next；thetroopoffigure—headswho，inotherpublicplaces，aretorepresentthepeople，about1，000bawlersandclaqueurs，\"two—thirdsofwhicharewomen。\"\"WhileIwasfree，\"saysBeaulieu，[179]\"I
closelyobservedtheirmovements。Itwasamagic—lanternconstantlyinoperation。TheytraveledtoandfromtheConventiontotheRevolutionaryTribunal，andfromthistotheJacobinClub，ortotheCommune，whichhelditsmeetingsintheevening……Theyscarcelytooktimefortheirnaturalrequirements；theywereoftenseendiningandsuppingattheirpostswhensomeactionoranimportantmurderwasintheoffing。Henriot，thecommander—in—chiefofbothhordes，wasatonetimeaswindler，thenapolice—informer，thenimprisonedatBicêtreforrobbery，andthenoneoftheSeptembermurderers。Hismilitarybearingandpopularityareduetoparadingthestreetsintheuniformofageneral，andappearinginhumbugperformances；heisthetypeofaswaggerer，alwaysdrunkorsoakedwithbrandy。Ablockhead，withabeeryvoice，blinkingeyes，andafacedistortedbynervoustwitching，hepossessesalltheexternalcharacteristicsofhisemployment。Intalking，hevociferateslikemenwiththescurvy；hisvoiceissepulchral，andwhenhestopstalkinghisfeaturescometorestonlyafterrepeatedagitations；heblinksthreetimes，afterwhichhisfacerecoversitsequilibrium。\"[180]
Marat，Hébert，andHenriot，themaniac，thethiefandthebrute。WereitnotforthedaggerofCharlotteCorday，[181]itisprobablethatthistrio，masterofthepressandofthearmedforce，aidedbyJacquesRoux，Leclerc，Vincent，Ronsin，andothermadmenoftheslums，wouldhaveputasideDanton，suppressedRobespierre，andgovernedFrance。Sucharethecounselors，thefavorites，andtheleadersoftherulingrevolutionaryclass；didonenotknowwhatwastooccurduringthenextfourteenmonths，onemightformanideaofitsgovernmentfromthequalityofthesemen。
Andyet，suchasthisgovernmentis，Franceacceptsorsubmitstoit。
Infact，Lyons，Marseilles，Toulon，N？mes，Bordeaux，Caen，andothercities，feelingtheknifeattheirthroats，[182]turnasidethestrokewithamovementofhorror。TheyriseagainsttheirlocalJacobins；butitisnothingmorethananinstinctivemovement。TheydonotthinkofformingStateswithintheState，asthe\"Mountain\"pretendsthattheydo，norofusurpingthecentralauthority，asthe\"Mountain\"actuallydoes。Lyonscries，\"LonglivetheRepublic，oneandindivisible，\"
receiveswithhonorthecommissionersoftheConvention，permitsconvoysofarmsandhorsesdestinedforthearmyoftheAlpstopass。
Toexcitearevoltthere，requirestheinsanedemandsofParisiandespotismjustasitrequiresthebrutalpersistenceofreligiouspersecutiontorendertheprovinceoflaVendéeinsurgent。Withouttheprolongedoppressionthatweighsdownconsciences，andthedangertolifealwaysimminent，nocityorprovincewouldhaveattemptedsecession。Evenunderthisgovernmentofinquisitorsandbutchersnocommunity，savethoseofLyonsandLaVendée，makesanysustainedefforttobreakuptheState，withdrawfromitandlivebyitself。Thenationalsheafhasbeentoostronglyboundtogetherbysecularcentralization。One’scountryexists；andwhenthatcountryisindanger，whenthearmedstrangerattacksthefrontier，onefollowstheflag—bearer，whoeverhemaybe，whetherusurper，adventurer，blackguard，orcut—throat，providedonlythathemarchesinthevanandholdsthebannerwithafirmhand。[183]Totearthatflagfromhim，tocontesthispretendedright，toexpelhimandreplacehimbyanother，wouldbeacompletedestructionofthecommonweal。Bravemensacrificetheirownrepugnanceforthesakeofthecommongood；inordertoserveFrance，theyserveherunworthygovernment。Inthecommitteeofwar，theengineeringandstaffofficerswhogivetheirdaystothestudyofmilitarymaps，thinkofnothingelsethanofknowingitthoroughly；oneofthem，d’Arcon，\"managedtheraisingofthesiegeofDunkirk，andoftheblockadeofMaubeuge；[184]nobodyexcelshiminpenetration，inpracticalknowledge，inquickperceptionandinimagination；itisaspiritofflame，abraincompactofresources。Ispeakofhim，saysMalletduPan，\"fromanintimateacquaintanceoftenyears。HeisnomorearevolutionnairethanIam。\"
Carnot[185]doesevenmorethanthis:hegivesuphishonorwhen，withhiscolleaguesontheCommitteeofPublicSafety，Billaud—Varennes，Couthon，Saint—Just，Robespierre，heputshisnametodecreeswhichareassassinations。Asimilardevotionbringsrecruitsintothearmiesbyhundredsofthousands，bourgeois[186]andpeasants，fromthevolunteersof1791totheleviesof1793；andthelatterclassfightnotonlyforFrance，butalso，andmorethanall，fortheRevolution。
