Hencethedecreesofarrestordeath，launchedweeklyfromthetopofthe\"Mountain，\"fallonthemajoritylikegunsfiredintoacrowd。
Decreesofaccusationfollow:onthe15thofJune，againstDuchatel，onthe17thagainstBarbaroux，onthe23rdagainstBrissot，onthe8thofJulyagainstDevéritéandCondorcet，onthe14thagainstLauze—
DeperretandFauchet，onthe30thagainstDupratJr。，ValéeandMainvielle，onthe2ndofAugustagainstRouyer，BrunelandCarra；
Carra，Lauze—DeperretandFauchet，presentduringthesession，areseizedonthespot，whichisplainphysicalwarning:noneismoreeffectivetochecktheunruly。——Decreesarepassedonthe18thofJulyaccusingCoustard，onthe28thofJulyagainstGensonné，LaSource，Vergniaud，Mollevaut，Gardien，Grangeneuve，Fauchet，Boilleau，Valazé，Cussy，Meillan；eachbeingawarethatthetribunalbeforewhichhemustappearisthewaitingroomtotheguillotine。——
Decreesofcondemnationarepassedonthe12thofJulyagainstBirotteau，the28ofJulyagainstBuzot，Barbaroux，Gorsas，Lanjuniais，Salles，Louvet，Bergoeing，Pétion，Guadet，Chasset，Chambon，Lidon，Valady，Defermon，Kervelégen，Larivière，Rabaut—Saint—
étienne，andLesage；pronouncedoutlawsandtraitors，theyaretobeledtothescaffoldwithouttrialassoonastheycanbegotholdof。
——Finally，onthe3rdofOctober，agreathaulofthenetintheAssemblyitselfsweepsoffthebenchesallthedeputiesthatstillseemcapableofanyindependence:thefirstthingistoclosethedoorsofthehall，whichisdonebyAmar，reporteroftheCommitteeofGeneralSecurity；[104]then，afteradeclamatoryandcalumniousspeech，whichlaststwohours，hereadsoffnamesontwolistsofproscriptions:forty—fivedeputies，moreorlessprominentamongtheGirondins，aretobeatoncesummonedbeforetherevolutionarytribunal；seventy—threeothers，whohavesignedsecretprotestsagainstthe31stofMayand2ndofJune，aretobeputinjail。Noarguing！themajoritydaresnotevenexpressanopinion。Someoftheproscribedattempttoexculpatethemselves，buttheyarenotallowedtobeheard；nonebuttheMontagnardshavethefloor，andtheydonomorethanaddtothelists，eachaccordingtopersonalenmity；
LevasseurhasVigéeputdown，andDuroiaddsthenameofRichon。Onetheirnamesbeingcalled，allthepoorcreatureswhohappentobeinscribed，quietlyadvanceand\"huddletogetherwithinthebarofthehouse，likelambsdestinedtoslaughter，\"andheretheyareseparatedintotwoflocks；ontheonehandtheseventy—three，andontheother，thetenortwelvewho，withtheGirondinsalreadykeptunderlockandkey，aretofurnishthesacramentalandpopularnumber，thetwenty—twotraitors，whosepunishmentisarequirementoftheJacobinimagination；[105]ontheleft，thebatchfortheprison；ontheright，thebatchfortheguillotine。
Tothosewhomightbetemptedtoimitatethemordefendthemthisisasufficientlesson。—Subjecttotheboos，hissesandinsultsfromthehagsliningthestreets，theseventy—three[106]areconductedtotheprisoners’roominthetownhall。This，alreadyfull，iswheretheypassthenightstandingonbenches，scarcelyabletobreathe。Thenextdaytheyarecrammedintotheprisonforassassinsandrobbers，\"laForce，\"onthesixthstory，undertheroof；inthisnarrowgarrettheirbedstoucheachother，whiletwoofthedeputiesareobligedtosleeponthefloorforlackofroom。Undertheskylights，whichserveforwindows，andatthefootofthestaircasearetwopig—pens；attheendoftheapartmentaretheprivies，andinonecorneranight—tub，whichcompletesthepoisoningoftheatmospherealreadyvitiatedbythiscrowdedmassofhumanbeings。Thebedsconsistofsacksofstrawswarmingwithvermin；theyarecompelledtoendurethediscipline，[107]rationsandmessofconvicts。Andtheyareluckytoescapeatthisrate:forAmartakesadvantageoftheirsilentdeportmenttotaxthemwithconspiracy；otherMontagnardslikewisewanttoarraignthemattherevolutionaryTribunal:atallevents，itisagreedthattheCommitteeofGeneralSecurityshallexaminetheirrecordsandmaintaintherightofdesignatingnewculpritsamongstthem。Fortenmonthstheythusremainundertheknife，indailyexpectationofjoiningthetwenty—twoonthePlacedelaRévolution。
——Withrespecttothelatter，theobjectisnottotrythembuttokillthem，andthesemblanceofatrialissimplyjudicialassassination；thebillofindictmentagainstthemconsistsofclubgossip；theyareaccusedofhavingdesiredtherestorationofthemonarchy，ofbeingincorrespondencewithPittandCoburg；[108]ofhavingexcitedVendéetoinsurrection。ThebetrayalofDumouriezisimputedtothem，alsothemurderofLepelletier，andtheassassinationofMarat；whilepretendedwitnesses，selectedfromamongsttheirpersonalenemies，comeandrepeat，likeathemeagreedupon，thesameill—contrivedfable:nothingbutvagueallegationsandmanifestfalsehoods，notonedefinitefact，notonceconvincingdocument；thelackofproofissuchthatthetrialhastobestoppedassoonaspossible。\"Youbraveb——————formingthecourt，\"writesHébert，\"don’ttrifleawayyourtime。Whysomuchceremonyinshorteningthedaysofwretcheswhomthepeoplehavealreadycondemned？\"Careisespeciallytakennottoletthemhaveachancetospeak。TheeloquenceofVergniaudandlogicofGuadetmightturnthetablesatthelastmoment。Consequently，apromptdecreeauthorizesthetribunaltostopproceedingsassoonasthejurybecomessufficientlyenlightened，whichisthecaseaftertheseventhsessionofthecourt，therecordofdeathsuddenlygreetingtheaccused，whoarenotallowedtodefendthemselves。Oneofthem，Valazé，stabshimselfinopencourt，andthenextdaythenationalhead—chopperstrikesofftheremainingtwentyheadsinthirty—eightminutes。—Stillmoreexpeditiousaretheproceedingsagainsttheaccusedwhoavoidatrial。
Gorsas，seizedinParisonthe8thofOctober，isguillotinedthesameday。Birotteau，seizedatBordeaux，onthe24thofOctober，mountsthescaffoldwithintwenty—fourhours。Theothers，trackedlikewolves，wanderingindisguisefromonehiding—placetoanother，andmostofthemarrestedinturn，haveonlychoiceofseveralkindsofdeath。Camboniskilledindefendinghimself。Lidon，afterhavingdefendedhimself，blowsouthisbrains，Condorcettakespoisonintheguard—roomofBourg—la—Reine。Rolandkillshimselfwithhisswordonthehighway。Clavièrestabshimselfinprison。RébecquiisfounddrownedintheharborofMarseilles，andPétionandBuzonhalfeatenbywolvesonamoorofSaint—Emilion。ValadyisexecutedatPérigueux，DechézeauatRochefort，Grangeneuve，Guadet，SalleandBarbarouxatBordeaux，Coustard，Cussy，Rabout—Saint—étienne，Bernard，Masuyer，andLebrunatParis。EventhosewhoresignedinJanuary，1793，KersaintandManuel，atonewiththeirlivesforthecrimeofhavingsidedwiththe\"Right\"and，ofcourse，MadameRoland，whoistakenfortheleaderoftheparty，isoneofthefirsttobeguillotined。[109]—Oftheone—hundredandeightyGirondinswholedtheConvention，onehundredandfortyhaveperishedorareinprison，orfledundersentenceofdeath。Aftersuchacurtailmentandsuchanexampletheremainingdeputiescannotbeotherwisethandocile；[110]
neitherinthecentralnorinthelocalgovernmentwillthe\"Mountain\"
encounterresistance；itsdespotismispracticallyestablished，andallthatremainsistoproclaimthisinlegalform。
XI。
InstitutionsoftheRevolutionaryGovernment。—Itsprinciple，objects，proceedings，toolsandstructure。—TheCommitteeofPublicSafety。—SubordinationoftheConventionandministry。—TheuseoftheCommitteeofGeneralSecurityandtheRevolutionaryTribunal。—
Administrativecentralization。—RepresentativesonMission，NationalAgentsandRevolutionaryCommittees。—LawofLése—majesty。—
RestorationandAggravationoftheinstitutionsoftheoldmonarchy。
Afterthe2ndofAugust，onmotionofBazire，theConventiondecrees\"thatFranceisinrevolutionuntilitsindependenceisrecognized。\"
