thatwhichthePuritansdrankatanAmericancamp—meetingorataScotchrevivalwasstrongerbutoflessenduringeffect。[80]
Twodifferentcordials，onereinforcingtheother，aremixedtogetherinthisdrink，bothbeingofhighflavorandsorankastoburnanordinarymouth。Ontheonehand，withthefreedomoflanguageandtheboldnessofdeductioncharacteristicofthemethod，thesentimentofthepriest’sdignityisexalted。Whatisthepriest？\"Heis，betweenGodwhoisinheavenandthemanwhotriestofindhimonearth，abeing，Godandman，whobringsthesenearerbyhissymbolizingboth。[81]……Idonotflatteryouwithpioushyperbolesincallingyougods；thisisnotarhetoricalfalsehood……YouarecreatorssimilartoMaryinhercooperationintheIncarnation……YouarecreatorslikeGodintime……YouarecreatorslikeGodineternity。Ourcreationonourpart，ourdailycreation，isnothinglessthantheWordmadefleshitself……Godmaycreateotherworlds，hecannotsoorderitthatanyactunderthesuncanbegreaterthanyoursacrifice；for，atthismoment，hereposesinyourhandsallthathehasandallthatheis……Iamnotalittlelowerthanthecherubimandseraphiminthegovernmentoftheworld，I
amfarabovethem；theyareonlytheServantsofGod，wearehiscoadjutors……Theangels，whobeholdthevastrichespassingthroughourhandsdaily，areamazedatourprerogative……I
fulfillthreesublimefunctionsinrelationtothegodofouraltars—
Icausehimtodescend，Iadministerhisbody，Iamhiscustodian……Jesusdwellsunderyourlockandkey；hishoursofreceptionbeginandendthroughyou，hedoesnotmovewithoutyourpermission，hegivesnobenedictionwithoutyourassistance，hebestowsnothingexceptatyourhands，andhisdependenceissodeartohimthat，foreighteenhundredyears，hehasnotlefttheChurchforonemomenttolosehimselfonthegloryofhisFather。\"—Ontheotherhand，theyaremadetodrinkinfulldraughtsthesentimentofsubordination，whichtheyimbibetotheirverymarrow。[82]\"Ecclesiasticalobedienceis……aloveofdependence，aviolationofjudgment……Wouldyouknowwhatitisastotheextentofsacrifice？Avoluntarydeath，thesepulcherofthewill，saysSaintClimaque……Thereisasortofrealpresenceinfusedintothosewhocommandus……\"Letusbecarefulnottofall\"intothecraftyoppositionofliberalCatholicism……Liberalism，initsconsequences，issocialatheism……Unity，inRomanfaith，isnotsufficient；letuslabortogetherintheunityoftheRomanspirit；forthat，letusalwaysjudgeRomewiththeoptimismofaffection……Eachnewdogmaticdefinitionproducesitsownadvantages:thatoftheImmaculateConceptionhasgivenusLourdesanditstruly？cumenicalwonders。\"
Nothingofallthisistoomuch，and，inthefaceoftheexigenciesofmoderntimes，itscarcelysuffices。Nowthatsocietyhasbecomeincredulous，indifferentor，attheleast，secular，thepriestmustpossessthetwointenseandmasterideaswhichsupportasoldierabroadamonginsurgentsorbarbarians，onebeingtheconvictionthatheisofaspeciesandessenceapart，infinitelysuperiortothecommonherd；andtheotheristhethoughtthathebelongstohisflag，tohischiefs，especiallytothecommandinggeneral，andthathehasgivenhimselfupentirelytopromptobedience，toobeyingeveryorderissuedwithoutquestionordoubt。[83]Thus，inthatparishwherethepermanentcuréwasonceinstalled，especiallyintheruraldistricts，[84]thelegalandpopulargovernorofallsouls，hissuccessor，theremovabledesservant，ismerelyaresidentbailiff，asentryinhisbox，attheopeningofaroadwhichthepublicatlargenolongertravel。Fromtimetotimehehailsyou！Butscarcelyanyonelistenstohim。Nineoutoftenmenpassatadistance，alonganewer，moreconvenientandbroaderroad。Theyeithernodtohimafarofforgivehimthego—by。Someareevenill—disposed，watchinghimordenouncinghimtotheecclesiasticorlayauthoritiesonwhichhedepends。Heisexpectedtomakehisordersrespectedandyetnothated，tobezealousandyetnotimportunate，toactandyetnoteffacehimself:hesucceedsprettyoften，thankstothepreparationjustdescribed，and，inhisruralsentry—box，patient，resigned，obeyinghisorders，hemountsguardlonelyandinsolitude，aguardwhich，forthepastfifteenyears，（from1870—1885）isdisturbedandanxiousandbecomingsingularlydifficult。
Notes:
[1]Artaud，\"HistoiredePieVII。，I。，167。
[2]Comted’Haussonville，\"L’égliseromaineetlepremierEmpire，IV。，378，415。（Instructionsfortheecclesiasticalcommissionof1811。）\"ThePopeexercisedtheauthorityofuniversalbishopatthetimeofthere—establishmentofthecultinFrance……ThePope，underthewarrantofanextraordinaryanduniquecaseintheChurch，acted，aftertheConcordat，asifhehadabsolutepoweroverthebishops。\"
（SpeechbyBigotdePréameneu，MinisterofWorship，atthenationalcouncil，June20，1811。）Thisactwasalmostuniversalinthehistoryofthechurch，andthecourtofRomestartedfromthissortofextraordinaryact，passedbyitattherequestofthesovereign，inordertoenforceitsideasofarbitraryruleoverthebishops。\"
[3]SostatedbyNapoleon。
[4]Bossuet，\"？uvrescomplètes，XXXII。，415。（Defensiodeclarationisclerigallicani，lib。VIII，caput14）。—\"Episcopos，licetpap？divinojuresubditos，ejusdemesseordinis，ejusdemcaracteris，sive，utloquiturHieronymus，ejusdemmeriti，ejusdem，sacerdotii，collegasqueetcoepiscoposappelariconstat，scitumqueilludBernardiadEugeniumpapam:Nonesdominusepiscoporum，sedunusexillis。\"
[5]ComteBoulay（delaMeurthe），\"lesNégociationsduConcordat，\"p。
35。—Therewere50vacanciesin135dioceses，owingtothedeathoftheirincumbents。
[6]BercastelandHenrion，XIII。，43。（ObservationsofAbbéEmeryontheConcordat。）\"NoneofthepastPopes，noteventhosewhohaveextendedtheirauthoritythefarthest，havebeenabletocarrysuchheavy，authoritativeblowsout，asthosestruckatthistimebyPiusVII。\"
[7]Pr？lectionesjuriscanonicihabit？inseminarioSanctiSulpitii，1867（Parl’abbéIcard），I。，138。\"Sancticanonespassimmemorantdistinctionemduplicispotestatisquautitursanctuspontifex:unamappelantordinariam，aliamabsolutam，velplenitudinempotestatis……Pontifexpotestateordinariautitur，quandojurispositividispositionemretinet……Potestatemextraordinariamexserit，quandojushumanumnonservat，utsijusipsumauferat，si1egibusconciliorumderoget，privilegiaacquisitaimmutet……Plenitudopotestatisnullispublicijurisregulisestlimitata。\"—Ibid。，I，333。
[8]PrincipalConcordats:withBavaria，1817；withPrussia，1821；withWurtemburg，Baden，Nassau，thetwoHesses，1821；withHanover，1824；
withtheNetherlands，1827；withRussia，1847；withAustria，1855；
withSpain，1851；withthetwoSicilies，1818；withTuscany，1851；
withPortugal（forthepatronatoftheIndiesandofChina），1857；
withCostaRica，1852；Guatemala，1853；Haiti，1860；Honduras1861；
Ecuador，Venezuela，NicaraguaandSanSalvador，1862。
[9]BercasteletHenrion，XIII，524。
[10]Adstantibusnonjudicantibus。\"—OneoftheprelatesassembledattheVatican，Nov。20，1854，observedthatifthePopedecidedonthedefinitionoftheImmaculateConception……thisdecisionwouldfurnishapracticaldemonstration……oftheinfallibilitywithwhichJesusChristhadinvestedhisvicaronearth。\"（émileOllivier，\"L’égliseetl’étatauconcileduVatican，I。，313。）
[11]BercasteletHenrion，XIII。，105。（CircularofPiusVII。，February25，1808。）\"Itissaidthatallcultsshouldbefreeandpubliclyexercised；butwehavethrownthisarticleoutasopposedtothecanonsandtothecouncils，tothecatholicreligion。\"—Ibid。，（PiusVII。totheItalianbishopsontheFrenchsystem，May22，1808。）
\"Thissystemofindifferentism，whichsupposesnoreligion，isthatwhichismostinjuriousandmostopposedtotheCatholicapostolicandRomanreligion，which，becauseitisdivine，isnecessarilysoleanduniqueand，onthatveryaccount，cannotallyitselfwithanyother。\"
—Cf。the\"Syllabus\"andtheencyclicalletter\"QuantaCura\"ofDecember8，1864。
