Ath。Thenastounjusthurtsandgainsalso，supposingtheinjusticetobringgain，ofthesewemayhealasmanyasarecapableofbeinghealed，regardingthemasdiseasesofthesoul；andthecureofinjusticewilltakethefollowingdirection。
Cle。Whatdirection？
Ath。Whenanyonecommitsanyinjustice，smallorgreat，thelawwilladmonishandcompelhimeitherneveratalltodothelikeagain，ornevervoluntarily，oratanyrateinafarlessdegree；andhemustinadditionpayforthehurt。Whethertheendistobeattainedbywordoraction，withpleasureorpain，bygivingortakingawayprivileges，bymeansoffinesorgifts，orinwhatsoeverwaythelawshallproceedtomakeamanhateinjustice，andloveornothatethenatureofthejust-thisisquitethenoblestworkoflaw。Butifthelegislatorseesanyonewhoisincurable，forhimhewillappointalawandapenalty。Heknowsquitewellthattosuchmenthemselvesthereisnoprofitinthecontinuanceoftheirlives，andthattheywoulddoadoublegoodtotherestofmankindiftheywouldtaketheirdeparture，inasmuchastheywouldbeanexampletoothermennottooffend，andtheywouldrelievethecityofbadcitizens。Insuchcases，andinsuchcasesonly，thelegislatoroughttoinflictdeathasthepunishmentofoffences。
Cle。Whatyouhavesaidappearstometobeveryreasonable，butwillyoufavourmebystatingalittlemoreclearlythedifferencebetweenhurtandinjustice，andthevariouscomplicationsofthevoluntaryandinvoluntarywhichenterintothem？
Ath。Iwillendeavourtodoasyouwish：-Concerningthesoul，thusmuchwouldbegenerallysaidandallowed，thatoneelementinhernatureispassion，whichmaybedescribedeitherasastateorapartofher，andishardtobestrivenagainstandcontendedwith，andbyirrationalforceoverturnsmanythings。
Cle。Verytrue。
Ath。Andpleasureisnotthesamewithpassion，buthasanoppositepower，workingherwillbypersuasionandbytheforceofdeceitinallthings。
Cle。Quitetrue。
Ath。Amanmaytrulysaythatignoranceisathirdcauseofcrimes。Ignorance，however，maybeconvenientlydividedbythelegislatorintotwosorts：thereissimpleignorance，whichisthesourceoflighteroffences，anddoubleignorance，whichisaccompaniedbyaconceitofwisdom；andhewhoisundertheinfluenceofthelatterfanciesthatheknowsallaboutmattersofwhichheknowsnothing。Thissecondkindofignorance，whenpossessedofpowerandstrength，willbeheldbythelegislatortobethesourceofgreatandmonstroustimes，butwhenattendedwithweakness，willonlyresultintheerrorsofchildrenandoldmen；andthesehewilltreataserrors，andwillmakelawsaccordinglyforthosewhocommitthem，whichwillbethemildestandmostmercifulofalllaws。
Cle。Youareperfectlyright。
Ath。Weallofusremarkofonemanthatheissuperiortopleasureandpassion，andofanotherthatheisinferiortothem；
andthisistrue。
Cle。Certainly。
Ath。Butnoonewaseveryetheardtosaythatoneofusissuperiorandanotherinferiortoignorance。
Cle。Verytrue。
Ath。Wearespeakingofmotiveswhichincitementothefulfilmentoftheirwill；althoughanindividualmaybeoftendrawnbytheminoppositedirectionsatthesametime。
Cle。Yes，often。
Ath。AndnowIcandefinetoyouclearly，andwithoutambiguity，whatImeanbythejustandunjust，accordingtomynotionofthem：-Whenangerandfear，andpleasureandpain，andjealousiesanddesires，tyrannizeoverthesoul，whethertheydoanyharmornot-I
callallthisinjustice。Butwhentheopinionofthebest，inwhateverpartofhumannaturestatesorindividualsmaysupposethattodwell，hasdominioninthesoulandordersthelifeofeveryman，evenifitbesometimesmistaken，yetwhatisdoneinaccordancetherewith，theprincipleinindividualswhichobeysthisrule，andisbestforthewholelifeofman，istobecalledjust；althoughthehurtdonebymistakeisthoughtbymanytobeinvoluntaryinjustice。Leavingthequestionofnames，aboutwhichwearenotgoingtoquarrel，andhavingalreadydelineatedthreesourcesoferror，wemaybeginbyrecallingthemsomewhatmorevividlytoourmemory：-Oneofthemwasofthepainfulsort，whichwedenominateangerandfear。
Cle。Quiteright。
Ath。Therewasasecondconsistingofpleasuresanddesires，andathirdofhopes，whichaimedattrueopinionaboutthebest。Thelatterbeingsubdividedintothree，wenowgetfivesourcesofactions；andforthesefivewewillmakelawsoftwokinds。