whichmeans[111]thattheperiodofhypocriticalphraseshascometoanend，thattheConstitutionwasmerelyasignboardforafair，andthatthecharlatanswhohadmadeuseofitnolongerneedit，thatitistobeputawayinthestorecontainingotheradvertisingmaterial，thatindividual，localandparliamentarylibertiesareabolished，thatthegovernmentisarbitraryandabsolute，thatnoinstitution，law，dogma，orprecedentaffordsanyguaranteeforitagainsttherightsofthepeople，thatpropertyandlivesarewhollyatitsmercy，thattherearenolongeranyrightsofman。—Sixweekslater，when，throughtheprotestoftheforty—fiveandthearrestoftheseventy—
three，obediencetotheConventionisassured，allthisisboldlyandofficiallyannouncedinthetribune。\"UnderthepresentcircumstancesoftheRepublic，\"saysSt。Just，\"theConstitutioncannotbeimplementedasthiswouldenableattacksonlibertytotakeplacebecauseitwouldlacktheviolentmeasuresnecessarytorepressthese。\"Wearenolongertogovern\"accordingtomaximsofnaturalpeaceandjustice；thesemaximsareonlyvalidamongthefriendsofliberty；\"buttheyarenotapplicablebetweenpatriotsandthemalevolent。Thelatterare\"outsideoursovereignty，\"arelawless，excludedfromthesocialpact，slavesinrebellion，tobepunishedorimprisoned，and，amongstthemalevolentmustbeplaced\"theindifferent[112]\"。—\"YouaretopunishwhoeverispassiveintheRepublicanddoesnothingforit；\"forhispassivityistreasonandrankshimamongotherpublicenemies。Now，betweenthepeopleanditsenemies，thereisnothingincommonbutthesword；steelmustcontrolthosewhocannotberuled\"byjustice\"；themonarchicalandneutralmajoritymustberepressed（comprimé）；
\"TheRepublicwillbefoundedonlywhenthesans—culottes，[113]thesolerepresentativesofthenation，theonlycitizens，\"shallrulebyrightofconquest。\"[114]
Themeaningofthisismorethanclear。TherégimeofwhichSt。Justpresentstheplan，isthatbywhicheveryoligarchyofinvadersinstallsandmaintainsitselfoverasubjugatednation。Throughthisrégime，inGreece，tenthousandSpartans，aftertheDorianinvasion，masteredthreehundredthousandhelotsandpériocques；throughthisrégime，inEngland，sixtythousandNormans，afterthebattleofHastings，masteredtwomillionSaxons；throughthisrégimeinIreland，sincethebattleoftheBoyne，twohundredthousandEnglishProtestantshavemasteredamillionofCatholicIrish；throughthisrégime，thethreehundredthousandJacobinsofFrancewillmasterthesevenoreightmillionsofGirondins，Feuillants，RoyalistsorIndifferents。
Thissystemofgovernmentisaverysimpleoneandconsistinmaintainingthesubjectpopulationinastateofextremehelplessnessandofextremeterror。Tothisend，itisdisarmed；[115]itiskeptundersurveillance；allactionincommonisprohibited；itseyesshouldalwaysbedirectedtotheup—liftedaxandtotheprisondoorsalwaysopen；itisruinedanddecimated。—Forthepastsixmonthsalltheserigorsaredecreedandapplied，——disarmamentof\"suspects，\"taxesontherich，themaximumagainsttraders，requisitionsonland—owners，wholesalearrests，rapidexecutionsofsentences，arbitrarypenaltiesofdeath，andpublicized，multipliedtortures。Forthepastsixmonths，allsortsofexecutiveinstrumentsaresetupandputintooperation:TheCommitteeofPublicSafety，theCommitteeofGeneralSecurity，ambulatingproconsulswithfullpower，localcommitteesauthorizedtotaxandimprisonatwill，arevolutionaryarmy，arevolutionarytribunal。But，forlackofinternalharmonyandofcentralimpulsion，themachineonlyhalfworks，thepowernotbeingsufficientanditsactionnotsufficientlysweepinganduniversal。
\"Youaretooremotefromtheconspiraciesagainstyou，\"saysSt。
Just；[116]\"itisessentialthattheswordofthelawshouldeverywhereberapidlybrandishedandyourarmbeeverywherepresenttoarrestcrime……Theministersconfessthat，beyondtheirfirstandsecondsubordinates，theyfindnothingbutinertiaandindifference。\"
——\"Asimilarapathyisfoundinallthegovernmentagents，\"addsBillaud—Varennes；[117]\"thesecondaryauthoritieswhicharethestrongpointsoftheRevolutionserveonlytoimpedeit。\"Decrees，transmittedthroughadministrativechannels，arriveslowlyandareindolentlyapplied。\"Youaremissingthatco—activeforcewhichistheprincipleofbeing，ofaction，ofexecution……Everygoodgovernmentshouldpossessacenterofwillpowerandtheleversconnectedwithit……Everygovernmentactivityshouldexclusivelyoriginatefromthecentralsource。\"—
\"Inordinarygovernments，\"saysCouthon，finally，[118]\"therightofelectingbelongstothepeople；youcannottakeitawayfromthem。Inextraordinarygovernmentsallimpulsionmustcomefromthecenter；itisfromtheconventionthatelectionsmustissue……Youwouldinjurethepeoplebyconfidingtheelectionofofficialstothem，becauseyouwouldexposethemtoelectingmenthatwouldbetraythem。\"
——Theresultisthattheconstitutionalmaximsof1789givewaytoradicallyopposedmaxims；insteadofsubjectingthegovernmenttothepeople，thepeopleismadesubjecttothegovernment。Thehierarchyoftheancientrégimeisre—establishedunderrevolutionaryterms，andhenceforthallpowers，muchmoreformidablethanthoseoftheancientrégime，ceasetobedelegatedfromthedepthstothesummitandwillhenceforthinsteadbedelegatedfromthesummittothebottom。
Atthesummit，acommitteeoftwelvemembers，similartotheformerroyalcouncil，exercisescollectiveroyalty；nominally，authorityisdividedamongstthetwelve；itis，inpractice，concentratedinafewhands。Severalmembersoccupyonlyasubalternposition，andamongstthese，Barère，who，officialsecretaryandmouthpiece，isalwaysreadytomakeaspeechordraftaneditorial；others，withspecialfunctions，JeanBonSt。André，Lindet，andaboveall，PrieurdelaC？ted’OrandCarnot，confinethemselveseachtohisparticulardepartment，navy，war，supplies，withblanksignatures，forwhichtheygiveinreturntheirsignaturestothepoliticalleaders；thelatter，called\"thestatesmen，\"Robespierre，Couthon，Saint—Just，Collotd’Herbois，Billaud—Varennes，aretherealrulersprovidingoveralldirection。Itistruethattheirmandatehastoberenewedmonthly；
butthisisacertainty，for，inthepresentstateoftheConvention，itsvote，requiredbeforehand，becomesanalmostvainformality。MoresubmissivethantheparliamentofLouisXIV。，theConventionadopts，withoutdiscussion，thedecreeswhichtheCommitteeofPublicSafetypresenttoitreadymade。Itisnomorethanaregistry—office，andscarcelythat，forithasrelinquisheditsrightofappointingitsowncommittees，thatofficebeingassignedtotheCommitteeofPublicSafety；itvotesasawholealllistsofnameswhichtheCommitteesendin。[119]Naturally，nonebutthecreaturesofthelatterandthefaithfulareinscribed；thus，thewholelegislativeandparliamentarypowerbelongstoit。——Astoexecutiveandadministrativepower，theministershavebecomemereclerksoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety；
\"theycomeeverydayatspecifiedhourstoreceiveitsordersandacts；[120]\"theysubmittoit\"thelistwithexplanations，ofalltheagents\"sentintothedepartmentsandabroad；theyrefertoiteveryminutedetail；theyareitsscribes，merelyitspuppets，soinsignificantthattheyfinallylosetheirtitle，andforthe\"CommissiononExternalRelations\"aformerschool—masteristaken，anineptclubbist，bar—flyandthepillarofthebilliard—room，scarcelyabletoreadthedocumentsbroughttohimtosigninthecaféwherehepasseshisdays。[121]——ThusisthesecondpowerintheStateconvertedbytheCommitteeintoasquadofdomestics，whiletheforemostoneisconvertedintoanaudienceofclaqueurs。
Tomakethemdotheirduty，ithastwohands。——One，theright，whichseizespeopleunawaresbythecollar，istheCommitteeofGeneralSecurity，composedoftwelveextremeMontagnards，suchasPanis，Vadier，LeBas，Geoffroy，David，Amar，LaVicomterie，LebonandRuhl，allnominated，thatistosay，appointedbyit，beingitsconfederatesandsubalterns。Theyareitslieutenantsofpolice，andonceaweektheycomeandtakepartinitslabors，asformerlytheSartines，andtheLenoirsassistedtheComptroller—general。Amanwhothissecretcommitteedeemsa\"suspect，\"issuddenlyseized，nomatterwho，whetherrepresentative，minister，orgeneral，andfindshimselfthenextmorningbehindthebarsinoneofthetennewBastilles。——