[12]Sauzay，\"HistoiredelapersecutionrévolutionnairedansledepartementduDoubs，\"X。，720—773。（ListindetailoftheentirestaffofthedioceseofBesan？on，in1801andin1822，underArchbishopLecoz，aformerassermenté。—DuringtheEmpire，andespeciallyafter1806，thismixedclergykeepsrefiningitself。A
largenumber，moreover，ofassermentésdonotreturntotheChurch。
Theyarenotdisposedtoretract，andmanyofthementerintothenewuniversity。Forexample（\"VieduCardinalBonnechose，\"byM。Besson，I。，24），theprincipalteachersintheRomancollegein1815—1816wereaformerCapuchin，aformerOratorianandthreeassermentéspriests。
Oneofthese，M。NicolasBignon，docteurèslettres，professorofgrammarintheyearIVattheEcoleCentrale，thenprofessorofrhetoricattheLycéeandmemberoftheRomanAcademy，\"livedasaphilosopher，notasaChristianandstilllessasapriest。\"
Naturally，heisdismissedin1816。Afterthatdate，thepurginggoesonincreasingagainstallecclesiasticssuspectedofhavingcompromisedwiththeRevolution，eitherliberalsorJansenists。Cf。
the\"Mémoiresdel’abbéBabou，évêquenommédeSéez，\"onthedifficultiesencounteredbyatooGallicanbishopandonthebitternesstowardshimofthelocalaristocracyofhisdiocese。
[13]Cf。the\"Mémoiresdel’abbéBabou，évêquenommédeSéez，\"onthedifficultiesencounteredbyatooGallicanbishopandonthebitternesstowardshimofthelocalaristocracyofhisdiocese。
[14]\"Mémorial，\"July31，1816。
[15]Bothsystems，setforthwithrareimpartialityandclearness，maybefoundin\"L’égliseetl’EtatauconcileduVatican，\"byémileOllivier，I。，chs。II。andIII。
[16]BercasteletHenrion，XIII。，p。14。（LetterofM。d’Avian，archbishopofBordeaux，October28，1815。）\"AdozenconsecutivePopesdonotcease，formorethanonehundredandthirtyyears，improvingthatfamousDeclarationof1682。\"
[17]ErnileOlliver，ibid。，I。315—319。（DeclarationsoftheFrenchprovincialcouncilsandofforeignnationalandprovincialcouncilsbefore1870。）—Cf。M。deMontalembert，\"DesIntéretsCatholiques，\"
1852，ch。II。andVI。\"Theultramontanedoctrineistheonlytrueone。
ThegreatCountdeMaistre’sideasinhistreatiseonthePopehavebecomecommonplaceforallCatholicyouth。\"—LetterofMgr。Guibert，February22，1853。\"Gallicanismnolongerexists。\"—\"DiaryinFrance，\"byChris。Wordsworth，D。D。，1845。\"TherearenottwobishopsinFrancewhoarenotultramontane，thatistosaydevotedtotheinterestsoftheRomanSee。\"
[18]\"ConstitutiodogmaticaprimadeEcclesiaChristi，\"July18，1870。
\"Ejusmodiromanipontificisdefinitionesexsese，nonexconsensuEcclesi？irreformabilesesse。\"（ch。IV。）
[19]Ibid。，ch。III。\"Siquisdixeritromanumpontificemhaberetantummodoofficiuminspectionisveldirectionis，nonautemplenametsupremampotestatemjuridictionisinuniversamEcclesiam，nonsoluminrebusqu？adfidemetmores，sedetiaminiisqu？addisciplinametregimenEcclesi？pertotumorbemdiffus？pertinent；autetiamhaberetantumpotiorespartes，nonverototamplenitudinemhujussuprem？
potestatis，authancejuspotestatemnonesseordinariametimmediatam……\"
[20]Ibid。，ch。III。\"AberrantarectoveritatistramitequiaffirmantlicereabjudiciisRomanorumpontificumad？cumenicumconcilium，tanquamadauctoritatemromanopontificesuperiorem，appellare。\"
[21]\"Almanachnationalde1889。\"（Amongthesefour，oneonlybelongstoahistoricfamily，Mgr。deDeux—BrézéofMoulins。）
[22]See\"TheAncientRégime，\"pp。65，120，150，292。（Ed。LaffontI。
pp。53—43，92—93，218，219。）
[23]Cf。thehistoryoftheparliamentsofGrenobleandRennesontheapproachoftheRevolution。Remarkthefidelityofalltheirjudicialsubordinatesin1788and1789，andtheprovincialpoweroftheleaguethusformed。
[24]Article12。
[25]\"TheRevolution，\"Vol。I。—AbbéSicard，\"LesDispensateursdesbénéficesecclésiastiquesavant1789。\"（\"Correspondant\"ofSep。10，1889，pp。887，892，893。）Grosley，\"Mémoirespourservirl’histoiredeTroyes，\"II，pp。35，45。
[26]AbéeElieMéric，\"LeClergésousl’ancienrégime，\"I。，p。26。
（Tenuniversitiesconferredlettersofappointmentontheirgraduates。）—AbbéSicard，\"LesDispensateurs，\"etc。，p876。—352
parliamentariansofParishadanindult，thatistosay，therightofobligingcollatorsandchurchpatronstobestowthefirstvacantbeneficeeitheronhimselforononeofhischildren，relationsorfriends。TurgotgavehisindulttohisfriendAbbéMorellet，whoconsequentlyobtained（inJune1788）theprioryofThimer，with16，000
livresrevenueandahandsomehouse。—Ibid。，p。887。\"ThebiasofthePope，ecclesiasticalorlaypatrons，licensedparties，indultaires，graduates，thesofrequentuseofresignations，permutations，pensions，lefttothebishop，whoisnowundisputedmasterofhisdiocesanappointments，butveryfewsituationstobestow。\"—Grosley，\"Mémoires，etc。，\"II。，p。35。\"Thetithesfollowedcollations。Nearlyallourecclesiasticalcollatorsareatthesametimelargetithe—owners。\"
[27]Aninferiorclassofpriests，generallyassignedtopoorparishes。
[28]AbbéElieMéric，ibid。，p。448。
[29]AbbéElieMéric，ibid。，pp392~4O3。（Detailsinsupport。）
[30]AbbéRichandeau，\"Del’ancienneetdelanouvelledisciplinedel’égliseenFrance，\"p。281。—Cf。AbbéElieMéric，ibid。，ch。II。
（Onthejusticeandjudgesofthechurch。）
[31]Mercur，\"TableaudeParis，\"IV。，chap。345。\"Theflocknolongerrecognizethebrowoftheirpastorandregardhimasnothingbutanopulentman，enjoyinghimselfinthecapitalandgivinghimselfverylittletroubleaboutit。\"
[32]\"LeMonde\"ofNovem。9，1890。（Details，accordingtotheMontpelliernewspapers，oftheceremonywhichhadjusttakenplaceinthecathedralofthattownfortheremissionofthepalliumtoMgr。
RoveriédeCabrières。
[33]\"Encyclopediethéologique，\"byAbbéMigne，ix。，p。465。（M。Emery，\"DesNouveauxchapitrescathédraux，\"p。238。）\"ThecustominFranceatpresent，ofcommonlaw，isthatthebishopsgoverntheirdioceseswithouttheparticipationofanychapter。Theysimplycalltotheircouncilthosetheydeemproper，andchoosefromthesetheirchapterandcathedralcouncillors。\"
[34]Ibid。，id。:\"Notwithstandingthesefinetitles，themembersofthechaptertakenopartinthegovernmentduringthelifeofthebishop；alldependsonthisprelate，whocandoeverythinghimself，or，ifheneedsassistants，hemaytakethemoutsideofthechapter。\"
—Ibid。，p。445。Since1802，inFrance，\"thetitularcanonsareappointedbythebishopandafterwardsbythegovernment，whichgivesthemasalary。Itisonlytheshadowofthecanonicalorganization，ofwhich，however，theypossessallthecanonicalrights。\"
[35]AbbéAndré，\"ExpositiondequelquesprincipesfondamentauxdedroitCanonique，\"p。187（citingonthissubjectoneofthedocumentsofMgr。Sibour，thenbishopofDigne）。—\"SincetheConcordatof1801，theabsenceofallfixedprocedureinthetrialofpriestshasleftnothingfortheaccusedtodependonbuttheconscienceandintelligenceofthebishop。Thebishop，accordingly，hasbeen，inlaw，asinfact，thesolepastorandjudgeofhisclergy，and，exceptinrarecases，noexternallimithasbeenputtotheexerciseofhisspiritualauthority。\"
[36]émileOllivier，\"L’égliseetl’étatauconcileduVatican，\"p517。—AbbéAndré，ibid。，PP。17，19，30，280。（Variousinstances，particularlytheappealofaruralcuré，Feb。8，1866。）\"Themetropolitan（bishop）firstremarkedthathecouldnotbringhimselftocondemnhissuffragan。\"Next（Feb。20，1866），judgmentconfirmedbythemetropolitancourt，declaring\"thatnoreasonexistsfordeclaringexaggeratedandopentoreformthepenaltyofdeprivingtherectoroftheparishofX—ofhistitle，atitlepurelyconferredbyandrevocableatthewillofthebishop。\"
[37]émileOllivier，ibid。，II。，517，516。—AbbéAndré，ibid。，p。241。
\"DuringthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturynoappealcouldbehadfromtheChurchofFrancetoRome。\"
[38]émileOllivier，ibid。，I。p。286。—AbbéAndré，ibid。，p。242:
\"From1803to1854thirty—eightappealsunderwritoferror（werepresented）totheCouncilofStatebypriestsaccused……Notoneofthethirty—eightappealswasadmitted。\"