For，nowthattheswordisdrawn，themutualandgrowingexasperationleavesonlytheextremepartiesinthefield。Sincethe10thofAugust，andmoreespeciallysincethe21stofJanuary，ithasnolongerbeenaquestionhowtodealwiththeancientregime，ofcuttingawayitsdeadportionsoritstroublesomethorns，ofaccommodatingittomodernrequirements，ofestablishingcivilequality，alimitedmonarchy，aparliamentarygovernment。ThequestionishowtoescapeconquestbyarmedforcetoavertthemilitaryexecutionsofBrunswick，[187]thevengeanceoftheproscribedémigrés，therestorationandtheaggravationoftheoldfeudalandfiscalorderofthings。Boththroughtheirtraditionsandtheirexperience，themassofthecountrypeoplehatethisancientorder，andwithalltheaccumulatedhatredwhichanunceasingandsecularspoliationhascaused。Irrespectiveofcosts，theruralmasseswillneveragainsufferthetax—collectoramongthem，northeexcisemaninthecellar，northefiscalagentonthefrontier。Forthemtheancientregimeisnothingmorethanthesethings；and，infact，theyhavepaidnotaxes，orscarcelyany，sincethebeginningoftheRevolution。Onthismatterthepeople’sideaisfixed，positive，unalterable；andassoonastheyperceiveinthedistantfuturethepossiblere—establishmentofthetaille，thetithe，andtheseignorialrights，theychoosetheirside；
theywillfighttothedeath。——Astotheartisansandlesserbourgeois，theirspuristhemagnificentprospectofcareers，towhichthedoorsarethrownopen，ofunboundedadvancement，ofpromotionofferedtomerit；morethanall，theirillusionsarestillintact。
Campedoutthere，facingtheenemy，thosenobleideals，whichinthehandsoftheParisiandemagogueshadturnedintosanguinaryharlots，remainpureandvirginalinthemindsofthesoldiersandtheirofficers。Liberty，equality，therightsofman，thereignofreason——
allthesevagueandsublimeimagesmovedbeforetheireyeswhentheyclimbedtheescarpmentofJemmapesunderastormofgrapeshot，orwhentheywintered，withnakedfeet，amongthesnowsoftheVosges。Theseideas，indescendingfromheaventoearth，werenotdishonoredanddistortedundertheirfeet，theydidnotseethemtransformedintheirhandstofrightfulcaricatures。Thesemenarenotpillarsofclubs，norbrawlersinthesections，northeinquisitorsofacommittee，norhiredinformers，norprovidersforthescaffold。Apartfromthesabbathrevolutionaire，broughtbacktoearthbytheirdanger，andhavingunderstoodtheinequalityoftalentsandtheneedfordiscipline，theydotheworkofmen；theysuffer，theyfast，theyfacebullets，theyareconsciousoftheirgenerosityandtheirsacrifices；
theyareheroes，andtheylookuponthemselvesasliberators。[188]
Theyareproudofthis。Accordingtoanastuteobserver[189]whoknewtheirsurvivors，\"manyofthembelievedthattheFrenchalonewerereasonablebeings……InoureyesthepeopleintherestofEurope，whowerefightingtokeeptheirchains，wereonlypitiableimbecilesorknavessoldtothedespotswhowereattackingus。PittandCobourgseemedtousthechiefsoftheseknavesandthepersonificationofallthetreacheryandstupidityintheworld……In1794ourinmost，serioussentimentwaswhollycontainedinthisidea:tobeusefultoourcountry；allotherthings，ourclothes，ourfood，advancement，werepoorephemeraldetails。Associetydidnotexist，therewasnosuchthingforusassocialsuccess，thatleadingelementinthecharacterofournation。
Ouronlygatheringswerenationalfestivals，movingceremonieswhichnourishedinustheloveofourcountry。Inthestreetsoureyesfilledwithtearswhenwesawaninscriptioninhonoroftheyoungdrummer，Barra……Thissentimentwastheonlyreligionwehad。\"[190]
Butitwasareligion。Whentheheartofanationissohighitwilldeliveritself，inspiteofitsrulers，whatevertheirexcessesmaybe，whatevertheircrimes；forthenationatonesfortheirfolliesbyitscourage；ithidestheircrimesbeneathitsgreatachievements。
_
Notes:
[1]\"ArchivesNationales，\"AFII，45，May6，1793（inEnglish）。
[2]Moore，II。185（October20）。\"ItisevidentthatallthedepartmentsofFranceareintheoryallowedtohaveanequalshareinthegovernment；yetinfactthesingledepartmentofParishasthewholepowerofthegovernment。\"ThroughthepressureofthemobParismakesthelawfortheConventionandforallFrance。—Ibid。，II。534
（duringtheking’strial）。\"AllthedepartmentsofFrance，includingthatofParis，areinrealityoftenobligedtosubmittotheclamoroustyrannyofasetofhiredruffiansinthetribuneswhousurpthenameandfunctionsofthesovereignpeople，and，secretlydirectbyafewdemagogues，governthisunhappynation。\"Cf。Ibid。，II。（Nov。13）。
[3]Schmidt，I。96。LetterofLauchoutothepresidentoftheConvention，Oct。11，1792:\"Thesectionof1792onitsownauthoritydecreedonthe5thofthismonththatallpersonsinamenialservicecouldbeallowedtovoteinourprimaryassemblies……ItwouldbewellfortheNationalConventiontoconvincetheinhabitantsofParisthattheyalonedonotconstitutetheentirerepublic。Howeverabsurdthisideamaybe，itisgaininggroundeveryday。\"—Ibid。，LetterofDamour，vice—presidentofthePantheonsection，Oct。29:\"ThecitizenParis……hassaidthatwhenthelawisinconflictwithgeneralopinionnoattentionmustbepaidtoit……Thesedisturbersofthepublicpeacewhodesiretomonopolizeallplaces，eitherinthemunicipalityorelsewhere，arethemselvesthecauseofthegreatesttumult。\"
[4]Schmidt，I。223（reportbyDutard，May14）。
[5]Mortimer—Ternaux，VI。117；VII。59（ballotingofDec。2and4）。Inmostoftheseandthefollowingelectionsthenumberofvotersisbutone—twentiethofthoseregistered。Chaumetteiselectedinhissectionby53votes；Hébertby56；Gency，amaster—cooper，by34；Lechenard，atailor，by39；Douce，abuilding—hand，by24。——PacheiselectedmayorFeb。15，1793，by11，881votes，outof160，000registered。