There，theotherhandseizeshimbythethroat；thisistherevolutionarytribunal，anexceptionalcourtliketheextraordinarycommissionsoftheancientrégime，onlyfarmoreterrible。Aidedbyitspolicegang，theCommitteeofPublicSafetyitselfselectsthesixteenjudgesandsixtyjurymen[122]fromamongthemostservile，themostfurious，orthemostbrutalofthefanatics:[123]Fouquier—
Tinville，Hermann，Dumas，Payan，Coffinhal，Fleuriot—Lescot，and，lowerdownonthescale，apostatepriests，renegadenobles，disappointedartists，infatuatedstudio—apprentices，journeymenscarcelyabletowritetheirnames，shoemakers，joiners，carpenters，tailors，barbers，formerlackeys，anidiotlikeGanney，adeafmanlikeLeroy—Dix—Ao？t；theirnamesandprofessionsindicateallthatisnecessarytobetold:thesemenarelicensedandpaidmurderers。TheJurymenthemselvesareallowedeighteenfrancsaday，sothattheymayattendtotheirbusinessmoreleisurely。Thisbusinessconsistsincondemningwithoutproof，withoutanypleadings，andscarcelyanyexamination，inahurry，inbatches，whoevertheCommitteeofPublicSafetymightsendtothem，eventhemostconfirmedMontagnards:
Danton，whocontrivedthetribunal，willsoondiscoverthis。—itisthroughthesetwogovernmentinstitutionsthattheCommitteeofPublicSafetykeepseveryheadunderthecleaverandeachhead，toavoidbeingstruckoff，bowsdown，[124]intheprovincesaswellasinParis。
ThishashappenedwhentheexistinglocalhierarchywasreplacedbynewauthoritiesmakingtheomnipotentwilloftheCommitteepresenteverywhere。Directlyorindirectly，\"forallgovernmentmeasuresormeasuresofpublicsafety，allthatrelatestopersonsandthegeneralandinternalpolice，allconstitutedbodiesandallpublicfunctionaries，areplacedunderitsinspection。\"[125]Youmayimaginehowtheriskofbeingguillotinedweigheduponthem。
Tosuppressinadvanceanytendencytoadministrativeinertia，ithashadwithdrawnfromthetoopowerful，toomuchrespected，departmentgovernments，\"tooinclinedtofederalism，\"theirdepartmentaldominanceandtheir\"politicalinfluence。\"[126]Itreducesthesetothelevyingoftaxesandthesupervisionofroadsandcanals；itpurgesthemoutthroughitsagents；itevenpurgesoutthegovernmentsofmunicipalitiesanddistricts。Tosuppressbeforehandallprobabilityofpopularopposition，ithashadthesessionsofthesectionsreducedtotwoperweek；itinstallsinthesesections，foraboutfortysousaday，amajorityofsans—culottes；itordersthesuspension\"untilfurtherdirectives\"ofallmunicipalelections。[127]
Finally，tohavefullcontrolonthespot，itappointsitsownmen，first，thecommissionersandtherepresentativesonmissions，asortoftemporarycorpsofdirectorssentintoeachdepartmentwithunlimitedpowers；[128]next，abodyofnationalagents，asortofpermanentbodyofsub—delegates，throughwhomineachdistrictandmunicipalityitreplacestheprocureurs—syndics。[129]Tothisarmyoffunctionariesisaddedineachtown，bourgorlargevillage，arevolutionarycommittee，paidthreefrancsadaypermember，chargedwiththeapplicationofitsdecrees，andrequiredtomakereportsthereon。Neverbeforewassuchavastandcloselywovennetworkcastfromabovetoenvelopeandkeepcaptivetwenty—sixmillionpeople。
SuchistherealconstitutionwhichtheJacobinssubstitutefortheconstitutiontheyhavepreparedforshow。Inthearsenalofthemonarchywhichtheydestroyedtheytookthemostdespoticinstitutions—centralization，RoyalCouncil，lieutenantsofpolice，specialtribunals，intendantsandsub—delegates；theydisinterredtheantiqueRomanlawoflèse—majesty，refurbishedoldbladeswhichcivilizationhaddulled，aimingthemateverythroatandnowwieldedatrandomagainstliberties，propertyandlives。Itiscalledthe\"revolutionarygovernment；\"accordingtoofficialstatementsitistolastuntilpeaceissecured；inthemindsofgenuineJacobinsitmustcontinueuntilalltheFrenchhavebeenregeneratedinaccordancewiththeformula。
_
Notes:
[1]TitusFlaviousClemens，（GreekwriterborninAthensaround150
anddeadinCappadocein250）HelivedinAlexandria。（SR）。
[2]ThewordsofMarat。
[3]AftertheConstitutioniscompleted，saidLegendre，intheJacobinclub，wewillmakethefederalistsdance。
[4]ArchivesNationales，F。I。C……56，（CircularofGohier，MinisterofJustice，totheFrenchpeople，July6，1793）。\"CertainpersonsaredisposedtoperverttheeventsofMay31andJune2，byatrociousexaggerationsandthegrossestfables，andpreventthefortunateresultstheypresentfrombeingseen。Theyareabsolutelydeterminedtoseenothingbutviolationsofthelibertyofthepeople’srepresentativesinastepwhichwasspeciallydesignedtohastenontheConstitutionalActonwhichthelibertyofallisestablished。OfwhatconsequenceisitwhoaretheauthorsoftheConstitutionpresentedtoyou？Whatdoesitmatterwhetheritissuesfromamountainamidstlightningandtherollingthunder，liketheTablesoftheLawgiventotheHebrews，orwhetheritcomes，likethelawsgiventotheearlyRomans，inspiredinthetranquilasylumofadivinityjealousofhisreligioussurroundings？Isthisconstitutionworthyofafreepeople？Thatistheonlyquestionwhichcitizenswhoweartheliveryofnopartyneedexamine！\"
[5]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，177。（reportbyHéraultSéchelles，June10，1793）。Ibid，XXXI。，400。（TextofconstitutionsubmittedtodiscussionJune11th，andpassedJune24th。）
[6]DeSybel，II。，331。（AccordingtothefacsimilepublishedintheQuarterlyReview）。\"HéraultsaysthatheandfourofhiscolleaguesareorderedtofurnishthedraftofaconstitutionbyMonday。\"
[7]ReportbyHérault—Séchelles。（BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。178。）
[8]BuchezetRoux，XXXI，400。（ArticlesoftheDeclarationofRights，1，7，9，11，27，31，35）
[9]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，178。ReportbyHérault—Séchelles。\"Eachofushadthesamedesire，thatofattainingtothegreatestdemocraticresult。Thesovereigntyofthepeopleandthedignityofmanwereconstantlyinourminds……Asecretsentimenttellsusthatourworkisperhapsthemostpopularthateverexisted。\"
[10]ArchivesNationales，B。II。，23。（Tableofvotesbythecommissionappointedtocollecttheprocès—verbauxoftheadoptionoftheconstitution，August20，1793。）——Numberofprimaryassembliessendingintheirprocès—verbaux，6，589（516cantonshavenotyetsenttheirsin）。——Numberofvotersoncall，1，795，908；Yes，1，784，377；
Noes，11，531。——NumberofprimaryassembliesvotingYesunanimously，notoncallofnames，297。——AtParis，40，990voters，atTroyes，2，491，atLimoges，2，137。——Cf。Fordetailsandmotivesofabstention，SauzayIV。pp。157—161。AlbertBabeau，II，pp。83and84。Moniteur，XVII。，375（speechbytherepresentativeDesvars）。
[11]Ibid。，Moniteur，XVII。，20。（reportbyBarrèreontheconvocationoftheprimaryassemblies，June17，1793。）Ibid。，102
（ReportofCambon，July11）。\"ItisnowafortnightsinceyoudemandedaConstitution。Verywell，hereitis……Respectforpersonsandpropertyisamplysecuredinit。Yes，moredefinitelythaninanyotherconstitution。Doesitprovideforitsownrevision？
Yes，forinsixweeks，wecanconvoketheprimaryassembliesandexpressourdesireforthereformthatmayappearnecessary。—Willthepopularwishberespected？Yes，thepeoplethenwillmakedefinitivelaws。\"
[12]GuillondeMontléon，I。，282，309。——BuchezetRoux，XXVIII，356，357（JournaldeLyonNos。223and224。）\"TheacceptanceoftheConstitutionwasneitherentirenorverysincere；peopletookcredittothemselvesforacceptingaviciousandsketchyproduction。\"
Meillan，\"Mémoires，\"120。（InJulyheleavesCaenforQuimper）。
\"AlthoughwewereassuredthatweshouldpassonlythroughMaratisttowns，wehadthesatisfactionoffindingnearlyalltheinhabitantsregardingMaratwithhorror。TheyhadindeedacceptedtheConstitutionofferedbytheCommitteeofPublicSafety，butsolelytoendthematterandonconditionswhichwouldspeakwellforthem；for，everywheretherenewaloftheConventionwasexactedandthepunishmentofassaultsmadeonit。\"Thisdesire，andothersanalogoustoit，aregivenintheprocès—verbauxofmanyoftheprimaryassemblies（ArchivesNationales，B。II。，23）；forexample，inthoseofthethirteencantonsofAin。Ademandismade，furthermore，forthereintegrationoftheTwenty—two，theabolitionoftherevolutionarytribunal，thesuppressionofabsoluteproconsulates，theorganizationofadepartmentguardforsecuringthefutureoftheConvention，thedischargeoftherevolutionaryarmy，etc。
