayenjoy，andwhatactionshemaydo，withoutbeingmolestedbyanyofhisfellowsubjects：andthisisitmencallpropriety。Forbeforeconstitutionofsovereignpower，ashathalreadybeenshown，allmenhadrighttoallthings，whichnecessarilycausethwar：andthereforethispropriety，beingnecessarytopeace，anddependingonsovereignpower，istheactofthatpower，inordertothepublicpeace。Theserulesofproprietyormeumandtuumandofgood，evil，lawful，andunlawfulintheactionsofsubjectsarethecivillaws；thatistosay，thelawsofeachCommonwealthinparticular；
thoughthenameofcivillawbenowrestrainedtotheancientcivillawsofthecityofRome；whichbeingtheheadofagreatpartoftheworld，herlawsatthattimewereinthesepartsthecivillaw。
Eighthly，isannexedtothesovereigntytherightofjudicature；
thatistosay，ofhearinganddecidingallcontroversieswhichmayariseconcerninglaw，eithercivilornatural，orconcerningfact。Forwithoutthedecisionofcontroversies，thereisnoprotectionofonesubjectagainsttheinjuriesofanother；thelawsconcerningmeumandtuumareinvain，andtoeverymanremaineth，fromthenaturalandnecessaryappetiteofhisownconservation，therightofprotectinghimselfbyhisprivatestrength，whichistheconditionofwar，andcontrarytotheendforwhicheveryCommonwealthisinstituted。
Ninthly，isannexedtothesovereigntytherightofmakingwarandpeacewithothernationsandCommonwealths；thatistosay，ofjudgingwhenitisforthepublicgood，andhowgreatforcesaretobeassembled，armed，andpaidforthatend，andtolevymoneyuponthesubjectstodefraytheexpensesthereof。Forthepowerbywhichthepeoplearetobedefendedconsistethintheirarmies，andthestrengthofanarmyintheunionoftheirstrengthunderonecommand；whichcommandthesovereigninstituted，thereforehath，becausethecommandofthemilitia，withoutotherinstitution，makethhimthathathitsovereign。Andtherefore，whosoeverismadegeneralofanarmy，hethathaththesovereignpowerisalwaysgeneralissimo。
Tenthly，isannexedtothesovereigntythechoosingofallcounsellors，ministers，magistrates，andofficers，bothinpeaceandwar。Forseeingthesovereignischargedwiththeend，whichisthecommonpeaceanddefence，heisunderstoodtohavepowertousesuchmeansasheshallthinkmostfitforhisdischarge。
Eleventhly，tothesovereigniscommittedthepowerofrewardingwithrichesorhonour；andofpunishingwithcorporalorpecuniarypunishment，orwithignominy，everysubjectaccordingtothelawhehathformerlymade；oriftherebenolawmade，accordingasheshalljudgemosttoconducetotheencouragingofmentoservetheCommonwealth，ordeterringofthemfromdoingdisservicetothesame。
Lastly，consideringwhatvaluesmenarenaturallyapttosetuponthemselves，whatrespecttheylookforfromothers，andhowlittletheyvalueothermen；fromwhencecontinuallyariseamongstthem，emulation，quarrels，factions，andatlastwar，tothedestroyingofoneanother，anddiminutionoftheirstrengthagainstacommonenemy；itisnecessarythattherebelawsofhonour，andapublicrateoftheworthofsuchmenashavedeservedorareabletodeservewelloftheCommonwealth，andthattherebeforceinthehandsofsomeorothertoputthoselawsinexecution。Butithathalreadybeenshownthatnotonlythewholemilitia，orforcesoftheCommonwealth，butalsothejudicatureofallcontroversies，isannexedtothesovereignty。Tothesovereignthereforeitbelongedalsotogivetitlesofhonour，andtoappointwhatorderofplaceanddignityeachmanshallhold，andwhatsignsofrespectinpublicorprivatemeetingstheyshallgivetooneanother。