[39]Pr？lectionesjuriscanonicihabit？inseminarioSanctiSulpicii，III。，p。146。
[40]émileOllivier，ibid。，I。，136。
[41]Id。，ibid。，I。，p。285。（AccordingtoAbbéDenys，\"étudessurl’administrationdel’église，\"p。211。）—Cf。AbbéAndré，ibid。，and\"L’EtatactuelduclergéenFranceparlesfrèresAllignol\"（1839）。—
Thislastwork，writtenbytwoassistant—curés，wellshows，articlebyarticle，theeffectsoftheConcordatandtheenormousdistancewhichseparatestheclergyofto—dayfromtheoldclergy。ThemodificationsandadditionswhichcomportwiththisexpositionareindicatedbyAbbé
Richandeau，directoroftheBloisSeminary，inhisbook，\"Del’ancienneetdelanouvelledisciplinedel’EgliseenFrance\"（1842）。
Besidesthis，theaboveexposition，aswellaswhatfollows，isderivedfrom，inadditiontoprinteddocuments，personalobservations，muchoralinformation，andnumerousmanuscriptletters。
[42]\"Manrezeduprêtre，\"bytheR。P。Caussette，vicar—generalofToulouse，1879。，V。II。，p。523。（AsstatedbytheAbbéDubois，anexperiencedmissionary。Headdsthatthesepriests，\"transferredtodifficultposts，arealwaysongoodtermswiththeirmayors，……
triumphoverobstacles，andmaintainpeace。\"）—Ibid。，I。，p。312。\"I
donotknowwhetherthewell—informedconsciencesofourlordsthebishopshavemadeanymistakes，butwhatpardonshavetheynotgranted！whatscandalshavetheynotsuppressed！whatreputationshavetheynotpreserved！whatamisfortuneifyouhavetodowithacourtinsteadofwithafather！Forthecourtacquitsanddoesnotpardon……Andyourbishopmaynotonlyemploythemercyofforgiveness，but，again，thatofsecrecy。Howreaptheadvantagesofthispaternalsystembycalumniatingit！\"
[43]ViedeMgr。Dupanloup，\"byAbbéLagrange，II。，p。43:\"Mgr。
Dupanloupbelievedthatpastoralremovalwasveryfavorable，nottosaynecessary，tothegoodadministrationofadiocese，tothepropermanagementofparishes，eventothehonorofpriestsandtheChurch，consideringthedifficultiesofthetimeswelivein。Irremovabilitywasinstitutedforfortunatetimesandcountriesinwhichthepeoplefulfilledalltheirdutiesandinwhichthesacerdotalministrycouldnotbeotherwisethanasimpleministryofconservation；atthepresentdayitisaministryofconquestandofapostleship。Thebishop，accordingly，mustdisposeofhispriestsashethinksthemfitforthiswork，accordingtotheirzealandtotheirpossiblesuccessinacountrywhichhastobeconverted。\"Againsttheofficialcharacterandpublicityofitsjudgments\"itisimportantthatitshouldnotmakeoutofamisfortunewhichisreparableascandalthatnothingcanrepair。\"
[44]\"Moniteur，\"sessionofMarch11，1865。
[45]InthefollowingTainedescribesthecentralizationandimprovementoftheChurchadministrationwhichprobablymademanysocialistreadersbelievethatthesamekindofimprovementseasilycouldbeintroducedintoprivateenterpriseatthesametimemakingthemmoredeterminedtoexcludechildrenfromtheoldfamiliesfromallkindsofleadershipinthecomingsocialiststate。
[46]\"TheAncientRégime，\"pp。65，120，150，292。\"MemoiresinéditsdeMadamede……\"（Iamnotallowedtogivetheauthor’sname）。ThetypeinhighreliefofoneoftheseprelatesafewyearsbeforetheRevolutionmayherebefound。HewasbishopofNarbonne，withanincomeof800，000livresderivedfromthepossessionsoftheclergy。
HepassedafortnighteveryotheryearatNarbonne，andthenforsixweekshepresidedwithabilityandproprietyovertheprovincialparliamentatMontpellier。Butduringtheothertwenty—twomonthshegavenothoughttoanyparliamentarybusinessortohisdiocese，andlivedatHauteFontainewithhisniece，MadamedeRothe，ofwhomhewasthelover。MadamedeDillon，hisgrand—niece，andthePrincedeGuémenée，theloverofMadamedeDillon，livedinthesamechateau。
Theproprietiesofdeportmentweregreatenough，butlanguagetherewasmorethanfree，somuchsothattheMarquised’Osmond，onavisit，\"wasembarrassedeventosheddingtears……OnSunday，outofrespecttothecharacterofthemasterofthehouse，theywenttoMass；butnobodycarriedaprayer—book；itwasalwayssomegayandoftenscandalousbook，whichwasleftlyingaboutinthetribuneofthechateau，opentothosewhocleanedtheroom，fortheiredificationastheypleased。\"
[47]\"ViedeMgr。Dupanloup，\"byAbbéLagrange。—\"HistoireduCardinalPie，évêquedePoitiers，\"byMgr。Bannard。
[48]OnecouldimaginetheimpressionthistextwouldhavemadeonLeninandhisplanstocreateanelitecommunistpartyonceheshouldtakethepowerhedreamtof。（SR。）
[49]\"Moniteur，\"sessionofMarch14，1865，speechofCardinaldeBonnechose:\"Iexactfullobedience，becauseImyself，likethoseamongyouwhobelongtothearmyornavy，havealwaystakenprideinthusrenderingittomychiefs，tomysuperiors。\"
[50]\"HistoireducardinalPie，\"byM。Bannard，II。，p。690。M。Pieleftsixlargevolumesinwhich，forthirtyyears，herecordedhisepiscopalacts，uninterruptedly，untilhislastillness。
[51]Ibid。，II。，p。135:\"Intheyear1860hehadconfirmed11，586
belongingtohisdiocese；in1861heconfirmed11，845。\"—\"ViedeMgr。
Dupanloup，\"byAbbéLaGrange，III。，p。19。（Lettertohisclergy，1863。）Heenumerateswhathehaddoneinhisdiocese:\"Theparochialretraiteswhichhaveamountedtonearlyonehundred；theperpetualadorationoftheHolySacramentestablishedinalltheparishes；
confirmation，notaloneinthecantonaltownbutinthesmallestvillagesandalwaysprecededbythemission；thecanonicalvisitmadeannuallyineachparish，partlybythearchdeacon，partlybythedean，andpartlybythebishop；……thevicarshipsdoubled；lifeincommonestablishedamongtheparochialclergy；sistersofcharityforschoolsandthesickmultipliedinthedioceseandspreadonallsides；
augmentationofeverythingconcerningecclesiasticalstudies，thenumberofsmallandlargeseminariesbeinglargelyincreased；
examinationsofyoungpriests；ecclesiasticallectures；gradesorganizedandraised；churchesandrectorieseverywhererebuiltor’repaired；agreatdiocesanworkinhelpingpoorparishesand，tosustainit，thediocesanlotteryandfairoftheladiesofOrleans；
finally，retraitesandcommunionsformenestablished，andalsoinotherimportanttownsandparishesofthediocese。\"（P。46。）（LetterofJanuary26，1846，prescribingineachparishtheexactholdingofthestatusanimarum，whichstatusishiscriterionforplacingacuré。）\"TheétatdePaquesinhisparishmustalwaysbeknownwhileheisinit，beforewithdrawinghimandplacinghimelsewhere。\"
[52]ThedraftersofthecharteroftheUnitedNationsStaffRuleshadthesameideainmindwhenwritingRegulation1。2:\"StaffmembersaresubjecttotheauthorityoftheSecretary—GeneralandtoassignmentbyhimtoanyoftheactivitiesorofficesoftheUnitedNations。Theyareresponsibletohimintheexerciseoftheirfunctions。ThewholetimeofstaffmembersshallbeatthedisposaloftheSecretary—
General。TheSecretary—Generalshallestablishanormalworkingweek。\"
Thedisciplinarymeansofwhichthebishopsdisposedare，however，lackingintheUnitedNationssecretariat。（SR。）
[53]\"Moniteur，\"sessionofMarch141865。（SpeechofCardinaldeBonnechose。）\"Whatwouldwedowithoutourmonks，Jesuits，Dominicans，Carmelites，etc。，topreachatAdventandduringLent，andactasmissionariesinthecountry？The（parochial）clergyisnotnumerousenoughtodothisdailywork。\"
[54]Pr？lectionesjuriscanonici，II。，305andfollowingpages。
[55]\"LaCharitéàNancy，\"byAbbéGirard，1890，I。vol。—\"LaCharité
àAngers，\"byLéonCosnier，1890，2vols。—\"ManueldesoeuvresetinstitutionscharitableàParis，\"byLacour，Ivol。—\"LesCongrégationsreligieusesenFrance，\"byémileKeller，1880，1vol，[56]\"ViedeMgr。Dupanloup，\"I。，506（1853）。\"Morethanonehundredfreeecclesiasticalestablishmentsforsecondaryeducationhavebeenfoundedsincethelawof1850。\"—\"Statistiquedel’enseignementsecondaire。\"In1865，therewere276freeecclesiasticalschoolsforsecondaryinstructionwith34，897pupils，ofwhich23。549wereboardersand11，348day—scholars。In1876，therewere390with46，816