[13]Moniteur，XVII。，20。ReportofBarère:\"TheConstitutionalactisgoingtodrawthelinebetweenrepublicansandroyalists。\"
[14]ArchivesNationales，F。I。C。，54。（CircularoftheMinister，Gohier，July6，1793。）\"Itisto—daythat，summonedtothealterofthecountry，thosewhodesiretheRepublicwillbeknownbyname，andthosewhodonotdesireit，whethertheyspeakorkeepsilent，willbeequallyknown。\"
[15]Sauzay，IV。，160，161。（ArticlebytheVidette。）Consequently，\"alltheunconstitutionalistsnoblesandpriestsconsidereditadutytogotheassembliesandjoyfullyacceptaconstitutionwhichguaranteedlibertyandpropertytoeverybody。\"
[16]\"JournaldesDébatsdelaSociétédesJacobins，\"No。ForJuly27，1793（correspondence，No。122）。
[17]Moniteur，XVII。，156，163。
[18]Sauzay，IV。，158:\"Themotivesforjudgmentswerethusstatedbyjudgesthemselves。\"
[19]Moniteur，XVII。，40，48，72，140，175，194，263。（Cf。SpeechesbyChaumette，July14，andReportbyGossoin，August9）。—ArchivesNationales，B。II。，23。NegativevotesinArdèche5，inAude5，Moselle5，Sa？ne—et—Loire5，C？te—d’Or4，Creuse4，Haut—Rhin4，Gers4，Haute—Garonne3，Aube2，Bouches—du—Rh？ne2，Cantal2，Basses—Alpes1，Haute—Marne1，Haute—Vienne1，Var0，Seine0。—Thedetailsandcircumstancesofvotingarecurious。InthedepartmentofAube，atTroyes，thesecondsectioninagreementwiththethird，excluded\"suspects\"fromthevote。AtParis，thesection\"GardesFran？aise，Fourcroypresident，announces1，714voters，ofwhich1，678arecitizensand36citoyennes。Inthe\"MontBlanc\"section，thesecretarysignsasfollows:Tronesegretairegeneraldelasemblé。
[20]Moniteur，XVII。，375。（Sessionoftheconvention，August11，1793）。Chabot:\"Idemandalawrequiringeverymanwhodoesnotappearataprimarymeetingtogivegoodreasonforhisabsence；also，thatanymanwhohasnotfavoredtheConstitution，bedeclaredineligibletoallconstitutionalfranchises。\"Ibid。，50。（MeetingoftheCommune，July4th）。LeonardBourdondemands，inthenameofhissection，theGravilliers，aregisteronwhichtoinscribethosewhoaccepttheConstitution，\"inorderthatthosewhodonotvoteforitmaybeknown。\"—Souzay，IV。159。M。Boillon，ofBelleherbe，isarrested\"forbeingpresentattheprimaryassemblyofthecantonofVaucluse，andwhencalledupontoaccepttheConstitutionalact，leavingwithoutvoting。\"
[21]Moniteur，XVII。，11。（InstructionsonthemodeofacceptingtheConstitution）。—SauzayIV。，158。—Moniteur，XVII。，302。（SpeechbyGarat，August2。）\"IhavedispatchedcommissionerstopushtheConstitutionalActthroughtheprimaryassemblies。\"—Durand—Maillane。
150。\"Theenvoysofthedepartmentsweretakenfromthesans—
culotterietheninfashion，becausetheyruledintheConvention。\"
[22]Sauzay，IV。，158。
[23]Moniteur，XVII。，363。（ReportofGossuintotheConvention，August9）。\"ThereareprimaryassemblieswhichhaveextendedtheirdeliberationsbeyondtheacceptanceoftheConstitution。Thisacceptancebeingalmostunanimous，allotherobjectsformmatterforpetitionstobeentrustedtocompetentcommittees。\"\"——Ibid。，333。
（SpeechofDelacroix）。\"Theanti—revolutionarydelegatessentbytheconspiratorswehadintheConventionmustbepunished。（August6。）。
[24]Moniteur，ibid。，333。SpeechandmotionsofBazire，August8。—
XIX。，116。ReportofVouland，January2，1794。ThepayofMaillardandhisacolytesamountedtotwenty—twothousandlivres。—XVIII。，324。（SessionofAugust5。SpeechesofGossuin，ThibaultandLacroix。）—Ibid。，90。（SessionofGerminal8，yearIII。）SpeechbyBourdondel’Oise:\"Wehavebeenobligedtopickmenoutoftheenvoysinordertofindthosedisposedforrigorousmeasures。\"
[25]Moniteur，XVII。，330。OrdinanceoftheCommune，August6。
[26]Moniteur，XVII。，332。（SessionoftheConvention，August6。）—
Cf。the\"Diurnal\"ofBeaulieu，August6。Beaulieumentionsseveraldeputationsandmotionsofthesameorder，andstatesthealarmofthe\"Mountain。\"—Durand—Maillane，\"Mémoires，\"151。\"Amongtheenvoysfromthedepartmentsweresensiblemenwho，farfromapprovingofallthestepstakenbytheirbrethren，entertainedandmanifestedverycontrarysentiments。Theseweremolestedandimprisoned。\"—\"ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，\"vol。1411。（ReportoftheagentsofAugust10and11。）Thedepartmentcommissioners……seemedtousinthebestdisposition。Therearesomeintriguersamongthem，however；wearefollowingupsomeofthem，andstrivingbyfraternizingwiththemtopreventthemfrombeingseducedorledawaybytheperfidioussuggestionsofcertainscoundrels，thefriendsoffederalism，amongstthem……Afewpatrioticcommissionershavealreadydenouncedseveraloftheirbrethrenaccusedoflovingroyaltyandfederalism。\"
[27]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，408。
[28]Moniteur。，XVII。，330。（ActpassedbytheCommune，August6。）
[29]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。1411。（Reportsofagents，Aug。10and11）。\"Citizensare，to—day，eagertoseewhoshallhaveacommissionerathistable:whoshalltreathimthebest……theCommissionersoftheprimaryassembliescomeandfraternisewiththemintheJacobinclub。Theyadopttheirmaxims，andarecarriedawaybytheenergyofthegoodandtruerepublicansans—
culottesintheclubs。\"
[30]Moniteur，XVII。，307，308。（ReportofCouthontotheConvention，Aug。2。）\"Youwouldwound，youwouldoutragetheseRepublicans，wereyoutoallowtheperformancebeforethemofaninfinityofpiecesfilledwithinsultingallusionstoliberty。\"
[31]Ibid。124。（SessionofAug。5。）
[32]Ibid。，314；（LetterofLhuillier，Aug。4。）—322，SessionoftheCommune，Aug。4th；332，（SessionoftheConvention，Aug。6）。—
BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，409。（MeetingoftheJacobinClub，Aug。
5th）。
[33]BuchezetRoux，411（ArticleintheJournaldelaMontagne。）
[34]Moniteur，XVII。，348。
[35]\"LeFéderation\"wasin1790\"theAssociationoftheNationalGuards。\"（SR）。
[36]BuchezetRoux，XVIII。，415andfollowingpages。
[37]Ibid。，352。—Cf。Beaulieu，\"Diurnal，\"Aug。9。
[38]OnthemechanicalcharacterofthefestivalsoftheRevolutionreadtheprogrammeof\"ThecivicfeteinhonorofValorandMorals，\"
orderedbyFouchéatNevers，onthe1stdayofthe1stdecadeofthe2ndmonthoftheyearII。（DeMartel，\"EtudesurFouché，\"202）；also，theprogrammeofthe\"Fetedel’EtreSupréme，\"atSceaux，organizedbythepatriotPalloy，Presidial20，yearII。（Dauban，\"Parisen1794，p。187）。
[39]Itcostonemilliontwohundredthousandfrancs，besidesthetravelingexpensesofeightthousanddelegates。
[40]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，439，andfollowingpages。ProcèsverbalofheNationalFestivalofthe10thofAugust。—Dauban\"LaDemagogieen1791。\"（ExtractfromtheRepublicanRitual。）
[41]Moniteur，XVII。，366。（SessionofAug。11。SpeechbyLacroixanddecreeinconformitytherewith。）
[42]Ibid。，374。\"RememberthatyouareaccountabletothenationandtheuniverseforthissacredArk。Rememberthatitisyourdutytodieratherthansufferasacrilegioushand……\"
[43]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，358。ItisevidentfromthecontextofthespeechthatRobespierreandtheJacobinsweredesirousofmaintainingtheConventionbecausetheyforesawGirondistelections。
[44]Moniteur，XVII。，382。（SessionofAug。12。SpeechbyLacroix）。
[45]Ibid。，387。—Cf。Ibid。，410，sessionofAugust16。Thedelegatesreturntheretoinsistonalevy，enmasse，thelevyofthefirstclassnotappearingsufficienttothem。（levymeansmobilizationofallmen）—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，464。DelegateRoyer，CuréofChalons—sur—Saone，demandsthatthearistocrats\"chainedtogetherinsixes\"beputinthefrontrankinbattle\"toavoidtherisksofsauvequipeut。\"