Thesearetherightswhichmaketheessenceofsovereignty，andwhicharethemarkswherebyamanmaydiscerninwhatman，orassemblyofmen，thesovereignpowerisplacedandresideth。Fortheseareincommunicableandinseparable。Thepowertocoinmoney，todisposeoftheestateandpersonsofinfantheirs，tohavepre-emptioninmarkets，andallotherstatuteprerogativesmaybetransferredbythesovereign，andyetthepowertoprotecthissubjectsberetained。Butifhetransferthemilitia，heretainsthejudicatureinvain，forwantofexecutionofthelaws；orifhegrantawaythepowerofraisingmoney，themilitiaisinvain；orifhegiveawaythegovernmentofdoctrines，menwillbefrightedintorebellionwiththefearofspirits。Andsoifweconsideranyoneofthesaidrights，weshallpresentlyseethattheholdingofalltherestwillproducenoeffectintheconservationofpeaceandjustice，theendforwhichallCommonwealthsareinstituted。Andthisdivisionisitwhereofitissaid，akingdomdividedinitselfcannotstand：forunlessthisdivisionprecede，divisionintooppositearmiescanneverhappen。IftherehadnotfirstbeenanopinionreceivedofthegreatestpartofEnglandthatthesepowersweredividedbetweentheKingandtheLordsandtheHouseofCommons，thepeoplehadneverbeendividedandfallenintothisCivilWar；firstbetweenthosethatdisagreedinpolitics，andafterbetweenthedissentersaboutthelibertyofreligion，whichhavesoinstructedmeninthispointofsovereignrightthattherebefewnowinEnglandthatdonotseethattheserightsareinseparable，andwillbesogenerallyacknowledgedatthenextreturnofpeace；andsocontinue，tilltheirmiseriesareforgotten，andnolonger，exceptthevulgarbebettertaughtthantheyhavehithertobeen。
Andbecausetheyareessentialandinseparablerights，itfollowsnecessarilythatinwhatsoeverwordsanyofthemseemtobegrantedaway，yetifthesovereignpoweritselfbenotindirecttermsrenouncedandthenameofsovereignnomoregivenbythegranteestohimthatgrantsthem，thegrantisvoid：forwhenhehasgrantedallhecan，ifwegrantbackthesovereignty，allisrestored，asinseparablyannexedthereunto。
Thisgreatauthoritybeingindivisible，andinseparablyannexedtothesovereignty，thereislittlegroundfortheopinionofthemthatsayofsovereignkings，thoughtheybesingulismajores，ofgreaterpowerthaneveryoneoftheirsubjects，yettheybeuniversisminores，oflesspowerthanthemalltogether。Forifbyalltogether，theymeannotthecollectivebodyasoneperson，thenalltogetherandeveryonesignifythesame；andthespeechisabsurd。Butifbyalltogether，theyunderstandthemasonepersonwhichpersonthesovereignbears，thenthepowerofalltogetheristhesamewiththesovereign’spower；andsoagainthespeechisabsurd：whichabsurditytheyseewellenoughwhenthesovereigntyisinanassemblyofthepeople；butinamonarchtheyseeitnot；andyetthepowerofsovereigntyisthesameinwhomsoeveritbeplaced。
Andasthepower，soalsothehonourofthesovereign，oughttobegreaterthanthatofanyorallthesubjects。Forinthesovereigntyisthefountainofhonour。Thedignitiesoflord，earl，duke，andprincearehiscreatures。Asinthepresenceofthemaster，theservantsareequal，andwithoutanyhonouratall；soarethesubjects，inthepresenceofthesovereign。Andthoughtheyshinesomemore，someless，whentheyareoutofhissight；yetinhispresence，theyshinenomorethanthestarsinpresenceofthesun。
Butamanmayhereobjectthattheconditionofsubjectsisverymiserable，asbeingobnoxioustothelustsandotherirregularpassionsofhimorthemthathavesounlimitedapowerintheirhands。
Andcommonlytheythatliveunderamonarchthinkitthefaultofmonarchy；andtheythatliveunderthegovernmentofdemocracy，orothersovereignassembly，attributealltheinconveniencetothatformofCommonwealth；whereasthepowerinallforms，iftheybeperfectenoughtoprotectthem，isthesame：notconsideringthattheestateofmancanneverbewithoutsomeincommodityorother；andthatthegreatestthatinanyformofgovernmentcanpossiblyhappentothepeopleingeneralisscarcesensible，inrespectofthemiseriesandhorriblecalamitiesthataccompanyacivilwar，orthatdissoluteconditionofmasterlessmenwithoutsubjectiontolawsandacoercivepowertotietheirhandsfromrapineandrevenge：norconsideringthatthegreatestpressureofsovereigngovernorsproceedeth，notfromanydelightorprofittheycanexpectinthedamageweakeningoftheirsubjects，inwhosevigourconsisteththeirownstrengthandglory，butintherestivenessofthemselvesthat，unwillinglycontributingtotheirowndefence，makeitnecessaryfortheirgovernorstodrawfromthemwhattheycanintimeofpeacethattheymayhavemeansonanyemergentoccasion，orsuddenneed，toresistortakeadvantageontheirenemies。Forallmenarebynatureprovidedofnotablemultiplyingglassesthatistheirpassionsandself-lovethroughwhicheverylittlepaymentappearethagreatgrievance，butaredestituteofthoseprospectiveglassesnamelymoralandcivilsciencetoseeafaroffthemiseriesthathangoverthemandcannotwithoutsuchpaymentsbeavoided。