[6]BuchezetRoux，XVII。101。（DecreeofAug。19，1792）。—Mortimer—
Ternaux，IV。223。—Beaulieu，\"Essais，\"III。454。\"TheNationalGuardceasedtoexistafterthe10thofAugust。\"——Buzot，454。——Schmidt，I。533（Dutard，May29）。\"ItiscertainthatthearmedforcesofParisisnonexistent。\"
[7]Beaulieu，Ibid。，IV。6。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3249
（Oise）。——LettersoftheOiseadministrators，Aug。24，Sept。12and20，1792。LettersoftheadministratorsofthedistrictofClermont，Sept。14，etc。
[8]Cf。above，ch。IX。—\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3249。LetteroftheadministratorsofthedistrictofSenlis，Oct。31，1792。TwooftheadministratorsoftheSenlishospitalwerearrestedbyPariscommissariesandconducted\"beforethepretendedCommitteeofPublicSafetyinParis，withallthattheypossessedinmoney，jewels，andassignats。\"Thesamecommissariescarryofftwoofthehospitalsistersofcharity，withallthesilverplateintheestablishment；
thesistersarereleased，buttheplateisnotreturned。——BuchezetRoux，XXVI。209（PatrioteFran？ais）。SessionofApril30，1793，thefinalreportofthecommissionappointedtoexaminetheaccountsoftheoldCommitteeofSupervision:\"PanisandSergentareconvictedofbreakingseals。\"……\"67，580francsfoundinSeptenil’sdomicilehavedisappeared，aswellasmanyarticlesofvalue。\"
[9]Schmidt，I，270。
[10]Mortimer—Ternaux，IV。221to229，242to260；VI。43to52。
[11]DeSybel，\"Histoiredel’EuropependantlaRévolutionFran？aise，\"
II76。——MadameRoland，II。152。\"Itwasnotonlyimpossibletomakeouttheaccounts，buttoimaginewhere130，000，000hadgone……Thedayhewasdismissedhemadesixtyappointments，……fromhisson—
in—law，who，avicar，wasmadeadirectorat19，000francssalary，tohishair—dresser，ayoungscapegraceofnineteen，whomhemakesacommissaryofwar\"……\"Itwasprovedthathepaidinfullregimentsthatwereactuallyreducedtoafewmen。——Meillan，20。\"ThefactionbecamethemasterofParisthroughhiredbrigands，aidedbythemillionsplacedatitsdispositionbythemunicipality，underthepretextofensuringsupplies。\"
[12]Seeinthe\"MemoirsofMme。Elliot，\"theparticularsofthisvote。——Beaulieu，I。445。\"IsawaplacardsignedbyMaratpostedonthecornersofthestreets，statingthathehaddemanded15，000francsoftheDukeofOrleansascompensationforwhathehaddoneforhim。
GouverneurMorris，I。260（LetterofDec。21，1792）。ThegalleriesforcetheConventiontorevokeitsdecreeagainsttheexpulsionoftheBourbons。——Onthe22ndofDecemberthesectionspresentapetitioninthesamesense，whilethereisasortofriotinthesuburbsinfavorofPhilippe—Egalité。
[13]Schmidt，I。246（Dutard，May13）。\"TheConventioncannotcountinallParisthirtypersonsreadytosidewiththem。
[14]BuchezetRoux，XXV。463。Onthecallofthehouses，April13，1793，ninety—twodeputiesvoteforMarat。
[15]Prudhomme，\"CrimesdelaRévolution，\"V。133。ConversationwithDanton，December，1792。——DeBarante，III。123。Thesameconversation，probablyafteranotherverbaltradition。——Iamobligedtosubstitutelesscoarsetermsforthoseofthequotation。
[16]Heisthefirstspeakeronthepartofthe\"Mountain\"intheking’strial，andatoncebecomespresidentoftheJacobinClub。HisspeechagainstLouisXVI。issignificant。\"\"LouisisanotherCatiline。\"Heshouldbeexecuted，firstastraitortakenintheact，andnextasking；thatistosay，asanaturalenemyandwildbeasttakeninanet。
[17]Vatel，\"CharlotteCordayandtheGirondists，\"I。preface，CXLI。
（withallthedocuments，thelettersofMadamedeSaint—Just，theexaminationonthe6thofOctober，1786，etc。）Thearticlesstolenconsistedofsixpiecesofplate，afinering，gold—mountedpistols，packetsofsilverlace，etc。——Theyouthdeclaresthatheis\"abouttoentertheComted’Artois’regimentofguardsuntilheisoldenoughtoentertheking’sguards。\"HealsohadanideaofenteringtheOratoire。
[18]Cf。hisupeechagainsttheking，hishisreportonDanton，ontheGirondists，etc。IfthereaderwouldcomprehendSaint—Just’scharacterhehasonlytoreadhislettertod’Aubigny，July20，1792:\"SinceI
camehereIamconsumedwitharepublicanfury，whichiswastingmeaway……ItisunfortunatethatIcannotremaininParis。IfeelsomethingwithinmewhichtellsmethatIshallfloatonthewavesofthiscentury……Youdastards，youhavenotappreciatedme！Myrenownwillyetblazeforthandcastyoursintheshade。Wretchesthatyouare，youcallmeathief，avillain，becauseIcangiveyounomoney。
Tearmyheartoutofmybodyandeatit，andyouwillbecomewhatyouarenotnow——great！\"
[19]BuchezetRoux，XXIV。296，363；XXV。323；XXVII。144，145。——
Moniteur，XIV80（termsemployedbyDanton，David，Legendre，andMarat）。
[20]Moniteur，XV。74。——BuchezetRoux，XXVII。254，257，sessionsofJan。6andMay27。
[21]Moniteur，XIV。851。（SessionofDec。26，1792。SpeechbyJulien。）
[22]Moniteur，XIV。768（sessionofDec。16）。Thepresidentsays:\"I