Cle。Whatarethetwokinds？
Ath。Thereisonekindofactionsdonebyviolenceandinthelightofday，andanotherkindofactionswhicharedoneindarknessandwithsecretdeceit，orsometimesbothwithviolenceanddeceit；
thelawsconcerningtheselastoughttohaveacharacterofseverity。
Cle。Naturally。
Ath。Andnowletusreturnfromthisdigressionandcompletetheworkoflegislation。LawshavebeenalreadyenactedbyusconcerningtherobbersoftheGods，andconcerningtraitors，andalsoconcerningthosewhocorruptthelawsforthepurposeofsubvertingthegovernment。Amanmayverylikelycommitsomeofthesecrimes，eitherinastateofmadnessorwhenaffectedbydisease，orundertheinfluenceofextremeoldage，orinafitofchildishwantonness，himselfnobetterthanachild。Andifthisbemadeevidenttothejudgeselectedtotrythecause，ontheappealofthecriminalorhisadvocate，andhebejudgedtohavebeeninthisstatewhenhecommittedtheoffence，heshallsimplypayforthehurtwhichhemayhavedonetoanother；butheshallbeexemptfromotherpenalties，unlesshehaveslainsomeone，andhaveonhishandsthestainofblood。Andinthatcaseheshallgotoanotherlandandcountry，andtheredwellforayear；andifhereturnbeforetheexpirationofthetimewhichthelawappoints，orevensethisfootatallonhisnativeland，heshallbeboundbytheguardiansofthelawinthepublicprisonfortwoyears，andthengofree。
Havingbeguntospeakofhomicide，letusendeavourtolaydownlawsconcerningeverydifferentkindofhomicides，and，firstofall，concerningviolentandinvoluntaryhomicides。Ifanyoneinanathleticcontest，andatthepublicgames，involuntarilykillsafriend，andhedieseitheratthetimeorafterwardsoftheblowswhichhehasreceived；orifthelikemisfortunehappenstoanyoneinwar，ormilitaryexercises，ormimiccontests。ofwhichthemagistratesenjointhepractice，whetherwithorwithoutarms，whenhehasbeenpurifiedaccordingtothelawbroughtfromDelphirelatingtothesematters，heshallbeinnocent。Andsointhecaseofphysicians：
iftheirpatientdiesagainsttheirwill，theyshallbeheldguiltlessbythelaw。Andifoneslayanotherwithhisownhand，butunintentionally，whetherhebeunarmedorhavesomeinstrumentordartinhishand；orifhekillhimbyadministeringfoodordrinkorbytheapplicationoffireorcold，orbysuffocatinghim，whetherhedothedeedbyhisownhand，orbytheagencyofothers，heshallbedeemedtheagent，andshallsufferoneofthefollowingpenalties：-Ifhekilltheslaveofanotherinthebeliefthatheishisown，heshallbearthemasterofthedeadmanharmlessfromloss，orshallpayapenaltyoftwicethevalueofthedeadman，whichthejudgesshallassess；butpurificationsmustbeusedgreaterandmorenumerousthanforthosewhocommittedhomicideatthegames；-whattheyaretobe，theinterpreterswhomtheGodappointsshallbeauthorizedtodeclare。Andifamankillshisownslave，whenhehasbeenpurifiedaccordingtolawsheshallbequitofthehomicide。
Andifamankillsafreemanunintentionally，heshallundergothesamepurificationashedidwhokilledtheslave。Butlethimnotforgetalsoataleofoldentime，whichistothiseffect：-Hewhohassufferedaviolentend，whennewlydead，ifhehashadthesoulofafreemaninlife，isangrywiththeauthorofhisdeath；andbeinghimselffulloffearandpanicbyreasonofhisviolentend，whenheseeshismurdererwalkingaboutinhisownaccustomedhaunts，heisstrickenwithterrorandbecomesdisordered，andthisdisorderofhis，aidedbytheguiltyrecollectionofiscommunicatedbyhimwithoverwhelmingforcetothemurdererandhisdeeds。Whereforealsothemurderermustgooutofthewayofhisvictimfortheentireperiodofayear，andnothimselfbefoundinanyspotwhichwasfamiliartohimthroughoutthecountry。Andifthedeadmanbeastranger，thehomicideshallbekeptfromthecountryofthestrangerduringalikeperiod。Ifanyonevoluntarilyobeysthislaw，thenextofkintothedeceased，seeingallthathashappened，shalltakepityonhim，andmakepeacewithhim，andshowhimallgentleness。Butifanyoneisdisobedient，eitherventurestogotoanyofthetemplesandsacrificeunpurified，orwillnotcontinueinexileduringtheappointedtime，thenextofkintothedeceasedshallproceedagainsthimformurder；andifhebeconvicted，everypartofhispunishmentshallbedoubled。