OFTHESEVERALKINDSOFCOMMONWEALTHBYINSTITUTION，ANDOFSUCCESSIONTOTHESOVEREIGNPOWER
THEdifferenceofCommonwealthsconsistethinthedifferenceofthesovereign，orthepersonrepresentativeofallandeveryoneofthemultitude。Andbecausethesovereigntyiseitherinoneman，orinanassemblyofmorethanone；andintothatassemblyeithereverymanhathrighttoenter，ornoteveryone，butcertainmendistinguishedfromtherest；itismanifesttherecanbebutthreekindsofCommonwealth。Fortherepresentativemustneedsbeoneman，ormore；andifmore，thenitistheassemblyofall，orbutofapart。Whentherepresentativeisoneman，thenistheCommonwealthamonarchy；whenanassemblyofallthatwillcometogether，thenitisademocracy，orpopularCommonwealth；whenanassemblyofapartonly，thenitiscalledanaristocracy。OtherkindofCommonwealththerecanbenone：foreitherone，ormore，orall，musthavethesovereignpowerwhichIhaveshowntobeindivisibleentire。
Therebeothernamesofgovernmentinthehistoriesandbooksofpolicy；astyrannyandoligarchy；buttheyarenotthenamesofotherformsofgovernment，butofthesameformsmisliked。Fortheythatarediscontentedundermonarchycallittyranny；andtheythataredispleasedwitharistocracycallitoligarchy：soalso，theywhichfindthemselvesgrievedunderademocracycallitanarchy，whichsignifieswantofgovernment；andyetIthinknomanbelievesthatwantofgovernmentisanynewkindofgovernment：norbythesamereasonoughttheytobelievethatthegovernmentisofonekindwhentheylikeit，andanotherwhentheymislikeitorareoppressedbythegovernors。
Itismanifestthatmenwhoareinabsolutelibertymay，iftheyplease，giveauthoritytoonemantorepresentthemeveryone，aswellasgivesuchauthoritytoanyassemblyofmenwhatsoever；andconsequentlymaysubjectthemselves，iftheythinkgood，toamonarchasabsolutelyastootherrepresentative。Therefore，wherethereisalreadyerectedasovereignpower，therecanbenootherrepresentativeofthesamepeople，butonlytocertainparticularends，bythesovereignlimited。Forthatweretoerecttwosovereigns；
andeverymantohavehispersonrepresentedbytwoactorsthat，byopposingoneanother，mustneedsdividethatpower，whichifmenwillliveinpeaceisindivisible；andtherebyreducethemultitudeintotheconditionofwar，contrarytotheendforwhichallsovereigntyisinstituted。Andthereforeasitisabsurdtothinkthatasovereignassembly，invitingthepeopleoftheirdominiontosenduptheirdeputieswithpowertomakeknowntheiradviceordesiresshouldthereforeholdsuchdeputies，ratherthanthemselves，fortheabsoluterepresentativeofthepeople；soitisabsurdalsotothinkthesameinamonarchy。AndIknownothowthissomanifestatruthshouldoflatebesolittleobserved：thatinamonarchyhethathadthesovereigntyfromadescentofsixhundredyearswasalonecalledsovereign，hadthetitleofMajestyfromeveryoneofhissubjects，andwasunquestionablytakenbythemfortheirking，wasnotwithstandingneverconsideredastheirrepresentative；thatnamewithoutcontradictionpassingforthetitleofthosemenwhichathiscommandweresentupbythepeopletocarrytheirpetitionsandgivehim，ifhepermittedit，theiradvice。Whichmayserveasanadmonitionforthosethatarethetrueandabsoluterepresentativeofapeople，toinstructmeninthenatureofthatoffice，andtotakeheedhowtheyadmitofanyothergeneralrepresentationuponanyoccasionwhatsoever，iftheymeantodischargethetrustcommittedtothem。