pupils，ofwhich33，092wereboardersand13，724day—scholars。
[57]\"LaCharitéàNancy，\"byAbbéGirard，p。87。—\"VieduCardinalMathieu，\"
byMgr。Besson，2vols。
[58]December，1890。
[59]Cf。，intheabove—mentionedbiographies，thepublicandpoliticaldiscoursesoftheleadingprelates，especiallythoseofM。Mathieu（ofBesan？on），M。Dupanloup（ofOrleans），Mgr。deBonnechose（ofRouen），andparticularlyMgr。Pie（ofPoitiers）。
[60]Afacttoldmebyalady，aneye—witness。IntheseventeenthcenturyitisprobablethatFénelonorBossuetwouldhaveregardedsucharesponseasextravagantandevensacrilegious。
[61]Imaginetheimpressionthismighthavehadonambitiousmendreamingofestablishingtheirownfaithfulparties。（SR。）
[62]AbbéElieMéric，inthe\"Correspondant\"ofJanuary10，1890，p。
18。
[63]\"De1’étatactuelduclergéenFrance\"（1839），p。248，bythebrothersAllignol。Careersofeverykindaretoocrowded；\"onlytheecclesiasticalisinwantofsubjects；willingyouthsaretheonlyoneswantedandnonearefound。\"Thisisdue，saytheseauthors，totheprofessionofassistant—priestbeingtoogloomy—eightyearsofpreparatorystudyfiveyearsintheseminary，800francsofpaywiththeriskoflosingitanyday，poorextras，alife—servitude，noretiringpension，etc。—\"LeGrandPérildeL’égliseenFrance，\"byAbbéBougaud（4thed。，1879），pp2—23。—\"LettreCirculaire\"（No。53）
ofMgr。Thiebaut，archbishopofRouen，1890，p。618。
[64]Thereisagradualsuppressionofthesubventionin1877and1853
andafinalonein1885。
[65]AbbéBougaud，Ibid。，p。118，etc。—Thelowerseminarycontainsabout200or250pupils。Scarcelyoneofthesepaysfullboard。Theypayontheaveragefrom100to200frs。perhead，whiletheirmaintenancecosts400francs。—Theinstructorswhoarepriestsget600francsayear。Thosewhoarenotpriestsget300francs，whichadds12，000francstotheexpensesandbringsthetotaldeficitupto42，000or52，000francs。
[66]Somewhatliketelevisionwherehewhocontrolsthismediacontrolsthemindsofthepeople。（SR。）
[67]Circularletter（No。53）ofM。Léon，archbishopofRouen（1890），p。618andfollowingpages。
[68]HadHitlerandLeninreadthis，whichislikely，thentheywouldhavefashiontheiryouthpartyprogrammesaccordingly！！KtheCatholicfaithinFrancetoday（in1999）isnearlyextinguishedwithonly14
seminariesandonlyafewhundredyoungmenyearlyenteringthese。（SR。）
[69]AbbéBougaud，ibid。，p。135。（OpinionofthearchbishopofAix，Ibid。，p。38。）\"Iknowalowerseminaryinwhichaclassenquatrième（8thgradeUS。）of44pupilsfurnishedonly4priests，40havingdroppedoutontheway……IhavebeeninformedthatalargecollegeinParis，conductedbypriestsandcontaining400pupils，turnedoutintenyearsbutoneofanecclesiasticalcalling。\"—
\"Moniteur，\"March，14，1865。（SpeechintheSenatebyCardinalBonnechose。）\"Withus，disciplinebeginsatanearlyage，firstinthelowerseminaryandthenintheupperseminary……Othernationsenvyusourseminaries。Theyhavenotsucceededinestablishinganylikethem。Theycannotkeeppupilssolong；theirpupilsentertheirseminariesonlyasdayscholars。\"
[70]Old—fashionednameforthe11thgradeinaFrenchhighschool。
（SR。）
[71]\"HistoiredeM。Emery，\"byAbbéElieMéric，I。，15，17。\"From1786onwards，playswrittenbythe’lesphilosophes，\"bythe’Robertuis’andtheLaoncommunity；theywereexcludedfromthegreatseminarywheretheyoughtnevertohavebeenadmitted。\"Thisreformwaseffectedbythenewdirector，M。Emery，andmetwithsuchoppositionthatitalmostcosthimhislife。
[72]M。deTalleyrand，\"Mémoires，\"vol。i。（Concerningoneofhisgallantries。）\"ThesuperiorsmighthavehadsomeSuspicion，……butAbbécouturierhadshownthemhowtoshuttheireyes。Hehadtaughtthemnottoreproveayoungseminaristwhomtheybelieveddestinedtoahighposition，whomightbecomecoadjutoratRheims，perhapsacardinal，perhapsminister，ministerdelafeuille—whoknows？\"
[73]\"DiaryinFrance，\"byChristopherWordsworth，D。D。1845。
（WeaknessofthecourseofstudyatSaint—Sulpice。）\"Thereisnoregularcourseoflecturesonecclesiasticalhistory。\"—ThereisstillatthepresentdaynospecialcourseofGreekforlearningtoreadtheNewTestamentintheoriginal。—\"Leclergéfran？aisen1890\"
（byananonymousecclesiastic），pp。24—38。\"Highandsubstantialserviceislackingwithus……Foralongtime，thecandidatesfortheepiscopacyareexemptbyapapalbullfromthetitleofdoctor。\"—
IntheseminarytherearediscussionsinbarbarousLatin，antiquatedsubjects，withthespoutingofdisjointedbitsoftext:\"Theyhavenotlearnedhowtothink……Theirscienceisgoodformothing；theyhavenomeansormethodsevenforlearning……TheTestamentofChristiswhattheyaremostignorantof……Apriestwhodevoteshimselftostudyisregardedeitherasapurespeculatorunfitforthegovernment，orwithanambitionwhichnothingcansatisfy，oragainanodd，ill—humored，ill—balancedperson；weliveundertheempireofthisstupidprejudice，……Wehavearcheologists，assyriologists，geologists，philologistsandotherone—sidedsavants。Thephilosophers，theologians，historians，andcanonistshavebecomerare。\"
[74]\"Journald’unvoyageenFrance，\"byTh。W。Allies，1845，p。38。
（TableofdailyexercisesinSaint—SulpicefurnishedbyAbbéCaron，formersecretarytothearchbishopofParis。）—Cf。in\"Volupté，\"bySaint—Beuve，thesametablefurnishedbyLacordaire。
[75]\"Manrezeduprêtre，\"bytheRev。FatherCaussette，I。，82。
[76]Ibid。，I。，48。\"Outof360meditationsmadebyapriestduringtheyear，300ofthemarearid。\"WehavethetestimonyofAbbé
d’Astrosontheefficacyofprayerscommittedtomemory，whowasinprisonforthreeyearsunderthefirstempireandwithoutanybooks。
\"Iknewthepsalmsbyheartand，thankstothisconversewithGod，whichescapedthejailor，Iwasnevertroubledbyboredom。\"
[77]Aswiththe\"FrèresdesécolesChrétiennes，\"whosesocietyhasthemostmembers。
[78]\"Manrezeduprêtre，\"bytheRev。FatherCaussette，I。，9。TheManrezeisthegrottowhereSaintIgnatiusfoundtheplanofhisExercitiaandthethreewaysbywhichamansucceedsindetachinghimselffromtheworld，\"thepurgative，theilluminativeandtheunitive。\"Theauthorsaysthathehasbroughtalltothesecondway，asthemostsuitableforpriests。HehimselfpreachedpastoralretreatseverywhereinFrance，hisbookbeingacollectionofrulesforretreatsofthiskind。
[79]Someonewho，likeme，havelivedthroughtheattemptedCommunistconquestoftheworld，inEasternEurope，inChina，Korea，Vietnamandotherconqueredterritories，theterribleexperiencesofthoseimprisonedinre—educationcamps，cometomind。DidLeninhaveTainetranslated？DidLeninandStalinusethisdescriptionofcatholicbrainwashingastheirmodel？Wemightneverfindout。（SR。）
[80]Oneoftheseenduringeffectsistheintensefaithoftheprelates，whointhe18thcenturybelievedsolittle。Atthepresentday，notmadebishopsuntilaboutfiftyyearsofage，thirtyofwhichhavebeenpassedinexercisesofthisdescription，theirpietyhastakentheRoman，positive，practicalturnwhichterminatesindevotionsproperlysocalled。M。Emery，thereformerofSaint—Sulpice，gavetheimpulsioninthissense。（\"HistoiredeM。Emery，\"byAbbé
ElieMéric，p。115etc。）M。Emeryaddressedtheseminariansthus:\"Doyouthinkthat，ifwepraytotheHolyVirginsixtytimesadaytoaidusatthehourofdeath，shewilldesertusatthelastmoment？\"—\"
Heledusintothechapel，whichhehaddeckedwithreliquaries……
Hemadethetourofit，kissinginturneachreliquarywithrespectandlove，andwhenhefoundoneofthemoutofreachforthishomage，hesaidtous，’Sincewecannotkissthatone，letusaccorditourprofoundestreverence！’……Andweallthreekneeledbeforethereliquary。\"—Amongotherepiscopallives，thatofCardipalPie，bishopofPoitiers，presentstheorderofdevotioninhighrelief。
（\"HistoireducardinalPie，\"byM。Bannard，II。，348andpassim。）TherewasastatuetteoftheVirginonhisbureau。Afterhisdeath，aquantityofpaperscraps，inLatinorFrench，writtenandplacedtherebyhim—werefound，dedicatingthisorthataction，journeyorundertakingunderthespecialpatronageoftheVirginorSt。Joseph。