havecalledCalontoorderthreetimes，andthreetimeshasheresisted。\"——Vergnieuddeclaresthat\"ThemajorityoftheAssemblyisundertheyokeofaseditiousminority。\"—Ibid，XIV。851，853，865
（sessionofDec。26and27）。——BuchezetRoux，XXV。396（sessionofApril11。）
[23]Louvet，72
[24]Meillan，24:\"Wewereforsometimeallarmedwithsabres，pistols，andblunderbusses。\"——Moore，II。235（October，1792）。A
numberofdeputiesalreadyatthisdatecarriedswordcanesandpocket—pistols。
[25]Dauban，\"LaDemagogieen1793，\"p。101。DescriptionofthehallbyPrudhomme，withillustrations。—Ibid。，199。LetterofBrissottohisconstituents:\"Thebrigandsandthebacchanteshavefoundtheirwayintothenewhall。—AccordingtoPrudhommethegallerieshold1，400
personsinall，andaccordingtoDulaure，20，000or3，000。
[26]Moore，I。44（Oct。10），andII。534。
[27]Moniteur。XIV。795。SpeechbyLanjuinais，Dec。19，1792。
[28]BuchezetRoux，XX。5，396。SpeechbyDuperret，sessionofApril11，1793。
[29]Dauban，143。LetterofValazé，April14。——Cf。Moniteur，XIV。
746，sessionofDec。14。—Ibid。，800，sessionofDec。20。—Ibid。，853，sessionofDec。26。
[30]SpeechbySalles。——Lanjuinaisalsosays:\"OneseemstodeliberatehereinafreeConvention；butitisonlyunderthedaggerandcannonofthefactions。\"—Moniteur。XV。180，sessionofJan。16。
SpeechbyN————，deputy，itsdeliveryinsistedonbyCharlesVilette。
[31]Meillan，24。
32\"ArchivesNationales，\"AF，II。45。Policereports，May16，18，19。
\"Thereisfearofabloodyscenethefirstday。\"——BuchezetRoux，XXVII。125。ReportofGamoninspectoroftheConventionhall。
[33]Moniteur，XIV。362（Nov。1，1792）。—Ibid。，387，sessionofNov。
4。SpeechbyRoyerandGorsas。—Ibid。，382。LetterbyRoland，Nov。5。
[34]Moniteur，XIV。699。LetterofRoland，Nov。28。
[35]Moniteur，XIV。697，numberforDec。11。
[36]Moniteur，XV。180，sessionofJan。16。SpeechbyLehardy，Hugues，andThibaut。——Meillan，14:\"AlineofseparationbetweenthetwosidesoftheAssemblywasthentraced。Severaldeputieswhichthefactionwishedtoputoutofthewayhadvotedfordeath（oftheking）。Almostalloftheseweredownonthelistofthoseinfavoroftheappealtothepeople，whichwasthebasispreferred。Wewerethenknownasappellants。\"
[37]Moniteur，XV。8。SpeechbyRabaut—Saint—ètienne。——BuchezetRoux，XXIII24。Mortimer—Ternaux，V。418。—Moniteur，XV。180，sessionofJan。16。——BuchezetRoux，XXIV。292。——Moniteur，XV。182。LetterofthemayorofParis，Jan。16。—Ibid。，179。LetterofRoland，Jan。
16。——BuchezetRoux，XXIV。448。ReportbySanterre。
[38]BuchezetRoux，XXV。23to26。——Mortimer—Ternaux，VI。184
（Manifestoofthecentralcommittee，March9，2o’clockinthemorning）。—Ibid。193。NarrativeofFournieratthebaroftheConvention，March12。——ReportofthemayorofParis，March10。——
ReportoftheMinisterofJustice，March13。——Meillan，24。——
Louvet，72，74。
[39]Pétion，\"Mémoires，\"106（Ed。Dauban）:\"HowmanytimesIheard，’Yourascal，we’llhaveyourhead！’AndIhavenodoubtthattheyoftenplannedmyassassination。\"
[40]Taillandier，\"Documentsbiographiques，\"onDaunou（NarrativebyDaunou），p。38。——DoulcetdePontécoulant，\"Mémoires，\"I。139:\"Itwasthenthatthe’Mountain’usedallthemeansofintimidationitknewsowellhowtobringintoplay，fillingthegallerieswithitssatellites，whoshoutedouttoeachotherthenameofeachdeputyashesteppeduptothepresident’stabletogivehisvote，andyellingsavagelyateveryonewhodidnotvoteforimmediateandunconditionaldeath。—Carnot，\"Mémoires，\"I。293。Carnotvotedforthedeathoftheking；yetafterwardheavowedthat\"LouisXVI。wouldhavebeensaved，iftheConventionhadnothelditsdeliberationsunderthedagger。\"
[41]Durand—Maillane，35，38，57。
[42]AnexpressionbyDussaulx，inhis\"Fragmentspourservirà
l’histoiredelaConvention。\"
[43]MadameRoland，\"Mémoires，\"ed。BarrièreetBerville，II。52。—
（NotebyRoland。）
[44]Moniteur，XV，187。Cambacérèsvotes:\"Louishasincurredthepenaltiesestablishedinthepenalcodeagainstconspirators……Theexecutiontobepostponeduntilhostilitiescease。IncaseofinvasionoftheFrenchterritorybytheenemiesoftherepublic，thedecreetobeenforced。\"——OnBarrère，seeMacaulay’scrushingarticlein\"BiographicalEssays。\"
[45]Sainte—Beuve，\"CauseriesduLundi，\"V。209。（\"Sièyes，\"accordingtohisunpublishedmanuscripts。）
[46]MadameRoland，II。56。NotebyRoland。
[47]Mortimer—Ternaux，V。476。
[48]Mortimer—Ternaux，V。513。
[49]ComtedeSégur，\"Mémoires。\"I。13。
[50]HarmanddelaMeuse（memberoftheConvention），\"AnecdotesrelativeàlaRévolution，\"83，85。
[51]Meissner，148，VoyageàParis\"（lastmonthsof1795）……TestimonyoftheregicideAudrein。
[52]Louvet，775。
[53]Meillan，16。
[54]RemarkbyM。Guirot（\"Mémoires\"），II。73。
[55]Moniteur，XIV。432，sessionofNov。10，1792。SpeechbyCambon:
\"ThatisthereasonwhyIshallalwaysdetestthe2ndofSeptember；
forneverwillIapproveofassassinations。\"InthesamespeechhejustifiestheGirondistsagainstanyreproachoffederalism。
[56]\"LeMaréchalDavoust，\"byMadamedeBocqueville。LetterofDavoust，battalionofficer，June2，1793:\"WeareanimatedwiththespiritofLepelletier，whichisallthatneedbesaidwithrespecttoouropinionsandwhatwewilldointhecomingcrisis，inwhich，perhaps，afactionwilltrytoplungeusanewintoacivilwarbetweenthedepartmentsandParis。Perfidiouseloquence……conservativeTartufes。\"