[46]DecreesofAugust14and16。
[47]Moniteur，XVII。，375。
[48]Riouffe，\"Mémoires，\"19:\"Anentiregeneration，therealdisciplesofJean—Jacques，VoltaireandDiderot，couldbe，andwasannihilated，toalargeextentunderthepretextoffederalism。\"
[49]Moniteur，XVII。，102。（SpeechbyCambon，July11，1793）。
ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，46。（SpeechofGeneralWimpffentothe\"SociétédesamisdelaLibertéetdel’Egalité，\"insessionatCherbourg，June25，1793）。\"Sixty—fourdepartmentshavealreadyrevokedthepowersconferredontheirrepresentatives。\"Meillan，\"Mémoires，\"72:\"ThearchivesofBordeauxoncecontainedtheactspassedbyseventy—twodepartments，allofwhichadheredtomeasuresnearlythesameasthoseindictedinourdocuments。\"
[50]BuchezetRoux，XVIII。，148。——Meillan，70，71。——GuillondeMontléon，I。，300（onLyons）andI。，280（onBordeaux）。ArchivesNationales，AFII。，46。（DeliberationsoftheNantessectionJuly5）。
——LetterofMerlinandGillet，representativesonmission，Lorient，June12。DissatisfactionattheoutragesofMay31andJune2，wassomanifestthattherepresentativesonmissionMerline，Gillet，Savestre，andCagaignacprintonthe14thofJunearesolutionauthorisingoneoftheirbodytogototheConventionandprotest\"intheirname\"againsttheweaknessshownbyitandagainsttheursurpationsofthePariscommune。——Sauzay，IV。，260。AtBesan？on，inageneralassemblyofalltheadministrative，judicialandmunicipalbodiesofthedepartmentjoinedtothecommissionersofthesection，protest\"unanimously\"onthe15thofJune。
[51]ArchivesNationales，Ibid。（LetterofRommeandPrieur，Caen，June10th，tothecommitteeofPublicSafety）。TheinsurgentsaresoevidentlyintherightthatRommeandPrieurapproveoftheirownarrest。\"Citizens，ourcolleagues，thisarrestmaybeofgreatimportance，servethecauseofliberty，maintaintheunityoftherepublicandreviveconfidenceif，aswehastentodemanditofyou，youconfirmitbyadecreewhichdeclaresushostages……WehavenoticedthatamongthepeopleofCaen，thereisaloveofliberty，aswellasofjusticeanddocility。\"
[52]ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，46。（PrintedJuly5）。ResultofthedeliberationsoftheNantessections。TheactissignedbythethreeadministrativebodiesofNantes，bythedistrictrulersofClisson，AnceriesandMachecoul，whohadfledtoNantes，andbyboththedeputiesofthedistrictsofPaimb？ufandChateaubriand，inall，eighty—sixsignatures。
[53]ArchivesNationales，ibid。，（letterofGeneralWimpffentothe\"SocietédesAmisdel’EgalitéetdelaLiberté\"insessionatCherbourg，June25，1793）。—Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，126。—Ontheopinionofthedepartmentscf。PaulThibaud（\"Etudessurl’histoiredeGrenobleetduDepartmentdel’Isére\"）。—LouisGuibert（\"LePartiGirondindansleHauteVienne\"）。—Jarrin，（\"BourgetBellaypendantlaRévolution\"）。
[54]AlbertBabeau，II。，83。（PamphletbythecuréofCleray）。
\"EveryprimaryassemblythatacceptstheConstitutionstrikesthefactionsablowontheheadwiththeclubofHercules。\"
[55]Cf。\"TheRevolution，\"Vol。II。Ch。XI。
[56]Buzot。—ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，157。ReportsbyBaudotandYsabeautotheConvention。The19thofAug。AttheHoteldeVilleofBordeaux，theyeulogizethe21stofJanuary:\"Therewasthenaroarasfrightfulasitwasgeneral。Acityofficialcoollyrepliedtous:Whatwouldyouhave？Toopposeanarchywehavebeenforcedtojointhearistocrats，andtheyrule。\"AnothersaysironicallytoYsabeau:\"Wedidnotanticipatethat，——theyareourtribunes。\"
[57]Jarrin，\"BourgetBelleypendantlaRévolution\"（\"AnnalesdelaSocietéd’Emulationdel’Ain，1878，Nos。ForJanuary，FebruaryandMarch，p。16）。
[58]Louvet，103，108。—GuillondeMontléon，I。，305andfollowingpages。—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，151。（ReportofthedelegatesofthedistrictofAndelys）。\"Oneofmembersobservedthattherewouldbeagooddealoftroubleinraisinganarmedforceofonethousandmen。\"—Anadministrator（acommissionerofCalvados）replied:\"Weshallhaveallthearistocratsonourside。\"TheprincipalmilitaryleadersatCaenandatLyons，Wimpffen，Précy，Puisaye，areFeuillantsandformonlyaprovisionalalliancewiththeGirondistsproperlysocalled，Henceconstantcontentionsandreciprocalmistrust。BirotteauandChapetleaveLyonsbecausetheydonotfindthespiritoftheplacesufficientlyrepublican。
[59]Louvet，124，129。—BuchezetRoux，XXVII，360。（NoticebyGeneralWimpffen），July7。—Puisaye，\"Mémoires\"and\"L’InsurrectionNormande。\"byetVaultieretMancel。
[60]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，471。LetterofBarbaroux，Caen，June18。—Ibid。，133。LetterofMadameRolandtoBuzot，July7。\"Youarenottheonetomarchattheheadofbattalions（departmental）。Itwouldhavetheappearanceofgratifyingpersonalvengeance。\"
[61]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，153。（DeliberationsoftheconstitutedauthoritiesofMarseilles，June7。）
[62]GuillondeMontléon，II。，40。ThecontrastbetweenthetwopartiesiswellshowninthefollowingextractfromtheletterofacitizenofLyonstoKellerman’ssoldiers。\"Theytellyouthatwewanttodestroytheunityoftherepublic，whiletheythemselvesabandonthefrontierstotheenemyinordertocomehereandcuttheirbrethren’sthroats。\"
[63]GuillondeMontléon，I。，288。—MarcelinBoudet，\"LesConventionnelsd’Auvergne，\"p。181。—Louvet，193。—Moniteur，XVII。，101。（SpeechofCambon，July11）。\"Wehavepreferredtoexposethesefunds（onehundredandfivemillionsdestinedforthearmy）tobeingintercepted，ratherthantoretardthisdispatch。ThefirstthingtheCommitteeofPublicSafetyhavehadtocareforwastosavetherepublicandmaketheadministrationsfullyresponsibleforit。Theywerefullyawareofthis，andaccordinglyhaveallowedthecirculationofthesefunds……Theyhavebeenforced，throughthewisemanagementoftheCommittee，tocontributethemselvestothesafetyoftherepublic。\"
[64]ArchivesNationales，LetterofRobertLindet，June16，AF。II。，43。ThecorrespondenceofLindet，whichisveryinteresting，wellshowsthesentimentsoftheLyonneseandthepolicyofthe\"Mountain。\"
\"HoweveragitatedLyonsmaybe，orderprevails；nobodywantseitherkingortyrant；allusethesamelanguage:thewordsrepublic，union，areineverybody’smouth。\"（Eightletters。）HealwaysgivesthesameadvicetotheCommitteeofPublicSafety:\"Publishaconstitution，publishthemotivesofthebillsofarrest，\"whichareindispensabletorallyeverybodytotheConvention，（June15）。
[65]GuillondeMontléon，I。，309（July24）。
[66]Sauzay，IV。，268。—PaulThibaud，50。—MarcelinBoudet，185。
—ArchivesNationalesAF。II。，46。ExtractfromtheregistersoftheCouncilofthedepartmentofLoire—Inferieure，July14。ThedepartmentproteststhatitsdecreeofJuly5wasnot\"arupturewiththeConvention，anopenrebellionagainstthelawsoftheState，anideaveryremotefromthesentimentsandintentionsofthecitizenspresent。\"Now，\"theplanofaConstitutionisofferedtotheacceptanceofthesovereign。Thisfortunatecircumstanceshouldbringpeopletoonemind，and，withhopethusrenewed，letusatonceseizeonthemeansofsalvationthuspresentedtous。\"—Moniteur，XVII。，102。（SpeechofCambon，July11。）
[67]Louvet，119，128，150，193。—Meillan，130，141。（Onthedispositionandsentimentsoftheprovincesandofthepublicingeneral，thereaderwillfindampleandauthenticdetailsinthenarrativesofthefugitiveswhoscatteredthemselvesinalldirections，andespeciallythoseofLouvet，Meillan，Dulaure，andVaublanc。）Cf。the\"MémoiresdeHua\"and\"UnSéjourenFrancein1792
and1795。\"—Mallet—du—Panalreadystatesthisdispositionbefore1789
（MS。Journal）。\"June，1785:TheFrenchlivesimplyinacrowd；theymustallclingtogether。Onthepromenadestheyhuddletogetherandjostleeachotherinonealley；thesamewhenthereismorespace。\"