HealsopossessedastatuetteofOurLadyofLourdeswhichneverwasoutofhissight，dayornight。\"Oneday，havinggoneoutofhispalace，hesuddenlyreturned，havingforgottensomething—hehadneglectedtokissthefeetofhisHeavenlyMother。\"—Cf。\"ViedeMgr。
Dupanloup，\"AbbéLagrange，I。，524。\"Duringhismother’sillness，hemultipliedthenovenas，visitedeveryaltar，madevows，burntcandles，fornotonlyhadhedevotion，butdevotions……Onthe2dofJanuary，1849，therewasfreshalarm；thereupon，anovenaatSaint—
Genevièveandavow—nolongerthechaplet，buttherosary。Then，asthefêteofSaintFran？oisdeSalesdrewnearanewnovenatothisgreatSavoyardsaint；prayerstotheVirgininSaint—Sulpice；tothefaithfulVirgin；tothemostwiseVirgin，everywhere。\"
[81]\"Manrezeduprêtre，\"I。，27，29，30，31，35，91，92，244，246，247，268。
[82]Ibid。I。，279，281，301，307，308，319。
[83]Justlikethebelievingfaithful20thcenturyinternationalrevolutionaryMarxist—communist。（SR。）
[84]\"Leclergéfran？aiseen1890\"（byananonymousecclesiastic），p。
72。（Onthesmallerparishes。）\"Thetaskofthecuréhereisthanklessifheiszealous，tooeasyifhehasnozeal。Inanyevent，heisanisolatedman，withnoresourceswhatever，temptedbyallthedemonsofsolitudeandinactivity。\"—Ibid。，，92。\"Ourauthorityamongthecommonclassesaswellasamongthinkingpeopleisheldincheck；
thehumanmindisto—dayfullyemancipatedandsocietysecularized。\"—
Ibid。，15。\"Indifferenceseemstohaveretiredfromthesummitsofthenationonlytodescendtothelowerstrata……InFrance，thepriestisthemorelikedthelessheisseen；toeffacehimself，todisappeariswhatisfirstandmostoftendemandedofhim。Theclergyandthenationlivetogethersidebyside，scarcelyincontact，throughcertainactionsinlife，andneverintermingling。\"
CHAPTERIII
I。Theregularclergy。
Theregularclergy。—Differenceintheconditionofthetwoclergies。
—Thethreevows。—Rules。—Lifeincommon。—Objectofthesystem。—
Violentsuppressionoftheinstitutionanditsabusesin1790。—
Spontaneousrevivaloftheinstitutionfreeofitsabusesafter1800。
—Democraticandrepublicancharacterofmonasticconstitutions。—
Vegetationoftheoldstockandmultiplicationofnewplants，—Numberofmonksandnuns。—Proportionofthesenumberstothetotalpopulationin1789and1878。—Predominanceoftheorganizationsforlaborandcharity。—Howformedandextended。—Socialinstinctandcontactwiththemysticworld。
HOWEVERcorrectthelifeofasecularpriestmaybe，hestillsbelongstohiscentury。Likealayman，hehashisowndomicileandfireside，hisparsonageinthecountrywithagarden，oranapartmentintown—
inanyevent，hisownhomeandhousehold，aservantorhousekeeper，whoisofteneitherhismotherorasister；inshort，asuitableenclosuresetapart，wherehecanenjoyhisdomesticandprivatelifefreeoftheencroachmentsonhispublicandecclesiasticallife，analogoustothatofalayfunctionaryorabachelorofsteadyhabits。
Ineffect，hisexpensesandincome，hiscomfortsanddiscomfortsareaboutthesame。Hiscondition，hissalary，[1]histable，clothesandfurniture，hisout—of—doorwaysandhabits，givehimrankinthevillagealongsideoftheschoolteacherandpostmaster；inthelargeboroughorsmalltown，alongsideofthejusticeofthepeaceandcollegeprofessor；inthelargetowns，sidebysidewiththeheadofabureauorachiefofdivision；atParis，incertainparishes，alongsideoftheprefectofpoliceandtheprefectoftheSeine。[2]
Eveninthehumblestcuracy，heregulateshisbudgetmonthly，spendinghismoneywithoutconsultinganybody。Whennotonduty，histimeishisown。Hecandineout，orderforhimselfathomeaspecialdish，allowhimselfdelicacies。Ifhedoesnotpossesseverycomfort，hehasmostofthem，andthus，likealayfunctionary，hemayifhechoosesgetaheadintheworld，obtainpromotiontoabettercuracy，becomeirremovable，beappointedcanonandsometimesmountupward，veryhigh，tothetopmostrank。Societyhasaholdonhimthroughalltheseworldlypurposes；heistoomuchmixedupwithittodetachhimselffromitentirely；veryoftenhisspirituallifedroopsorprovesabortiveundersomanyterrestrialpreoccupations。—IftheChristiandesirestoarriveatthealibianddwellinthelifebeyond，anothersystemofexistenceisessentialforhim，entailingaprotectionagainsttwotemptations，thatistosaytheabandonmentoftwodangerousliberties，oneconsistinginthepowerbywhich，beinganownerofproperty，hedisposesashelikesofwhatbelongstohim，andtheotherconsistinginthepowerbywhich，beingmasterofhisacts，hearrangesashepleaseshisdailyoccupations。Tothisend，inadditiontothevowofchastityalsotakenbythesecularpriest，themembersofreligiousordersalsotaketwootherdistinctandprecisevows。Bythevowofpovertyhe（orshe）renouncesallpropertywhatever，atleastthatwhichisfullyandcompletelyhisown，[3]thearbitraryuseofpossessions，theenjoymentofwhatbelongstohimpersonally，whichvowleadshimtolivelikeapoorman，toendureprivations，tolabor，andbeyondthis，eventofasting，tomortifications，tocounteractinganddeadeninginhimselfallthoseinstinctsbywhichmanrebelsagainstbodilysufferingandaimsatphysicalwellbeing。Bythevowofobediencehe（orshe）giveshimselfupentirelytoadoubleauthority:one，inwriting，whichisdiscipline，andtheotheralivingbeing，consistingofthesuperiorwhosebusinessitistointerpret，applyandenforcetherule。Exceptinunheard—ofcases，wherethesuperior’sinjunctionsmightbeexpresslyanddirectlyopposedtotheletterofthisrule，[4]heinterdictshimselffromexamining，eveninhisownbreast，themotives，proprietyandoccasionoftheactprescribedtohim；hehasalienatedinadvancefuturedeterminationsbyentirelyabandoningself—government；hence—forth，hisinternalmotorisoutsideofhimselfandinanotherperson。Consequently，theunforeseenandspontaneousinitiativeoffreewilldisappearsinhisconducttogivewaytoapredetermined，obligatoryandfixedcommand，toasystem（cadre）whichenvelopshimandbindstogetherinitsrigidcompartmentstheentiresubstanceanddetailsofhislife，anticipatingthedistributionofhistimeforayear，weekbyweek，andforeveryday，hourbyhour，definingimperativelyandcircumstantiallyallactionorinaction，physicalormental，allworkandallleisure，silenceandspeech，prayersandreadings，abstinencesandmeditations，solitudeandcompanionship，hoursforrisingandretiring，meals，quantityandqualityoffood，attitudes，greetings，manners，toneandformsoflanguageand，stillbetter，mutethoughtsandthedeepestsentiments。
Moreover，throughtheperiodicalrepetitionofthesameactsatthesamehours，lieconfineshimselftoacycleofhabitswhichareforces，andwhichkeepgrowingsincetheyareeverturningtheinwardbalanceonthesamesidethroughtheever—increasingweightofhisentirepast。Througheatingandlodgingtogether，throughacommunionofprayer，throughincessantcontactwithotherbrethrenofthesamereligiousobservances，throughtheprecautiontakentojoinwithhimonecompanionwhenhegoesoutandtwocompanionswhenhelodgeselsewhere，throughhisvisitstoandfrototheheadestablishment，helivesinacircleofsoulsstrainedtothesameextent，bythesameprocesses，tothesameendashimself，andwhosevisiblezealmaintainshisown。—Grace，inthisstateofthings，abounds。Suchisthetermbestowedonthesilentandsteady，orstartlingandbrusque，emotionbywhichtheChristianentersintocommunicationwiththeinvisibleworld，anaspirationandahope，apresentimentandadivination，andevenoftenadistinctperception。Evidently，thisgraceisnotfaroff，almostwithinreachofthesoulswhich，fromthetenoroftheirwholelife，strivetoattainit。Theyhaveclosedthemselvesoffontheearthlyside，therefore，thesecannolongerlookorbreatheotherwisethanheavenward。