[57]Moniteur，XIV。738。ReportbyCambon，Dec。15。\"OnthewayFrenchgeneralsaretoactincountriesoccupiedbythearmiesoftherepublic。\"ThisimportantdocumentisatruemanifestooftheRevolution。——BuchezetRoux，XXVII140，sessionofMay20，andXXVI。
177，sessionofApril27，speechbyCambon:\"ThedepartmentofHérau1tsaystothisorthatindividual:’Youarerich；youropinionscauseusexpenditure……ImeantofixyoutotheRevolutioninspiteofyourself。Youshalllendyourfortunetotherepublic，andwhenlibertyisestablishedtherepublicwillreturnyourcapitaltoyou。—
\"Ishouldlike，then，followingtheexampleofthedepartmentofHérault，thattheConventionshouldorganizeacivicloanofonebillion，tobesuppliedbyegoistsandtheindifferent。—DecreeofMay20，\"passedalmostunanimously。Aforcedloanofonebillionshallbemadeonwealthycitizens。\"
[58]Meillan。100。
[59]SpeechbyDucos，March20。\"Wemustchoosebetweendomesticeducationandliberty。Solongasthepoorandthericharenotbroughtclosetogetherthroughacommoneducation，invainwillyourlawsproclaimsacredequality！\"——Rabaut—Saint—étienne:\"Ineverytownshipanationaltemplewillbeerected，inwhicheverySundayitsmunicipalofficerswillgivemoralinstructiontotheassembledcitizens。Thisinstructionwillbedrawnfrombooksapprovedofbythelegislativebody，andfollowedbyhymnsalsoapprovedofbythelegislative。Acatechism，assimpleasitisshort，drawnupbythelegislativebody，shallbetaughtandeveryboywillknowitbyheart。\"——OnthesentimentsoftheGirondistsinrelationtoChristianity，seechaptersV。andXI。ofthisvolume。——Onthemeansforequalizingthefortunes，seearticlesbyRabaut—Saint—étienne（BuchezetRoux，XXIII。467）。—Ibid。，XXIV。475（March7—11）decreeabolishingthetestamentaryright。——Condorcet，inhis\"Tableaudesprogrésdel’Esprithumain，\"assignsthelevelingofconditionsasthepurposeofsociety。——Onpropagandaabroad，readthereportbyCambon（Dec。15）。Thisreportisnearlyunanimouslyaccepted，andBuzotexacerbatesitbyaddinganamendment[60]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。287，sessionofMay28，voteonthemaintenanceoftheCommissionofTwelve。
[61]Moniteur。XV。395，sessionofFeb。8，1793。
[62]DecreesofMarch13and14。
[63]Moore，II。44（October1792）。Dantondeclaresinthetribunethat\"theConventionshouldbeacommitteeofinstructionforkingsthroughouttheuniverse。\"OnwhichMooreremarksthatthisisequivalenttodeclaringwaragainstallEuropeexceptSwitzerland。—
MalletduPan，\"ConsiderationssurlaRevolutiondeFrance，\"p。37:\"Inaletterwhichchancehasbroughttomynotice，Brissotwrotetooneofhisminister—generalstowardsthecloseoflastyear:’ThefourquartersofEuropemustbesetonfire；thatisoursalvation。’\"
[64]Duvergier，\"Collectiondesloisetdécrets。\"DecreeofMarch10—
12。TitleI。articles4，12，13；titleII。articles2，3。AddtothisthedecreeofMarch29—31，establishingthepenaltyofdeathagainstwhoevercomposesorprintsdocumentsfavoringthere—establishmentofroyalty。
[65]Ib。，DecreeofMarch28—April5（article6）。—Cf。thedecreesofMarch18—22，andApril23—24。
[66]DecreeofMarch27—30。
[67]DecreeofApril5—7。
[68]DecreeofMay4。（Alawfixingthehighestpriceatwhichgrainshallbesold。TR。）
[69]DecreeofApril11—16（bearingonthereductioninvalueofthelegalcurrency。—TR）。
[70]DecreeofMay20—25。
[71]DecreeofApril5—7。WordsusedbyDantoninthecourseofthedebate。
[72]DecreeofApril5—11。
[73]DecreesofMay13，16，22，23，24，25，26，and29，June1。
[74]DecreesofMarch21—23andMarch26—30。
[75]DecreesofMarch29—31。
[76]DecreeofApril1—5。
[77]Schmidt，I。232。ReportbyDutard，May10。
[78]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2401to2505。RecordsofthesectiondebatesinParis。——ManyofthesebeginMarch28，1793，andcontainthedeliberationsofrevolutionarycommittees；forexample，F7，2475，thesectionofthePikesorofthePlaceVend？me。WeseebytheofficialreportsdatedMarch28andthefollowingdaysthatthesuspectedweredeprivedallweapons，eventhesmallest，everyspeciesofswordcane，includingdress—swordswithsteelorsilverhandles。
[79]BuchezetRoux，XXV。157。——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2494，sectionoftheRéunion，officialreport，March28。
[80]Schmidt，I。223（Dutard，May14）。——Ibid。，224。\"IftheConventionallowscommitteesofsupervisiontoexerciseitsauthority，Iwillnotgiveiteightdays。\"—Meillan，111:\"Almostallthesectionagitatorswerestrangers\"——\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3294
and3297，recordsofdebateinthecommitteesofsupervisionbelongingtothesectionsoftheRéunionandDroitsdel’Homme。Qualityofmindandeducationarebothindicatedbyorthography。Forinstance:\"Leditjouretanquedé？us。\"—\"Orloger。\"—\"Lectured’unelettreducomité
desurtégénéraldelaconventionquiinvitelecomitéàsetransporterdesuiteschezlecitoyenLouisFélinerueBaubourg，à