\"Aug。，1787，（afterthefirstriots）:Ihaveremarkedingeneralmorecuriositythanexcitementinthemultitude……Onecanjudge，atthismoment，thenationalcharacter；agooddealofbravadoandnonsense；neitherreason，rulenormethod；rebelliousincrowds，andnotasoulthatdoesnottrembleinthepresenceofacorporal。\"
[68]Meillan，143。—Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，203。（SessionofAugust10）。—Mallet—du—Pan，\"Mémoires，\"II。，9。
[69]ErnestDaudet，\"His。desConspirationsroyalistesdanslemidi。\"
（BooksII。AndIII。）
[70]GuillondeMontléon，I。，313。（AddressofaLyonaistothepatriotsoldiersunderKellerman。）
[71]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，222。—TheinsurrectionofToulon，Girondistatthestart，datesJuly1st。—LetterofthenewadministratorsofToulontotheConvention。\"WdesiretheRepublic，oneandindivisible；thereisnosignofrebellionwithus……
RepresentativesBarrasandFréronlieshamefullyindepictingusasanti—revolutionaries，ongoodtermswiththeEnglishandthefamiliesofVendée。\"—TheToulonadministratorscontinuefurnishingtheItalianarmywithsupplies。July19，anEnglishboat，senttoparley，hadtolowerthewhiteflagandhoistthetri—colorflag。TheentryoftheEnglishintoToulondidnottakeplacebeforethe29thofAugust。
[72]GuillondeMontléon，II。，67。（LetteroftheLyonnesetotherepresentativesofthepeople，Sep。20）:\"ThepeopleofLyonshaveconstantlyrespectedthelaws，andif，asinsomedepartments，thatofRhone—et—LoirewasforamomentmistakenintheeventsofMay31，theyhastened，assoonastheybelievedthattheConventionwasnotoppressed，torecognizeandexecuteitsdecrees。Everyday，nowthatthesereachit，theyarepublishedandobservedwithinitswalls。\"
[73]Moniteur，XVII。，269。（SessionofJuly28）。（LetteroftheadministratorsofthedepartmentofRhone—et—LoiretotheConvention，Lyons，July24）。\"WepresenttotheConventionourindividualrecantationanddeclaration；inconformingtothelawweareentitledtoitsprotection。Wepetitionthecourttodecideonourdeclaration，andtorepealtheactswhichrelatetousormakeanexceptioninourfavor……Wehavealwaysprofessedourselvestobetruerepublicans。\"
[74]GuillondeMontléon，I。，309，311，315，335。——Mortimer—
Ternaux，VIII。，197。
[75]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，141。
[76]MalletduPan，I。，379andfollowingpages；I。，408；II。，10。
[77]EntryoftheRepublicantroopsintoLyons，October9th，intoToulon，December19th。—Bordeauxhadsubmittedonthe2ndofAugust。
Exasperatedbythedecreeofthe6thwhichproscribedalltheabettorsoftheinsurrection，thecitydrivesout，onthe19th，therepresentativesBaudotandYsabeau。Itsubmitsagainonthe19thofSeptember。Butsogreatistheindignationofthecitizens，Tallienandhisthreecolleaguesdarenotenterbeforethe16thofOctober。
（Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，197andfollowingpages。）
[78]SeventythousandmenwererequiredtoreduceLyons，（GuillondeMontléon，II。，226）andsixtythousandmentoreduceToulon。
[79]ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，vol。CCCXXIX。（LetterofChépy，politicalagent，Grenoble，July26，1793）。\"Isayitunhesitatingly，IhadratherreduceLyonsthansaveValenciennes。\"
[80]Ibid。，vol。CCCXXIX。（LetterofChépy，Grenoble，August24，1793）:\"ThePiedmontesearemastersofCluse。Alargebodyofmountaineershavejoinedthem。AtAnnecythewomenhavecutdownthelibertypoleandburntthearchivesoftheclubandcommune。AtChambéry，thepeoplewantedtodothesame，buttheyforcedthesickinthehospitalstotakearmsandthuskeptthemdown。\"
[81]Moniteur，XVIII，474。（ReportofBillaud—Varennes，October18，1793）。\"ThecombinedeffortsofallthepowersofEuropehavenotcompromisedlibertyandthecountrysomuchasthefederalistfactions；theassassinthemosttobedreadedistheonethatlivesinthehouse。\"
[82]Theconventionpurposelyreinstatesincendiariesandassassins。
（Moniteur，XVIII。，483。SessionofBreumaire28，yearII。）:XVII。，176。（SessionofJuly19，1793）。RehabilitationofBordierandJourdain，hunginAugust，1789。CancellingoftheproceedingsbegunagainsttheauthorsofthemassacreofMelun（September，1792）andreleaseoftheaccused。——Cf。AlbertBabeau，（I。，277。）
Rehabilitation，withindemnitiesdistributedinMessidor，yearII，totheirrelatives。—\"ArchivesdesAffairesétrangères，\"vol。331。
（LetterofChépy，Grenoble，Frimaire8，yearII）。\"Thecriminalcourtandjuryofthedepartmenthavejustrisentotheheightofthesituation；theyhaveacquittedthecastle—burners。\"
[83]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，593。（Deputationoftwenty—foursectionssentfromBordeauxtotheConvention，August30）。—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，494。（ReportoftherepresentativesonmissioninBouches—du—Rh？ne，September2nd）。—Ibid。，XXX。，386。（LetterofRousin，commandantoftherevolutionaryarmyatLyons。\"Apopulationofonehundredtwentythousandsouls……Therearenotamongstallthese，onethousandfivehundredpatriots，evenonethousandfivehundredpersonsthatonecouldspare。—GuillondeMontléon，I。，355，374。（SignaturesoftwentythousandLyonneseofallclasses，August17th）。
[84]GuillondeMontléon，I。，394。（LetterofDubois—CrancétotheLyonnese，August19th。）
[85]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，198。（DecreeofAug。6。）—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。297，（DecreeofJuly12。）。—GuillondeMontléon，I。，342。SummonsofDubois—Crancé，Aug。8。）
[86]Meillan，142。）。—\"ArchivesdesAffairesEtrangéres，\"vol。
CCCXXXII。（LetterofDesgranges，Bordeaux，Brumaire8，yearII。）:
\"TheexecutionofMayorSaige，whowasmuchlovedbythepeopleforhisbenefactions，causedmuchsorrow:butnoguiltymurmurwasheard。\"
[87]ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，46。（LetterofJulientotheCommitteeofPublicSafetyMessidor11，yearII）。\"Sometimeagoasolemnsilenceprevailedatthesessionsofthemilitarycommission，thepeople’sresponsetothedeath—sentencesagainstconspirators；thesamesilenceattendedthemtothescaffold；thewholecommuneseemedtosobinsecretattheirfate。\"
[88]BerryatSaint—Prix，\"LaJusticeRévolutionaire，\"pp。277—299。—
ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，46。（RegistersoftheCom。OfSurveillance，Bordeaux）。ThenumberofprisonersbetweenPrairial21
and28，variesfrom1504to1529。Numberoftheguillotined，882。
（MemoirsofSénart）。
[89]ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，46。LetterofJulien，Messidor12，yearII。\"Agooddealhasbeenstolenhere；themayor，nowinprison，isinformedofconsiderablelosses。TheformerCommitteeofsurveillancecameunderserioussuspicion；manypeoplewhowereoutlawedonlyescapedbypaying:itisafactthat……Ofanumberofthosewhohavethuspurchasedtheirlivestherearesomewhodidnotdeservetodieandwho，nevertheless，werethreatenedwithdeath。\"—BuchezetRoux，XXXII。，428。（ExtractsfromtheMemoirsofSénart）。\"ThepresidentofthemilitarycommissionwasamannamedLacombe，alreadybanishedfromthecityonaccountofajudgmentagainsthimforrobbery。TheotherindividualsemployedbyTalliencomprisedalotofvalets，bankruptsandsharpers。\"
[90]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，493。（SpeechbyDanton，August31，anddecreeinconformitytherewithbytheConvention）。
[91]Mallet—Dupan，II。，17。\"ThousandsoftradersinMarseillesandBordeaux，heretherespectableGradisandtheretheTarteron，havebeenassassinatedandtheirgoodssold。Ihaveseenthethirty—secondlistonlyoftheMarseillesemigres，whosepropertyhasbeenconfiscated……Therearetwelvethousandofthemandthelistsarenotyetcomplete。\"（Feb。1，1794。）—AnnePlumptre。2ANarrativeofThreeyears’ResidenceinFrance，from1802to1805。\"\"DuringthisperiodthestreetsofMarseilleswerealmostthoseofadesertedtown。