Attheendoftheeighteenthcentury，themonasticinstitutionnolongerproducedthiseffect；deformed，weakenedanddiscreditedthroughitsabuses，especiallyintheconventsofmales，andthenviolentlyoverthrownbytheRevolution，itseemedtobedead。But，atthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury，beholditspringingupagainspontaneously，inonedirect，new，strongandactivejetandhigherthantheoldone，freeoftheexcrescences，rottennessandparasiteswhich，undertheancientrégime，disfiguredanddiscoloredit。Nomorecompulsoryvows，no\"frocked\"youngersons\"tomakeanelder，\"nogirlsimmuredfrominfancy，keptintheconventthroughouttheiryouth，ledon，urged，andthendrivenintoacornerandforcedintothefinalengagementonbecomingofage；nomorearistocraticinstitutions，noOrderofMaltaandchaptersofmenorofwomeninwhichnoblefamiliesfindcareersandareceptaclefortheirsupernumerarychildren。Nomoreofthosefalseandcounterfeitvocationstherealmotiveofwhichwas，sometimesprideofraceandthedeterminationnottoloseasocialstanding，sometimestheanimalattractionsofphysicalcomfort，indolenceandidleness。Nomorelazyandopulentmonks，occupied，liketheCarthusiansofValSaint—Pierre，inovereating，stupefiedbydigestionandroutine，or，liketheBernardinesofGranselve[5]turningtheirbuildingintoaworldlyrendezvousforjovialhospitalityandthemselvestakingpart，foremostinrank，inprolongedandfrequentparties，balls，playsandhunting—
parties；indiversionsandgallantrieswhichtheannualfêteofSaintBernard，throughasingulardissonance，excitedandconsecrated。Nomoreover—wealthysuperiors，usufructuariesofavastabbatialrevenue，suzerainandlandlordseigniors，withthetrain，luxuryandcustomsoftheircondition，withfour—horsecarriages，liveries，officials，antechamber，court，chancellorshipandministersofjustice，obligingtheirmonkstoaddressthemas\"mylord，\"aslaxasanyordinarylayman，wellfittedtocausescandalintheirorderbytheirlibertiesandtosetanexampleofdepravity。Nomorelayintrusions，commendatoryabbésorpriors，interlopers，andimposedfromabove；nomorelegislativeandadministrativeinterferences[6]inordertobindmonksandnunsdowntotheirvows，todisqualifythemanddeprivethemalmostofcitizenship，toexcludethemfromcommonrights，towithholdfromthemrightsofinheritanceandtestamentaryrights，fromreceivingormakingdonations，deprivingtheminadvanceofthemeansofsubsistence，toconfinethembyforceintheirconventsandsetthepatrolontheirtrack，and，ontryingtoescape，tofurnishtheirsuperiorwithsecularhelpandkeepdowninsubordinationbyphysicalconstraint。Nothingofthissubsistsafterthegreatdestructionof1790。Underthemodernrégime，ifanyoneentersandremainsinaconventitisbecausetheconventismoreagreeabletohimthantheworldoutside；thereisnoothermotivenopressureorhindranceofaninferiorordifferentkind，nodirectorindirect，nodomesticorlegalconstraint，noambition，vanityandinnateoracquiredindolence，nocertaintyoffindingsatisfactionforacoarseandconcentratedsensuality。Thatwhichnowoperatesistheawakenedandpersistentvocation；themanorthewomanwhotakesvowsandkeepsthem，entersuponandadherestohisorherengagementonlythroughaspontaneousactdeliberatelyandconstantlyrenewedthroughtheirownfreewill。
Thuspurified，themonasticinstitutionrecoversitsnormalform，whichistherepublicananddemocraticform，whiletheimpracticableUtopiawhichthephilosophersoftheeighteenthcenturywantedtoimposeonlaysocietynowbecomestheeffectiverégimeunderwhichthereligiouscommunitiesaregoingtolive。Inallofthem，thegovernorsareelectedbythegoverned；whetherthesuffrageisuniversalorqualified，onevoteisasgoodasanother；votesarecountedbyheads，and，atstatedintervals，thesovereignmajorityusesitsrightanew；withtheCarmelites，itiseverythreeyearsandtoelectbysecretballot，notaloneoneauthoritybutalltheauthorities，theprior，thesub—priorandthethreeclavières。[7]—
Onceelected，thechief，inconformitywithhismandate，remainsamandatory，thatistosayalaborerassignedacertainwork，andnotaprivilegedpersonenjoyingagratification。Hisdignityisnotadispensation，butanadditionalburden；alongwiththedutiesofhisoffice，hesubjectshimselftoanobservanceoftherules—havingbecomeageneral，heisnobetteroffthanthesimplesoldier；herisesasearlyandhisdailylifeisnobetter；hiscellisasbareandhispersonalsupportnotmoreexpensive。Hewhocommandstenthousandotherslivesaspoorly，underthesamestrictinstructions，withasfewconveniencesandwithlessleisurethanthemeanestbrother。[8]Overandabovetheausteritiesofordinarydisciplinethisorthatsuperiorimposedonhimselfadditionalmortificationswhichweresogreatastoastonishaswellasedifyhismonks。SuchistheidealStateofthetheorist，aSpartanrepublic，andforall，includingthechiefs，anequalrationofthesameblackbroth。Thereisanotherresemblance，stillmoreprofound。Atthebaseofthisrepublicliesthecorner—stonedesignedinanticipationbyRousseau，thenhewnandemployed，wellorill，intheconstitutionsorplébiscitesoftheRevolution，theConsulateandtheEmpire，toserveasthefoundationofthecompleteedifice。Thisstoneisaprimitiveandsolemnagreementbyallconcerned，asocialcontract，apactproposedbythelegislatorandacceptedbythecitizens；exceptthat，inthemonasticpact，thewilloftheacceptorsisunanimous，earnest，serious，deliberateandpermanent，while，inthepoliticalpact，itisnotso；thus，whilstthelattercontractisatheoreticalfiction，theformerisanactualverity。
For，inthesmallreligiouscité，allprecautionsaretakentohavethefuturecitizenknowforwhatandhowfarheengageshimself。Thecopyoftheruleswhichishandedtohiminadvanceexplainstohimthefutureuseofeachdayandofeachhour，thedetailinfulloftherégimetowhichheistosubjecthimself。Besidesthis，toforestallanyillusionandhasteonhispartheisrequiredtomaketrialoftheconfinementanddiscipline；herealizesthroughpersonal，sensibleandprolongedexperiencewhathemustundergo；beforeassumingthehabit，hemustserveanovitiateofatleastoneyearandwithoutinterruption。Simplevowssometimesprecedethemoresolemnvows；withtheJesuits，severalnovitiates，eachlastingtwoorthreeyears，overlieandsucceedeachother。Elsewhere，theperpetualengagementistakenonlyafterseveraltemporaryengagements；uptotheageoftwenty—fivethe\"FréresdesEcolesChrétiennes\"taketheirvowsforayear；attwenty—fiveforthreeyears；onlyattwenty—eightdotheytakethemforlife。Certainly，aftersuchtrials，thepostulantisfullyinformed；nevertheless，hissuperiorscontributewhattheyknow。
Theyhavewatchedhimdayafterday；deepdownunderhissuperficial，actualanddeclareddispositiontheydefinehisprofound，latent，andfutureintention；iftheydeemthisinsufficientordoubtful，theyadjournorpreventthefinalprofession:\"Mychild，wait—yourvocationisnotyetdetermined，\"or\"Myfriend，youwerenotmadefortheconvent，returntotheworld！\"—Neverwasasocialcontractsignedmoreknowingly，aftergreaterreflectiononwhatchoicetomake，aftersuchdeliberatestudy:theconditionsofhumanassociationdemandedbytherevolutionarytheoryareallfulfilledandthedreamoftheJacobinsisrealized。Butnotwheretheyplannedit:throughastrangecontrast，andwhichseemsironicalinhistory，thisday—dreamofspeculativereasonhasproducednothinginthelayorderofthingsbutelaborateplansonpaper，adeceptiveanddangerousDeclarationof（human）Rights，appealstoinsurrectionortoadictatorship:
incoherentorstill—bornorganizations，inshort，abortionsormonsters；inthereligiousorderofthings，itaddstothelivingworldthousandsoflivingcreaturesofindefiniteviability。Sothat，amongtheeffectsoftheFrenchrevolution，oneoftheprincipalandmostenduringistherestorationofmonasticinstitutions……