leffetsdefaireperquisitionchezluietdanstoutcespapiers，etqueceuxquipara？tronssuspectlonymeteslesselés。\"
[81]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3294。SectionoftheRéunion，officialreport。March28。
[82]BuchezetRoux，XXV。168。Anordinanceofthecommune，March27。
[83]Schmidt，I。223。ReportbyDutard，May14。
[84]BuchezetRoux，XXV。167。OrdinanceofMay27。XXXVII。151。
OrdinanceofMay20。
[85]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3294。Seeinparticular，theofficialreportsofthemonthofApril。——BuchezetRoux，XXV。149，andXXVI。
342。（ordinancesoftheCommune，March27andMay2）。
[86]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。402（articlefromthePatrioteFran？ais，May8）。\"Arrestsarenultipliedlatelytoafrightfulextent。Themayoraltyoverflowswithprisoners。Nobodyhasanyideaoftheinsolenceandharshnesswithwhichcitizensaretreated。SlaughterandaSaint—Bartholomewareallthataretalkedof。\"——Meillan，55。\"Letanybodyinanyassemblageorclubexpressanyopinionnotinunisonwithmunicipalviews，andheissuretobearrestedthefollowingnight。\"——GouverneurMorris，March29，1793。\"YesterdayIwasarrestedinthestreetandconductedtothesectionofButte—des—
Moulins……Armedmencametomyhouseyesterday。\"——ReplyoftheministerLebrun，April3。\"DomiciliaryvisitswereageneralmeasurefromwhichnohouseinPariswasexempt。\"
[87]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。384。SpeechbyBuzot，sessionofMay8。
[88]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。332。Ordinanceofthecommune，May1。
[89]Schmidt，I。216。ReportbyDutard，May13。
[90]Schmidt，I。301。\"Inoursectionsthebestclassofcitizensarestillafraidofimprisonmentorofbeingdisarmed。Nobodytalksfreely。\"——TheLyonsrevolutionariesmakethesamecalculation（\"ArchivesNationales，\"AF，II。43）。LetteraddressedtotherepresentativesofthepeoplebytheadministratorsofthedepartmentoftheRh？ne，June4，1793。Therevolutionarycommittee\"designatedforLaVendéethosecitizenswhoweremostcomfortablyofforthoseithated，whilstconditionalenlistmentwiththeprivilegeofremaininginthedepartmentweregrantedonlytothoseinfavorofdisorganization。\"——Cf。GuillondeMontléon，I。235。
[91]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。399。Ordinanceofthecommune，May3，onaforcedloanoftwelvemillions，article6。\"Therevolutionarycommitteeswillregardtheapportionment’listssimplyasguides，withoutregardingthemasabasisofaction。\"——Article14。\"Thepersonalandrealpropertyofthosewhohavenotconformedtothepatrioticdraftwillbeseizedandsoldatthesuitoftherevolutionarycommittees，andtheirpersonsdeclaredsuspected。\"
[92]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。17（PatrioteFran？ais，numberforMay14）。
Franc？uristaxedat3，600francs。——ThesameprocessatLyons（Balleydier，174，andGuillondeMontléon，I。238）。Theauthorizedtaxbythecommissariesoftheconventionamountedtosixmillions。Therevolutionarycommitteeleviedthirtyandfortymillions，payableintwenty—fourhoursonwarrantswithoutdelay（May13and14）。Manypersonsaretaxedfrom80，000to100，000francs，thetextoftherequisitionsconveyingironicallyahostilespirit。
[93]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。463，sessionoftheJacobinClub，May11。
[94]Meillan，17。
[95]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。463，sessionoftheJacobinclub，May11。
SpeechbyHassenfratz。—Ibid。，455，sessionoftheJacobinclub，May10，speechbyRobespierre。\"Therichareallanti—revolutionaries；
onlybeggarsandthepeoplecansavethecountry。\"—Ibid。N————:
\"Revolutionarybattalionsshouldbemaintainedinthedepartmentattheexpenseoftherich，whoarecowards。\"—Ibid。，XXVII。317。
PetitionoftheFaubourgSaint—Antoine，May11。——Schmidt，I。315
（ReportbyDutard，May13）。\"Thereisnorecruitinginthefaubourgs，becausepeoplethereknowthattheyaremorewantedherethaninLaVendée。Theylettherichgoandfight。Theywatchthingshere，andtrustnobodybutthemselvestoguardParis。\"
[96]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2494。SectionoftheRéunion，officialreportsofMay15and16。——BuchezetRoux，XXV。167，ordanceofthecommune，March27。
[97]Schmidt，I。327。ReportofPerriére，May28。\"Ourgroupitselfseemedtogovernedbynothingbuthatredoftherichbythepoor。Onemustbeadullobservernottoseebyathousandsymptomsthatthesetwonaturalenemiesstandinbattlearray，onlyawaitingthesignalortheopportunity。\"
[98]BuchezetRoux，XXV。460。ThepapersexaminedbytheaccusersarethenumbersofMarat’sjournalofthe5thofJanuaryandofthe25thofFebruary。Thearticlewhichprovokedthedecreeishis\"AddresstotheNationalConvention，\"pp。446and450。
[99]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。149；NarrativebyMarat，114。Bulletinoftherevolutionarytribunal，sessionoftheConvention。
[100]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。358，articleintheChroniquedeParis；