Onecouldgofromoneendofthetowntotheotherwithoutmeetinganyonehecouldcallaninhabitant。Thegreatterrorists，ofwhomscarcelyonewasaMarseillaise，thesoldiersandroughsastheycalledthemselves，werealmosttheonlypersonsencountered。\"Thelatter，tothenumberoffiftyorsixty，injacketswithleatherstraps，felluponallwhomtheydidnotlike，andespeciallyonanybodywithacleanshirtandwhitecravat。Manypersonsonthe\"Cours\"werethuswhippedtodeath。Nowomenwentout—doorswithoutabasked，whileeverymanworeajacket，withoutwhichtheyweretakenforaristocrats。（II。，94。）
[92]\"MémoiresdeFréron。\"（CollectionBarrièreandBerville）。
LettersofFrérontoMoiseBayle，Brumaire23，Pluviose5and11，Novose16，II，publishedbyMoiseBayle，alsodetailsfurnishedbyHuard，pp。350—365。—ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，144。（OrderofrepresentativesFréron，Barras，SalicettiandRichard，Novose17，yearII。）
[93]Mallet—Dupan，II。，17。—GuillondeMontléon，II。，259。
[94]Ibid。，II。，281。（DecreeoftheConvention，Oct。12）；II。312。
（OrdersofCouthonandhiscolleagues，Oct。25）；II。，366—372
（Instructionsofthetemporarycommission，Brumaire26）。
[95]Ibid。III。，153—156。LetterofLaportetoCouthon，April13，1794。
[96]ThecontemporaryFrenchEncyclopedia\"QUID\"ed。Lafont，1996
statesonpage755thataccordingtoLouisMariePrudhommetherewere31000victimsatLyons。（SR。）
[97]Ibid。II。135—137。（ResolutionsoftheRevolutionaryCommission，Germinal17。）andLettersofCadillottoRobespierre，Floréal，yearII）。III。，63。
[98]GuillondeMontléon，II。，399。（LetterofPerrotin，memberofthetemporarycommissiontotherevolutionarycommitteeofMoulin。）
\"TheworkbeforethenewcommissionmaybeconsideredasanOrganizationoftheSeptembrisade；theprocesswillbethesamebutlegalizedbyanactpassed。\"
[99]BuchezetRoux，XXIX。，192。（DecreeofOctober12）。
[100]Ibid。，XXX。，457。（DecreeofNovember23）。
[101]\"MémoiresdeFréron。\"（LetterofFréron，Nivose6）。—GuillondeMontléon，II。，391。
[102]DecreesofOctober12andDecember24。—ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，44。TherepresentativesonmissionwantedtodothesamethingwithMarseilles。（OrdersofFréron，Barras，Salicetti，andRicard，Niv？se17，yearII。）\"ThenameofMarseilles，stillbornebythiscriminalcity，shallbechanged。TheNationalConventionshallberequestedtogiveitanothername。Meanwhileitshallremainnamelessandbethusknown。\"Ineffect，inseveralsubsequentdocuments，Marseillesiscalledthenamelesscommune。
[103]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，204。（SessionofJune24:\"Strongexpressionsofdissentareheardontheright。\"Legendre，\"Idemandthatthefirstrebel，thefirstmanthere（pointingtothe\"Right\"
party）whointerruptsthespeaker，besenttotheAbbaye。\"Couhey，indeed，wassenttotheAbbayeforapplaudingaFederalistspeech。—
Cf。onthesethreemonths。—Mortimer—Ternaux，vol。VIII。
[104]BuchezetRoux，XXIX。，175。—Dauban:\"LaDémagogieàParisen1793，\"436（NarrativebyDulaure，aneye—witness）。
[105]Therewerereallyonlytwenty—twobroughtbeforetherevolutionarytribunal。
[106]Dauban，XXVI。，p。440。（NarrativeofBlanqui，oneoftheseventy—three。）
[107]BuchezetRoux。XXIX。，178，179。Osselin:\"Idemandthedecreeofaccusationagainstthemall。\"—Amar:\"TheapparentlynegativeconductoftheminorityoftheConventionsincethe2ndofJune，wasanewplotdevisedbyBarbaroux。\"Robespierre:\"IfthereareothercriminalsamongthoseyouhaveplacedunderarresttheCommitteeofGeneralSecuritywillpresenttoyouthenomenclatureofthemandyouwillalwaysbeatlibertytostrike。\"
[108]Ibid。，XXIX。，432，437，447。—ReportbyAmar。（thisreportservedasthebillofindictmentagainstthem，\"cowardlysatellitesofroyaldespotism，vileagentsofforeigntyrants。\"—Wallon，II。，407，409。（LetterofFouquier—Tinvilletotheconvention）。\"Afterthespecialdebates，willnoteachoftheaccuseddemandageneralprosecution？Thetrial，accordingly，willbeinterminable。Besides，onemayaskwhyshouldtherebewitnesses？Theconvention，allFrance，accusesthoseontrial。Theevidenceoftheircrimesisplain；
everybodyisconvincedoftheirguilt……ItistheConventionwhichmustremoveallformalitiesthatinterferewiththecoursepursuedbythetribunal。\"—Moniteur，XVII。，（SessionofOctober28），291。ThedecreeprovokedbyapetitionofJacobins，ispassedonmotionofOsselin，aggravatedbyRobespierre。
[109]Louvet，\"Mémoires，\"321。（ListoftheGirondistswhoperishedorwhowereproscribed。Twenty—fourfugitivessurvived。）
[110]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，395，416，435。Theterroranddisgustofthemajorityisseeninthesmallnumberofvoters。Theirabstentionfromvotingisthemoresignificantinrelationtotheelectionofthedictators。ThemembersoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety，electedonthe16thofJuly，obtainfromonehundredtoonehundredandninety—twovotes。ThemembersoftheCommitteeofSecurityobtainfromtwenty—twotoonehundredandthirteenvotes。
Themembersofthesamecommittee，renewedonthe11thofSeptember，obtainfromfifty—twotoonehundredandeightvotes。Thejudgesoftherevolutionarytribunal，completedonthe3rdofAugust，obtainfromforty—seventosixty—fivevotes。—Meillan，85。（Inrelationtotheinstitutionoftherevolutionarygovernment，onmotionofBazire，Aug。28）。\"Sixtyoreightydeputiespassedthisdecree……itwasprecededbyanotherpassedbyapluralityofthirtyagainstten……Fortwomonthsthesessionthebestattended，containsbutonehundreddeputies。TheMontagnardsoverranthedepartmentstodeceiveorintimidatethepeople。Therest，discouraged，keepawayfromthemeetingsortakenopartintheproceedings。\"
[111]ThemeaningandmotivesofthisdeclarationareclearlyindicatedinBazire’sspeech。\"SincetheadoptionoftheConstitution，\"hesays，\"Feuillantismhasraiseditshead；astrugglehasarisenbetweenenergeticandmoderatepatriots。AttheendoftheConstituentAssembly，theFeuillantspossessedthemselvesofthewordslaw，order，public，peace，security，toenchainthezealofthefriendsoffreedom；thesameman？uvresarepracticedto—day。Youmustshattertheweaponinyourenemies’hands，whichtheyuseagainstyou。\"—Durand—Maillane，154。\"Thesimpleexecutionofconstitutionallaws，\"saidBazire，\"madeforpeaceabletimes，wouldbeimpotentamongtheconspiraciesthatsurroundyou。\"—Meillan，108。
[112]Moniteur，XVIII，106。（ReportofSaint—Justontheorganizationoftherevolutionarygovernment，October10th，andthedecreeinconformitytherewith。）Ibid。，473。（ReportofBillaud—Varennesonamodeofprovisionalandrevolutionarygovernment，Nov。18th，anddecreeinconformitytherewith。）—Ib。，479（sessionofNov。22nd，1793，。—SpeechofHébrard，spokesmanofadeputationfromCantal）。\"A
centralcommitteeofsurveillance，arevolutionaryarmy，hasbeenestablishedinourdepartment。Aristocrats，suspects，thedoubtful，moderates，egoists，allgentlemenwithoutdistinguishingthosewhohavedonenothingfortherevolutionfromthosewhohaveactedagainstit，awaitinretirementtheulteriormeasuresrequiredbytheinterestsoftheRepublic。Ihavesaidwithoutdistinctionoftheindifferentfromthesuspects；forweholdtothesewordsofSolon’s:
\"Hewhoisnotwithusisagainstus。\"
[113]Thetrousersusedinpre—RevolutionaryFrancebythenobilitywascalledculottes，theyterminatedjustbelowthekneewherethelongcottonorsilkenstockingswouldbegin。ThelessaffluentusedlongtrousersandnosocksandbecameknownastheSans—culotteswhichbecame，asmentionedinvol。II。anicknamefortherevolutionaryproletariat。（SR。）
[114]Moniteur，（SpeechbyDanton，March26，1794。）\"Increatingrevolutionarycommitteesthedesirewastoestablishaspeciesofdictatorshipofcitizensthemostdevotedtolibertyoverthosewhorenderedthemselvessuspects。\"
[115]Mallet—Dupan，II。，8。（February，1794）。\"Atthismomenttheentirepeopleisdisarmed。Notaguncanbefoundeitherintownorcountry。Ifanythingatteststhesuper—naturalpowerwhichtheleadersoftheConventionenjoy，itistosee，inoneinstant，throughoneactofthewillandnobodyofferinganyresistance，orcomplainingofit，thenationfromPerpignantoLille，deprivedofeverymeansofdefenseagainstoppression，withafacilitystillmoreunprecedentedthanthatwhichattendedtheuniversalarmingofthenationin1789。\"
