’Part’means1athatintowhichaquantumcaninanywaybe
divided；forthatwhichistakenfromaquantumquaquantumis
alwayscalledapartofit，e。g。twoiscalledinasenseapartof
three。Itmeansb，ofthepartsinthefirstsense，onlythosewhich
measurethewhole；thisiswhytwo，thoughinonesenseitis，in
anotherisnot，calledapartofthree-2Theelementsintowhich
akindmightbedividedapartfromthequantityarealsocalled
partsofit；forwhichreasonwesaythespeciesarepartsofthe
genus-3Theelementsintowhichawholeisdivided，orofwhich
itconsists-the’whole’meaningeithertheformorthatwhichhas
theform；e。g。ofthebronzesphereorofthebronzecubeboththe
bronze-i。e。thematterinwhichtheformis-andthecharacteristic
angleareparts-4Theelementsinthedefinitionwhichexplainsa
thingarealsopartsofthewhole；thisiswhythegenusiscalleda
partofthespecies，thoughinanothersensethespeciesispartof
thegenus。
’Awhole’means1thatfromwhichisabsentnoneofthepartsof
whichitissaidtobenaturallyawhole，and2thatwhichso
containsthethingsitcontainsthattheyformaunity；andthisin
twosenses-eitherasbeingeachseverallyonesinglething，oras
makinguptheunitybetweenthem。Forathatwhichistrueofa
wholeclassandissaidtoholdgoodasawholewhichimpliesthatit
isakindwholeistrueofawholeinthesensethatitcontainsmany
thingsbybeingpredicatedofeach，andbyallofthem，e。g。man，
horse，god，beingseverallyonesinglething，becauseallareliving
things。Butbthecontinuousandlimitedisawhole，whenitisa
unityconsistingofseveralparts，especiallyiftheyarepresentonly
potentially，but，failingthis，eveniftheyarepresentactually。
Ofthesethingsthemselves，thosewhicharesobynaturearewholesin
ahigherdegreethanthosewhicharesobyart，aswesaidinthecase
ofunityalso，wholenessbeinginfactasortofoneness。
Again3ofquantathathaveabeginningandamiddleandanend，
thosetowhichthepositiondoesnotmakeadifferencearecalled
totals，andthosetowhichitdoes，wholes。Thosewhichadmitof
bothdescriptionsarebothwholesandtotals。Thesearethethings
whosenatureremainsthesameaftertransposition，butwhoseformdoes
not，e。g。waxoracoat；theyarecalledbothwholesandtotals；for
theyhavebothcharacteristics。Waterandallliquidsandnumberare
calledtotals，but’thewholenumber’or’thewholewater’onedoes
notspeakof，exceptbyanextensionofmeaning。Tothings，towhich
quaonetheterm’total’isapplied，theterm’all’isappliedwhen
theyaretreatedasseparate；’thistotalnumber，’’alltheseunits。’
Itisnotanychancequantitativethingthatcanbesaidtobe
’mutilated’；itmustbeawholeaswellasdivisible。Fornotonly
istwonot’mutilated’ifoneofthetwoonesistakenawayforthe
partremovedbymutilationisneverequaltotheremainder，butin
generalnonumberisthusmutilated；foritisalsonecessarythatthe
essenceremain；ifacupismutilated，itmuststillbeacup；butthe
numberisnolongerthesame。Further，evenifthingsconsistof
unlikeparts，noteventhesethingscanallbesaidtobemutilated，
forinasenseanumberhasunlikepartse。g。twoandthreeas
wellaslike；butingeneralofthethingstowhichtheirposition
makesnodifference，e。g。waterorfire，nonecanbemutilated；to
bemutilated，thingsmustbesuchasinvirtueoftheiressencehavea
certainposition。Again，theymustbecontinuous；foramusical
scaleconsistsofunlikepartsandhasposition，butcannotbecome
mutilated。Besides，noteventhethingsthatarewholesare
mutilatedbytheprivationofanypart。Forthepartsremovedmust
beneitherthosewhichdeterminetheessencenoranychanceparts，
irrespectiveoftheirposition；e。g。acupisnotmutilatedifitis
boredthrough，butonlyifthehandleoraprojectingpartisremoved，
andamanismutilatednotifthefleshorthespleenisremoved，
butifanextremityis，andthatnoteveryextremitybutonewhich
whencompletelyremovedcannotgrowagain。Thereforebaldnessisnota
mutilation。
Theterm’race’or’genus’isused1ifgenerationofthings
whichhavethesameformiscontinuous，e。g。’whiletheraceofmen
lasts’means’whilethegenerationofthemgoeson
continuously’-2Itisusedwithreferencetothatwhichfirst
broughtthingsintoexistence；foritisthusthatsomearecalled
HellenesbyraceandothersIonians，becausetheformerproceedfrom
HellenandthelatterfromIonastheirfirstbegetter。Andtheword
isusedinreferencetothebegettermorethantothematter，though
peoplealsogetarace-namefromthefemale，e。g。’thedescendants
ofPyrrha’-3Thereisgenusinthesenseinwhich’plane’isthe
genusofplanefiguresandsolid’ofsolids；foreachofthefigures
isintheonecaseaplaneofsuchandsuchakind，andintheothera
solidofsuchandsuchakind；andthisiswhatunderliesthe
differentiae。Again4indefinitionsthefirstconstituent