358，articlebyMarat。—Schmidt，I。184。ReportbyDutard，May5。——
Paris，HistoiredeJosephLebon，\"I。81。LetterbyRobespierre，Jr。，May7。
[101]BuchezetRoux，XXV。240and246。ProtestoftheMailsection，oftheelectoralbodyoftheArsenal，Marais，Gravelliers，andArcissections。（TheConvention，sessionofApril2；thecommune，sessionofApril2。）——XXVI。358ProtestsofthesectionsofBon—ConseilandtheUnité，（May5）。——XXVII。71。DefeatoftheanarchistsinthesectionofButté—des—Moulins。\"Agreatmanysectionsopenlyshowadeterminationtoputanarchydown。\"（PatrioteFran？ais，May15）。—
Ibid。，137。ProtestsofthePanthéonFran？ais，Piques，Mail，andseveralothersections（PatrioteFran？ais，May19）。—Ibid。，175。
ProtestoftheFraternitésection（sessionoftheConvention，May23）。
[102]Schmidt，I。189。Dutard，May6。
[103]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。218。OfficialreportofthereunionofthetwosectionsoftheLombardsandBon—Conseil（April12），\"bywhichthetwosaidsectionspromiseandswearunion，aid，fraternity，andmutualhelp，incasethearistocracyaredisposedtodestroyliberty。\"
——\"Consequently，\"saystheBon—Conseilsection，\"manyofthecitizensoftheLombardssection，justlyalarmedatthedisturbancesoccasionedbytheevil—disposed，cameandprofferedtheirassistance。\"——
AdhesionofthesectionofLesAmisdelaPatrie。——BuchezetRoux，XXVII。138。（ArticleofthePatrioteFran？ais，May19）:\"Thisbrigandageiscalledassemblyofcombinedsections。\"——Ibid。，236，May26，sessionofthecommune。\"DeputationsoftheMontreuil，Quinze—
VingtsandDroitsdel’HommesectionscametotheassistanceoftheArsenalpatriots；thearistocratstooktoflight，leavingtheirhatsbehindthem。\"——Schmidt，I。213，313（Dutard，May13and27）。ViolenttreatmentofthemoderatesintheBon—ConseilandArsenalsections；
\"struckwithchairs，severalpersonswounded，onecaptaincarriedoffonabench；thegutter—jumpersanddumpyshopkeepersclearedout，leavingthesans—culottesmastersofthefield。\"——Meillan，111。——
BuchezetRoux，XXVII。237，sessionoftheJacobinclub，May26。\"InthesectionofButte—des—Moulinsthepatriots，findingtheywerenotinforce，seizedthechairsanddrovethearistocratsout。\"
[104]BuchezetRoux，78，XXVII。Onthejuge—de—paixRoux，carriedoffatnightandimprisoned。April16。—Mortimer—Ternaux，III。220，onthevice—presidentSagnier，May10。—BuchezetRoux，XXVII。231，May26，onthefivecitizensoftheUnitésectionarrestedbytherevolutionarycommitteeofthesection\"forhavingspokenagainstRobespierreandMarat。\"
[105]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。154。SpeechofLéonardBourdontotheJacobins，May20。
[106]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。3。Addressdrawnupbythecommissariesofthe48sectionsapprovedofby35sections，alsobythecommune，andpresentedtotheConventionApril15。—Othershaveprecededit，likepilotballons。—Ibid。，XXV。319。PetitionoftheBon—Conseil，Alpril8。—XXV。320。PetitionofthesectionoftheHalleau—Blé，April10。
[107]BuchezetRoux，XXVL83。SpeechbyVergniaudtotheconvention，sessionofApril20。\"Thesefactsareaccepted。Nobodycancontradictthem。Morethan10，000witnesseswouldconfirmthem。\"——TherearethesameproceedingsatLyonsJan。13，1792，againstthepetitionfaranappealtothepeople（GuillondeMontléon，I。145，155）。TheofficialreportoftheJacobinsclaimsthatthepetitionobtained40，215
signatures。\"Thepetitionwasfirstsignedbyabout200clubbists，whopretendedtobethepeople……Theyspreadthereportamongthepeoplethatallwhowouldnotsigntheaddresswouldbeblacklistedorproscribed。That’swhytheyhaddeskssetupinallthepublicsquares，andseizedbythearmallwhocame，andforcedthemtosign。
Asthisapproachdidnotprovefruitfultheymadechildrentenyearsofage，women，andignorantrusticsputdowntheirname。\"Theyweretoldthattheobjectwastoputdownthepriceofbread。\"Isweartoyouthatthisaddressistheworkahundredpersonsatmost；thegreatmajorityofthecitizensofLyonsdesiretoavailthemselvesoftheirownsovereigntyinthejudgmentofLouis。\"（LetterofDavidofLyonstothepresidentoftheconvention，Jan。16。）
[108]\"Fragment，\"byLanjuinais（inthememoirsofDurand—Maillane，p。
297）。
[109]Meillan，113。
[110]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。3！9（May12）。—Meillan，113。
[111]BuchezetRoux，XVI。327。Onbeinginformedofthisthecrowdsentnewdeputies，thelatterstatinginrelationtotheothers:\"Wedonotrecognisethem。\"
[112]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。143。
[113]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。175，May23。
[114]Schmidt，I。212。ReportofDutard，May13。—I。218。\"Aplotisreallyunderway，andmanyheadsaresingledout。\"（Terrasson，May13。）
[115]BuchezetRoux，XXVII9。SpeechofGuadettotheConvention，May14。
[116]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。2。PatrioteFran？ais，May13。
[117]Schmidt，I242。ReportofDutard，May18。—Also245。
[118]Schmidt，I254。ReportofDutard，May19。