FromtheConsulatedowntothepresentdaytheycaneverywherebeseensproutingandgrowing。Early，newsproutsshootoutandcovertheoldtrunksofwhichtherevolutionaryaxehadcutoffthebranches。In1800，\"there—establishmentofacorporationshockedcurrentideas。\"[9]ButtheableadministratorsoftheConsulaterequiredvolunteerwomenforserviceintheirhospitals。InParis，Chaptal，theminister，comesacrossaladysuperiorwhomheformerlyknewandenjoinshertogathertogethertenoradozenofhersurvivingcompanions；heinstallsthemintherueVieux—Colombier，inabuildingbelongingtothehospitals，andwhichhefurnishesforfortynovices；
atLyons，henoticesthatthe\"Sisters\"ofthegeneralhospitalwereobliged，thattheymightperformtheirduties，towearalaydress；heauthorizesthemtoresumetheircostumeandtheircrosses；heallowsthemtwothousandfrancstopurchasenecessaries，and，whentheyhavedonnedtheirolduniform，hepresentsthemtotheFirstConsul。Suchisthefirstsprout，verysmallandveryfeeble，thatappearsintheinstitutionofSaint—VincentdePauleatParisandinthatofSaint—
CharlesatLyons。Inourdays[10]（around1885），thecongregationofSaint—Charles，besidestheparent—houseatLyons，has102otherswith2，226nuns，andthecongregationofSaint—VincentdePaule，besidestheparent—houseatParis，has88otherswith9，130nuns。Often，thenewvegetationonthetrunkamputatedbytheRevolutionismuchricherthanontheoldone；in1789，theinstitutionofthe\"FréresdesEcolesChrétiennes\"had800members；in1845，therewere4，000；in1878，9，818；onthe31stofDecember，1888，therewere12，245。In1789，itcounted126houses；in1888，therewere1，286。—Meanwhile，alongsideoftheoldplantations，alargenumberofindependentgerms，newspeciesandvarieties，springupspontaneously，eachwithitsownaim，rulesandspecialdenomination。OnGoodFriday，April6，1792，attheverydateofthedecreeoftheLegislativeAssemblyabolishingallreligiouscommunities，[11]oneisborn，thatofthe\"S？ursdelaRetraiteChrétienne，\"atFontenelle，and，fromyeartoyear，similarplantsconstantlyandsuddenlyspringoutofthegroundforacentury。
Thelististoolongtobecounted；alargeofficialvolumeofmorethanfourhundredpagesisfilledwiththemerestatementoftheirnames，localitiesandstatistics。—Thisvolume，publishedin1878，dividesreligiousinstitutionsintotwogroups。Wefindinthefirstone，comprisingthelegallyauthorizedsocieties，atfirst5
congregationsofmenpossessing224establishmentswith2，418members，and23associationsofmenwith20，341membersandsupplying3，086
schools；next，259congregationsofwomenand644communitieswhichpossess3，196establishments，supplying16，478schoolsandcounting113，750members。Inthesecondgroup，comprisingunauthorizedsocieties，wefind384establishmentsofmenwith7，444members，and602establishmentsofwomenwith14，003members，—inall，inbothgroups，30，287brethrenand127，753sisters。Consideringthetotalpopulation，theproportionofbrethrenin1789andinourdayisaboutthesame；itistheirspiritwhichhaschanged；atthepresentday，alldesiretoremainintheirprofession，whilein1789two—thirdswantedtowithdrawfromit。AstotheproportionofSisters，ithasincreasedbeyondallcalculation。[12]Outof10，000womeninthepopulation，therewere，in1789，28Sisters；in1866，45；in1878，67。[13]
Carmelites，Clarisses，FillesduC？urdeJésus，Réparatrices，S？ursduSaint—Sacrament，Visitandines，Franciscaines，Benedictinesandotherslikethese，about4000nunsorsisters，arecontemplatists。TheCarthusians，Cistercians，Trappists，andsomeothers，about1800monksandbrethrenwho，forthemostpart，tilltheground，donotimposelaboronthemselvesotherthanasanaccessoryexercise；theirfirstandprincipalobjectisprayer，meditationandworship；they，too，devotetheirlivestocontemplationontheotherworldandnottotheserviceofthisone。Butalltheothers，morethan28，000menandmorethan123，000women，arebenefactorsbyinstitutionandvoluntarylaborers，choosingtodevotethemselvestodangerous，revolting，andatleastungratefulservices—missionsamongsavagesandbarbarians，careofthesick，ofidiots，oftheinsane，oftheinfirm，oftheincurable，thesupportofpooroldmenorofabandonedchildren；
countlesscharitableandeducationalworks，primaryschools，orphanasylums，housesofrefugeandprisons，andallgratuitouslyoratthelowestwagesthroughareductionofbodilynecessitiestothelowestpoint，andofthepersonalexpenditureofeachbrotherorsister。[14]
Evidently，withthesemenandwiththesewomen，theordinarybalanceofmotiveswhichpromptpeopleisreversed；intheinwardbalanceofthescaleitisnolongerselfishnesswhichprevailsagainstaltruism，buttheloveofotherswhichprevailsagainstselfishness。—Letuslookatoneoftheirinstitutionsjustatthemomentofitsformationandseehowthepreponderancepassesoverfromtheegoistictothesocialinstinct。Thefirstthingwealwaysfindattheoriginoftheenterpriseiscompassion；afewkindheartshavebeenmovedattheaspectofmisery，degradationandmisconduct；soulsorbodieswereindistressandtherewasdangerofshipwreck；threeorfoursaviorshavecometotherescue。AtRouen，in1818，itisapoorgirlwho，byadviceofhercuré，bringstogetherafewofherfriendsinhergarret；duringthedaytheystudyinaclassandatnighttheyworkfortheirliving；today，underthetitleof\"S？ursduSacré—C？urdeJésus，\"theynumber800。Elsewhere，atLaval，thefounderoftheHouseofRefugeforpoorrepentantsisaplainironing—girlwhobeganher\"House\"bycharitablyharboringtwoprostitutes；thesebroughtothers，andtherearenowahundredofsimilarinstitutions。Mostfrequently，thefounderisthedesservantorvicaroftheplace，who，movedbylocalmisery，fanciesatfirstthatheisdoingonlylocalwork。Thus，thereisbornin1806atRouissé—sur—Loirethecongregationof\"LaProvidence，\"whichnowhas918\"Sisters，\"in193
houses；in1817，atLovallat，theassociationof\"LesPetits—FrèresdeMarie，\"whichnumbersto—day3600brethren；in1840，atSaint—Servan，theinstitutionof\"LesPetites—S？ursdesPauvres，\"whonownumber2685，and，withnootherhelpbutalms—giving，feedandcarefor，intheir158houses，20，000oldmen，ofwhich13，000liveintheir93
domicilesinFrance；theytaketheirmealsaftertheinmates，andeatonlywhattheyleave；theyareprohibitedfromacceptinganyendowmentwhatever；byvirtueoftheirrulestheyareandremainmendicants，atfirst，andespecially，inbehalfoftheiroldmen，andafterwardsandasaccessory，intheirownbehalf。Notethecircumstancesoftheundertakingandtheconditionofthefounders—theyweretwovillagework—women，younggirlsbetweensixteenandeighteenforwhomthevicaroftheparishhadwrittenshortregulations（unepetiterègle）；
onSunday，togetherinthecleftofarockontheseaside，theystudiedandmeditatedoverthislittlesummarymanual，performedtheprescribeddevotions，thisorthatprayerororisonatcertainhours，sayingtheirbeads，thestationinthechurch，self—examinationandotherceremoniesofwhichthedailyrepetitiondepositsandstrengthensthesupernaturalmentalconception。Such，overandabovenaturalpity，isthesuperaddedweightwhichfixestheunstablewillandmaintainsthesoulpermanentlyinastateofabnegation。—AtParis，inthetwohallsofthePrefectureofPolice，whereprostitutesandfemalethievesremainforadayortwoinprovisionalconfinement，the\"Sisters’’of\"Marie—Joseph，\"obligedbytheirvowstoliveconstantlyinthisseweralwaysfullofhumandregs，sometimesfeeltheirheartfailingthem；fortunately，alittlechapelisarrangedfortheminonecornerwheretheyretiretopray，andinafewminutestheyreturnwiththeirstoreofcourageandgentlenessagainrevived。
—FatherEtienne，superiorofthe\"Lazarists\"andofthe\"FillesdeSaint—VincentdePaule，\"withtheauthorityoflongexperience，veryjustlyobservedtosomeforeignvisitors，[15]\"Ihavegivenyouthedetailsofourlife，butIhavenottoldyouthesecretofit。Thissecret，hereitis—itisJesusChrist，known，loved，andservedintheEucharist。\"
II。EvolutionoftheCatholicChurch。
Themysticfaculty。—Itssourcesandworks。—EvangelicalChristianity。—Itsmoralobjectandsocialeffect。—RomanChristianity。—DevelopmentoftheChristianideaintheWest。—