—\"AResidenceinFrance，\"II。，409。\"TheNationalGuardasaregularinstitutionwasingreatpartsuppressedafterthesummerof1793，thosewhocomposeditbeinggraduallydisarmed。Guard—mountingwascontinued，butthecitizensperformingthisservicewere，withveryfewexceptions，armedwithpikes，andtheseagainwerenotfullyentrustedtothem；eachman，onquittinghispost，gaveuphisarmsmorepunctuallythanifhehadbeenboundtodosothroughcapitulationwithavictoriousenemy。\"
[116]Moniteur，XVIII。，106。（ReportbySaint—Just，Oct。10th）。
[117]Ibid。，473。（ReportofBillaud—Varennes，Nov。13th）。
[118]Ibid。，XVIII。，591。（SpeechbyCouthon，December4th）。Ibid。，Barère:\"Electoralassembliesaremonarchicalinstitutions，theyattachtoroyalism，theymustbespeciallyavoidedinrevolutionarytimes。\"
[119]Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，40。（DecreepassedonthepropositionofDanton，sessionofSeptember13th）。ThemotiveallegedbyDantonisthat\"membersarestillfoundonthecommitteeswhoseopinions，atleast，approachfederalism。\"Consequentlythecommitteesarepurified，andparticularlytheCommitteeofGeneralSecurity。Sixofitsmembersarestrickenoff（Sept。14），andthelistsentinbytheCommitteeofPublicsafetypasseswithoutdiscussion。
[120]Moniteur，XVIII。，592。（SessionofDecember4，speechbyRobespierre）。
[121]MiotdeMelito，\"Mémoires，\"I。，47。
[122]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。，153。Mortimer—Ternaux，VIII。，443。
（DecreeofSeptember28th）。—Wallon，\"HistoireduTribunalRévolutionairedeParis，\"IV。，112。
[123]BuchezetRoux，XXXIV。，300。（TrialofFouquier—Tinvilleandassociates）。Billofindictment:\"Oneofthesepubliclyboastedofalwayshavingvoteddeath。Othersstatethattheywerecontenttoseepeopletogivetheirjudgment；physicalinspectionalonedeterminedthemtovotedeath。Anothersaid，thatwhentherewasnooffensecommitteditwasnecessarytoimagineone。Anotherisaregularsotandhasneversatinjudgmentbutinastateofintoxication。Otherscametothebenchonlytofiretheirvolleys。\"Etc。（Supportingevidence。）—Observe，moreover，thatjudgesandjuriesareboundtokillunderpenaltyofdeath（Ibid。，30）。\"Fouquier—Tinvillestatesthatonthe22ndofPrairialhetookthesamestep（toresign）withChatelet，BrochetandLerry，whentheymetRobespierre，returningtotheNationalConventionarm—in—armwithBarère。Fouquieradds，thattheyweretreatedasaristocratsandanti—revolutionaries，andthreatenedwithdeathiftheyrefusedtoremainontheirposts。\"
AnalogousdeclarationsbyPigeot，Ganne，Girard，Dupley，Foucault，NollinandMadre。\"Sellieradds，thatthetribunalhavingremonstratedagainstthelawofPrairial22，hewasthreatenedwitharrestbyDumas。Hadweresigned，hesays，Dumaswouldhaveguillotinedus。
[124]Moniteur，XXIV。，12。（SessionofVent？se29，yearIII。，speechbyBaileul）。\"Terrorsubduedallminds，suppressedallemotions；itwastheforceofthegovernment，whilesuchwasthisgovernmentthatthenumerousinhabitantsofavastterritoryseemedtohavelostthequalitieswhichdistinguishmanfromadomesticanimal。Theyseemedeventohavenolifeexceptwhatthegovernmentaccordedtothem。
Humanpersonalitynolongerexisted；eachindividualwassimplyamachine，going，coming，thinkingornotthinkingashewasimpelledorstimulatedbytyranny。\"
[125]DecreeofFrimaire14，yearII。，Dec。4，1793。
[126]Moniteur，XVII。，473，474，478。（SpeechbyBillaud—Varennes）。
\"TheswordofDamoclesmusthenceforthbebrandishedovertheentiresurface。\"ThisexpressionofBillaudsumsupthespiritofeverynewinstitution。
[127]Moniteur，XVIII。，275。（SessionofOct。26。1793，speechbyBarère。）\"Thisisthemostrevolutionarystepyoucantake。\"
（Applause。）
[128]Ibid。，520。（ReportofBarèreanddecreeinconformity）。\"TherepresentativessentonmissionarerequiredtoconformstrictlytotheactsoftheCommitteeofPublicSafety。Generalsandotheragentsoftheexecutivepowerwill，undernopretext，obeyanyspecialorder，thattheymayrefusetocarryoutthesaidacts。\"—Moniteur，XVIII。，291。（ReportbyBarère，Oct。29，1793。）Atthisdateonehundredandfortyrepresentativesareonmission。
[129]ArchivesNationales，AF。II。，22。（Papersofthe’CommitteeofPublicSafety。Noteontheresultsoftherevolutionarygovernmentwithouteitherdateorsignature。）\"ThelawofFrimaire14createdtwocentersofinfluencefromwhichactionspread，inthesenseoftheCommittee，andwhichaffectedtheauthorities。ThesetwopivotsofrevolutionaryruleoutsidetheCommitteeweretherepresentativesofthepeopleonmissionsandthenationalagentscontrollingthedistrictcommittees。Thewordrevolutionarygovernmentaloneexercisedanincalculablemagicalinfluence。\"—Mallet—Dupan，\"Mémoires，\"II。，p。2，andfollowingpages。
BOOKSECOND。THEJACOBINPROGRAM。
CHAPTERI。
I。TheDoctrine。
ProgramoftheJacobinparty。——Abstractprincipleandspontaneousdevelopmentofthetheory。
Nothingismoredangerousthanageneralideainnarrowandemptyminds:astheyareempty，itfindsnoknowledgetheretointerferewithit；astheyarenarrowitisnotlongbeforeitoccupiestheplaceentirely。Henceforththeynolongerbelongtothemselvesbutaremasteredbyit；itworksinthemandthroughthem，theman，inthetruesenseoftheword，beingpossessed。Somethingwhichisnothimself，amonstrousparasite，aforeignanddisproportionateconception，liveswithinhim，developingandgivingbirthtotheevilpurposeswithwhichitispregnant。Hedidnotforeseethathewouldhavethem；hedidnotknowwhathisdogmacontained，whatvenomousandmurderousconsequencesweretoissuefromit。Theyissuefromitfatally，eachinitsturn，andunderthepressureofcircumstances，atfirstanarchicalconsequencesandnowdespoticconsequences。Havingobtainedpower，theJacobinbringshisfixedideaalongwithhim；
whetherattheheadofthegovernmentorinoppositiontoit，thisideaisfruitful，andtheall—powerfuldogmaprojectsoveranewdomaintheinnumerablelinksofitsendlesschain。
II。ACommunistState……
TheJacobinconceptofSociety。——TheContrat—Social。——TotalsurrenderoftheIndividualtotheCommunity。——EverythingbelongstotheState。——ConfiscationsandSequestrations。——Pre—emptionandrequisitionandrequisitionofproduceandmerchandise。——
IndividualsbelongtotheState。——DraftsofpersonsforMilitaryservice。——DraftsofpersonsfortheCivilservice。——TheStatephilanthropist，educator，theologian，moralist，censoranddirectorofideasandintimatefeelings。
Letustracethisinwarddevelopmentandgoback，alongwiththeJacobin，tofirstprinciples，totheoriginalpact，tothefirstorganizationofsociety。Thereisbutonejustandsoundsociety，theonefoundedonthe\"contrat—social，\"and\"theclausesofthiscontract，fullyunderstood，reducethemselvestoone，thetotaltransferofeachindividual，withallhisrights，tothecommunity，……eachsurrenderinghimselfupabsolutely，justasheactuallystands，heandallhisforces，ofwhichthepropertyhepossessesformsapart。\"[1]
Theremustbenoexceptionorreservation。Nothingofwhathepreviouslywas，orhad，nowbelongstohiminhisownright；
henceforth，whatheis，orhas，devolvesuponhimonlythroughdelegation。Hispropertyandhispersonnowformaportionofthecommonwealth。Ifheisinpossessionofthese，hisownershipisatsecondhand；ifhederivesanybenefittherefrom，itisasaconcession。Heistheirdepository，trusteeandadministrator，andnothingmore。[2]Inotherwords，withrespecttotheseheissimplyamanagingdirector，thatistosayafunctionarylikeothers，withaprecariousappointmentandalwaysrevocablebytheStatewhichhasappointedhim。
\"Asnaturegivestoeverymanabsolutepoweroverthemembersofhisbodythesocialpactgivesthesocialbodyabsolutepoweroverallitsmembers。\"
TheState，asomnipotentsovereignanduniversalproprietor，exercisesatdiscretion，itsboundlessrightsoverpersonsandthings；
consequentlywe，itsrepresentatives，takeallthingsandpersonsintoourhands；astheybelongtoit，sodotheybelongtous。