Andifthenextofkindonotproceedagainsttheperpetratorofthecrime，thenthepollutionshallbedeemedtofalluponhisownhead；-themurderedmanwillfixtheguiltuponhiskinsman，andhewhohasamindtoproceedagainsthimmaycompelhimtobeabsentfromhiscountryduringfiveyears，accordingtolaw。Ifastrangerunintentionallykillastrangerwhoisdwellinginthecity，hewholikesshallprosecutethecauseaccordingtothesamerules。Ifhebeametic，lethimbeabsentforayear，orifhebeanentirestranger，inadditiontothepurification，whetherhehaveslainastranger，orametic，oracitizen，heshallbebanishedforlifefromthecountrywhichisinpossessionofourlaws。Andifhereturncontrarytolaw，lettheguardiansofthelawpunishhimwithdeath；
andletthemhandoverhisproperty，ifhehaveany，tohimwhoisnextofkintothesufferer。Andifhebewrecked，anddrivenonthecoastagainsthiswill，heshalltakeuphisabodeontheseashore，wettinghisfeetinthesea，andwatchingforanopportunityofsailing；butifhebebroughtbyland，andisnothisownmaster，letthemagistratewhomhefirstcomesacrossinthecity，releasehimandsendhimunharmedovertheborder。
Ifanyoneslaysafreemanwithhisownhandandthedeedbedoneinpassion，inthecaseofsuchactionswemustbeginbymakingadistinction。Foradeedisdonefrompassioneitherwhenmensuddenly，andwithoutintentiontokill，causethedeathofanotherbyblowsandthelikeonamomentaryimpulse，andaresorryforthedeedimmediatelyafterwards；oragain，whenafterhavingbeeninsultedindeedorword，menpursuerevenge，andkillapersonintentionally，andarenotsorryfortheact。And，therefore，wemustassumethatthesehomicidesareoftwokinds，bothofthemarisingfrompassion，whichmaybejustlysaidtobeinameanbetweenthevoluntaryandinvoluntary；atthesametime，theyareneitherofthemanythingmorethanalikenessorshadowofeither。Hewhotreasuresuphisanger，andavengeshimself，notimmediatelyandatthemoment，butwithinsidiousdesign，andafteraninterval，islikethevoluntary；
buthewhodoesnottreasureuphisanger，andtakesvengeanceontheinstant，andwithoutmaliceprepense，approachestotheinvoluntary；andyetevenheisnotaltogetherinvoluntary，butonlytheimageorshadowoftheinvoluntary；whereforeabouthomicidescommittedinhotblood，thereisadifficultyindeterminingwhetherinlegislatingweshallreckonthemasvoluntaryoraspartlyinvoluntary。Thebestandtruestviewistoregardthemrespectivelyaslikenessesonlyofthevoluntaryandinvoluntary，andtodistinguishthemaccordinglyastheyaredonewithorwithoutpremeditation。Andweshouldmakethepenaltiesheavierforthosewhocommithomicidewithangrypremeditation，andlighterforthosewhodonotpremeditate，butsmiteupontheinstant；forthatwhichislikeagreaterevilshouldbepunishedmoreseverely，andthatwhichislikealessevilshouldbepunishedlessseverely：thisshallbetheruleofourlaws。
Cle。Certainly。
Ath。Letusproceed：-Ifanyoneslaysafreemanwithhisownhand，andthedeedbedoneinamomentofanger，andwithoutpremeditation，lettheoffendersufferinotherrespectsastheinvoluntaryhomicidewouldhavesuffered，andalsoundergoanexileoftwoyears，thathemaylearntoschoolhispassions。Buthewhoslaysanotherfrompassion，yetwithpremeditation，shallinotherrespectssufferastheformer；andtothisshallbeaddedanexileofthreeinsteadoftwoyears-hispunishmentistobelongerbecausehispassionisgreater。Themanneroftheirreturnshallbeonthiswise：andherethelawhasdifficultyindeterminingexactly；forinsomecasesthemurdererwhoisjudgedbythelawtobetheworsemayreallybethelesscruel，andhewhoisjudgedthelesscruelmaybereallytheworse，andmayhaveexecutedthemurderinamoresavagemanner，whereastheothermayhavebeengentler。Butingeneralthedegreesofguiltwillbesuchaswehavedescribedthem。Ofallthesethingstheguardiansofthelawmusttakecognisance：-Whenahomicideofeitherkindhascompletedhistermofexile，theguardiansshallsendtwelvejudgestothebordersoftheland；theseduringtheintervalshallhaveinformedthemselvesoftheactionsofthecriminals，andtheyshalljudgerespectingtheirpardonandreception；