InfluenceoftheRomanlanguageandlaw。—RomanconceptionoftheState。—RomanconceptionoftheChurch。
Inthethirteenthcentury，tothecommunicantonhiskneesabouttoreceivethesacrament，theHostoftenfadedoutofsight；itdisappeared，and，initsplace，appearedaninfantortheradiantfeaturesoftheSaviorand，accordingtotheChurchdoctors，thiswasnotanillusionbutanillumination。[16]Theveilhadlifted，andthesoulfounditselffacetofacewithitsobject，JesusChristpresentinEucharist。Thiswassecondsight，infinitelysuperiorincertaintyandreachtotheformer，adirect，fullviewgrantedbygracefromabove，asupernaturalview。—Bythisexample，whichisanextremecase，wecomprehendinwhatfaithconsists。Itisanextraordinaryfacultyoperatingalongsideofandofteninconjunctionwithournaturalfaculties；overandabovethingsasourobservationnaturallypresentsthemtous，itrevealstousabeyond，amajestic，grandioseworld，theonlyonetrulyrealandofwhichoursisbutthetemporaryveil。Inthedepthsofthesoul，muchbelowthesuperficialcrustofwhichwehaveanyconscience，[17]impressionshaveaccumulatedlikesubterraneanwaters。There，underthesurgingheatofinnateinstincts，alivingspringhasburstforth，growingandbubblingintheobscurity；letashockorafissureinterveneanditsuddenlysproutsupandforcesitswayabovethesurface；themanwhohasthiswithinhimandinwhomitoverflowsisamazedattheinundationandnolongerrecognizeshimself；thevisiblefieldofhisconscienceiscompletelychangedandrenewed；inplaceofhisformerandvacillatingandscatteredthoughtshefindsanirresistibleandcoherentbelief，apreciseconception，andintensepicture，apassionateaffirmation，sometimesevenpositiveperceptionsofaspeciesapartandwhichcometohimnotfromwithoutbutfromwithin，notalonemerementalsuggestions，likethedialoguesofthe\"Imitation\"andthe\"intellectuallocutions\"ofthemystics，butveritablephysicalsensationslikethedetailsofthevisionsofSaintTheresa，thearticulatevoicesofJoanofArcandthebodilystigmataofSaintFrancis。
Inthefirstcentury，thisbeyonddiscoveredbythemysticfacultywasthekingdomofGod，opposedtothekingdomsofthisworld；[18]thesekingdoms，intheeyesofthosewhorevealedthem，wereworthless；
throughthekeeninsightofthemoralandsocialinstinct，theselarge，generousandsimpleheartshaddivinedtheinternaldefectofallthesocietiesorStatesofthecentury。Egoisminthesewastoogreat；therewasinthemalackofcharity，[19]thefacultyoflovinganotherequallywithone’sself，andthusofloving，notonlyafew，butallmen，whoevertheymightbe，simplybecausetheyweremen，andespeciallythemeek，thehumbleandthepoor；inotherwords，thevoluntaryrepressionoftheappetitesbywhichtheindividualmakesofhimselfacenterandsubordinatesotherlivestohimself，therenunciationof\"thelustsoftheflesh，oftheeyesandofvanity，theinsolenceofwealthandluxury，offorceandofpower。\"[20]—
Opposedtoandincontrastwiththishumanorderofthings，theideaofadivineorderofthingswasbornanddevelopeditself—aHeavenlyFather，hisreigninheaven，andverysoon，perhapsonthemorrow，hisreignherebelow；hissondescendingtotheearthtoestablishhisreignanddyingonthecrossforthesalvationofmen；afterhim，hisSpirits，sentbyhim，theinwardbreathwhichanimateshisdisciplesandcontinueshiswork；allmenbrethrenandbelovedchildrenofthesamecommonfather；hereandtherespontaneousgroupswhohavelearned\"thesegoodtidings\"andpropagatedthem；smallscatteredcommunitieswhichliveintheexpectationofanidealorderofthingsandyet，byanticipation，realizingitfromthistimeforth；\"All[21]wereofoneheartandonesoul，……forasmanyaswerepossessorsoflandsorhousessoldthem，andbroughtthepricesofthethingsthatweresoldandlaidthemdownattheapostles’feet:anddistributionwasmadeuntoeverymanaccordingashehadneed，\"allhappyinbeingtogether，inmutualloveandinfeelingthemselvesregenerateorpure。
Hereistobefoundinthesoulanewregulatorandmotor，andmoreoverapowerfulorgan，appropriateandeffective，obtainedthroughinternalrecastingandmetamorphosis，likethewingswithwhichaninsectisprovidedafteritstransformation。Ineverylivingorganism，necessity，throughtentativeeffortandselections，thusproducesthepossibleandrequisiteorgan。InIndia，fivehundredyearsbeforeourera，itwasBuddhism；inArabia，sixhundredyearsafterourera，itwasIslam；inourwesternsocietiesitisChristianity。Atthepresentday，aftereighteencenturiesonbothcontinents，fromtheUraltotheRockyMountains，amongstRussianmoujiksandAmericansettlers，itworksasformerlywiththefishermenofGalileeandinthesameway，insuchawayastosubstitutefortheloveofselftheloveofothers；neitherinsubstancenorinusehasanychangetakenplace；
underitsGreek，CatholicorProtestantenvelope，itisstill，forfourhundredmillionsofhumanbeings，thespiritualmeans，thegreat，indispensablepairofwingsbywhichmanrisesupwardabovehimself，abovehisgrovelingexistenceandhislimitedhorizons，leadinghimonthroughpatience，hopeandresignationtoserenity，andbeyondtotemperance，purity，goodness，andself—devotionandself—sacrifice。
Alwaysandeverywhere，forthepasteighteenhundredyears，assoonasthesewingsgrowfeebleorgiveway，publicandprivatemoralsdegenerate。InItaly，duringtheRenaissance，inEnglandundertherestoration，inFranceundertheConventionandDirectory，manbecomesaspaganasinthefirstcentury；thesamecausesrenderhimthesameasinthetimesofAugustusandTiberius，thatistosayvoluptuousandcruel:heabuseshimselfandvictimizesothers；abrutal，calculatingegoismresumesitsascendancy，depravityandsensualityspread，andsocietybecomesadenofcut—throatsandabrothel。[22]
Aftercontemplatingthisspectaclenearby，wecanvaluethecontributiontomodernsocietiesofChristianity，howmuchmodesty，gentlenessandhumanityithasintroducedintothem，howitmaintainsintegrity，goodfaithandjustice。Neitherphilosophicreason，artisticorliteraryculture，orevenfeudal，militaryorchivalrichonor，noranyadministrationorgovernmentcanreplaceit。Thereisnothingelsetorestrainournatalbent，nothingtoarresttheinsensible，steady，down—hillcourseofourspecieswiththewholeofitsoriginalburden，everretrogradingtowardstheabyss。Whateveritspresentenvelopemaybe，theoldGospelstillservesasthebestauxiliaryofthesocialinstinct。
Amongitsthreecontemporaryforms，thatwhichgroupstogetherthemostmen，about180millionsofbelievers，isCatholicism，inotherwords，RomanChristianity，whichtwowords，comprisingadefinition，containahistory。Attheorigin，onthebirthoftheChristianprinciple，itexpresseditselfatfirstinHebrew，thelanguageofprophetsandofseers；afterwards，andverysoon，inGreek，thelanguageofthedialecticiansandphilosophers；atlast，andverylate，inLatin，thelanguageofthejurisconsultsandstatesmen；thencomethesuccessivestagesofdogma。Alltheevangelicalandapostolictexts，writteninGreek，allthemetaphysicalspeculations，23alsoinGreek，whichservedascommentaryonthese，reachedthewesternLatinsonlythroughtranslations。Now，inmetaphysics，LatinpoorlytranslatestheGreek[24]；itlacksboththetermsandtheideas；whattheOrientsays，theOccidentonlyhalfcomprehends；itacceptsthiswithoutdisputeandconfidentlyholdsitastruth。[25]Atlengthinitsturn，inthefourthcentury，when，afterTheodosius，theOccidentbreaksloosefromtheOrient，itintervenes，anditinterveneswithitslanguage，thatistosaywiththeprovisionofideasandwordswhichitscultureprovided；itlikewisehaditsinstrumentsofprecision，notthoseofPlatoandAristotle，butothers，asspecial，forgedbyUlpian，GaiusandtwentygenerationsofjuriststhroughtheoriginalinventionandimmemoriallaborofRomangenius。\"Tosaywhatislaw，\"toimposerulesofconductonmen，is，inabridgedform，theentirepracticalworkoftheRomanpeople；