element，whichisincludedinthe’what’，isthegenus，whose
differentiaethequalitiesaresaidtobe’Genus’thenisusedin
alltheseways，1inreferencetocontinuousgenerationofthe
samekind，2inreferencetothefirstmoverwhichisofthesame
kindasthethingsitmoves，3asmatter；forthattowhichthe
differentiaorqualitybelongsisthesubstratum，whichwecall
matter。
Thosethingsaresaidtobe’otheringenus’whoseproximate
substratumisdifferent，andwhicharenotanalysedtheoneintothe
othernorbothintothesamethinge。g。formandmatteraredifferent
ingenus；andthingswhichbelongtodifferentcategoriesofbeing
forsomeofthethingsthataresaidto’be’signifyessence，
othersaquality，otherstheothercategorieswehavebefore
distinguished；thesealsoarenotanalysedeitherintooneanotheror
intosomeonething。
’Thefalse’means1thatwhichisfalseasathing，andthata
becauseitisnotputtogetherorcannotbeputtogether，e。g。’that
thediagonalofasquareiscommensuratewiththeside’or’thatyou
aresitting’；foroneoftheseisfalsealways，andtheother
sometimes；itisinthesetwosensesthattheyarenon-existent。b
Therearethingswhichexist，butwhosenatureitistoappear
eithernottobesuchastheyareortobethingsthatdonotexist，
e。g。asketchoradream；forthesearesomething，butarenotthe
thingstheappearanceofwhichtheyproduceinus。Wecallthings
falseinthisway，then，-eitherbecausetheythemselvesdonot
exist，orbecausetheappearancewhichresultsfromthemisthatof
somethingthatdoesnotexist。
2Afalseaccountistheaccountofnon-existentobjects，in
sofarasitisfalse。Henceeveryaccountisfalsewhenappliedto
somethingotherthanthatofwhichitistrue；e。g。theaccountofa
circleisfalsewhenappliedtoatriangle。Inasensethereisone
accountofeachthing，i。e。theaccountofitsessence，butinasense
therearemany，sincethethingitselfandthethingitselfwithan
attributeareinasensethesame，e。g。Socratesandmusical
Socratesafalseaccountisnottheaccountofanything，exceptin
aqualifiedsense。HenceAntistheneswastoosimple-mindedwhenhe
claimedthatnothingcouldbedescribedexceptbytheaccountproper
toit，-onepredicatetoonesubject；fromwhichtheconclusionusedto
bedrawnthattherecouldbenocontradiction，andalmostthatthere
couldbenoerror。Butitispossibletodescribeeachthingnot
onlybytheaccountofitself，butalsobythatofsomethingelse。
Thismaybedonealtogetherfalselyindeed，butthereisalsoawayin
whichitmaybedonetruly；e。g。eightmaybedescribedasadouble
numberbytheuseofthedefinitionoftwo。
Thesethings，then，arecalledfalseinthesesenses，but3a
falsemanisonewhoisreadyatandfondofsuchaccounts，notfor
anyotherreasonbutfortheirownsake，andonewhoisgoodat
impressingsuchaccountsonotherpeople，justaswesaythingsare
whichproduceafalseappearance。ThisiswhytheproofintheHippias
thatthesamemanisfalseandtrueismisleading。Foritassumesthat
heisfalsewhocandeceivei。e。themanwhoknowsandiswise；
andfurtherthathewhoiswillinglybadisbetter。Thisisafalse
resultofinduction-foramanwholimpswillinglyisbetterthanone
whodoessounwillingly-by’limping’Platomeans’mimickingalimp’，
forifthemanwerelamewillingly，hewouldpresumablybeworsein
thiscaseasinthecorrespondingcaseofmoralcharacter。
’Accident’means1thatwhichattachestosomethingandcanbe
trulyasserted，butneitherofnecessitynorusually，e。g。ifsomeone
indiggingaholeforaplanthasfoundtreasure。This-thefinding
oftreasure-isforthemanwhodugtheholeanaccident；forneither
doestheonecomeofnecessityfromtheotheroraftertheother，nor，
ifamanplants，doesheusuallyfindtreasure。Andamusicalman
mightbepale；butsincethisdoesnothappenofnecessitynor
usually，wecallitanaccident。Thereforesincethereare
attributesandtheyattachtosubjects，andsomeofthemattachto
theseonlyinaparticularplaceandataparticulartime，whatever
attachestoasubject，butnotbecauseitwasthissubject，orthe
timethistime，ortheplacethisplace，willbeanaccident。
Therefore，too，thereisnodefinitecauseforanaccident，buta
chancecause，i。e。anindefiniteone。GoingtoAeginawasan
accidentforaman，ifhewentnotinordertogetthere，but
becausehewascarriedoutofhiswaybyastormorcapturedby
pirates。Theaccidenthashappenedorexists，-notinvirtueofthe
subject’snature，however，butofsomethingelse；forthestormwas
thecauseofhiscomingtoaplaceforwhichhewasnotsailing，and
thiswasAegina。
’Accident’hasalso2anothermeaning，i。e。allthatattachesto
eachthinginvirtueofitselfbutisnotinitsessence，ashaving
itsanglesequaltotworightanglesattachestothetriangle。And
accidentsofthissortmaybeeternal，butnoaccidentoftheother
sortis。Thisisexplainedelsewhere。