[119]Bergoeing，Chatry，Dubosq，\"PiècesrecueilliesparlaCommissiondesDouzeetpubliéesàCaen。\"June28，1793（inthe\"Mémoires\"ofMeillan，pp。176—198）。Attemptsatmurderhadalreadyoccurred。
\"Lanjuinaiscamenearbeingkilled。Manyofthedeputieswereinsultedandthreatened。Thearmedforcejoinswiththemalefactors；wehaveaccordinglynomeansofrepression。\"（Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。562，letterofthedeputyMicheltohisconstituents，May20。）
[120]Bergoeing，\"Pièces，etc。\"——Meillan，pp。39and40。——Thedepositionsareallmadebyeyewitnesses。Thepropositionsforthemassacreweremadeinthemeetingsatthetown—hall，May19，20and21，andattheCordeliersclubMay22and23。
[121]TheJacobinsatLyonsplotthesamething（GuiliondeMontléon，248）。Chaliersaystotheclub:\"Weshallnotfailtohave300notedheads。Getholdofthemembersofthedepartment，thepresidentsandsecretariesofthesections，andletusmakeabundleofthemfortheguillotine；wewillwashourhandsintheirblood。\"Thereupon，onthenightofMay28therevolutionarymunicipalityseizethearsenalandplantcannonontheH？tel—de—ville。TheLyonssections，however，moreenergeticthanthoseofParis，take，uparmsandafteraterriblefighttheygetpossessionoftheH？tel—de—ville。ThemoraldifferencebetweenthetwopartiesisverymarkedinGonchon’sletters。
（\"ArchivesNationales，\"AF，II。43。lettersofGonchontoGarat，May31，June1and3。）\"KeepupthecourageoftheConvention。Itneednotbeafraid。ThecitizensofLyonshavecoveredthemselveswithglory。
Theydisplayedthegreatestcourageineveryfightthattookplaceinvariousquartersofthetown，andthegreatestmagnanimitytotheirenemies，whobehavedmostvillainously。\"Themunicipalbodyhadsentaflagoftruce，pretendingtonegotiate，andthentreacherouslyopenedfirewithitscannononthecolumnsofthesections，andcastthewoundedintotheriver。ThecitizensofLyons，sooftenslandered，willbethefirsttohavesetanexampleoftruerepublicancharacter。
Findmeasimilarinstance，ifyoucan，inthehistoryofrevolutions:
beingvictoriousandyetnotthentohaveshedadropofblood！\"Theycaredforthewounded，andraisedasubscriptionforthewidowsandorphansofthedead，withoutdistinctionofparty。Cf。Lauvergue，\"HistoireduVar，\"175。ThesameoccursatToulon（insurrectionofthemoderates，July12and13，1793）。——AtToulon，asatLyons，therewasnomurderafterthevictory；onlyregulartrialsandtheexecutionoftwoorthreeassassinswhosecrimeswerelegallyproved。
[122]Schmidt，I。335。ReportofPerrière，May29。
[123]Bergoeing，\"Pièces，etc。\"，p。195。—BuchezetRoux，XXVII296。
[124]TheinsurrectionatLyonstookplaceonMay29。Onthe2ndofJuneitisannouncedintheConventionthattheinsurgentarmyofLozère，morethan30，000strong，hastakenMarvejols，andisabouttotakeMende（BuchezetRouxXXVII。387）。——AthreateningaddressfromBordeaux（May14）andfromthirty—twosectionsinMarseilles（May25）
againsttheJacobins（BuchezetRoux，XXVII。3。214）。—Cf。Robinetin\"LeprocèsdesDantonistes，303，305。
[125]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII38。
[126]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。297，sessionoftheJacobins，May29。
[127]Barrère，\"Mémoires，\"II。91，94。AsuntruthfulasBarrèreis，herehistestimonymaybeaccepted。Iseenoreasonwhyheshouldstatewhatisnottrue；hewaswellinformed，ashebelongedtotheCommitteeofPublicSafety。Hisstatements，besides，onthecomplicitydtheMountainandonther？leofDantonareconfirmedbythewholemassoffacts。—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。200（speechbyDantonintheConvention，June13）。\"Withoutthecanonofthe31stofMay，withouttheinsurrectiontheconspiratorswouldhavetriumphed；theywouldhavegivenusthelaw。Letthecrimeofthatinsurrectionbeonourheads！Thatinsurrection—Imyselfdemandedit！……IdemandadeclarationbytheConvention，thatwithouttheinsurrectionofMay31，libertywouldbenomore！\"——Ibid。，220。SpeechbyLeclercattheCordeliersclub，June27:\"WasitnotLegendrewhorenderedabortiveourwisemeasures，sooftentaken，toexterminateourenemies？HeandDantonitwas，who，throughtheirculpableresistance，reducedustothemoderationofthe31stofMay，LegendreandDantonarethemenwhoopposedtherevolutionarystepswhichwehadtakenonthosegreatdaystocrushoutallthearistocratsinParis！\"
[128]Schmidt，I。244。ReportbyDutard，May18。
[129]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。253andfollowingpages，sessionofMay27。—Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。294。——BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。9
（\"Précisrapide\"byGorsas）。
[130]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。258。Meillan，43。
[131]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。259（wordsofRaffet）。
[132]Meillan，44。——BuchezetRoux，XXVII。267，280。
[133]Meillan，44。Placedoppositethepresident，withintenpacesofhim，withmyeyesconstantlyfixedonhim，becauseinthehorribledinwhichdisgracedtheAssemblywecouldhavenoothercompasstosteerby，IcantestifythatIneithersawnorheardthedecreeputtovote。\"——BuchezetRoux，XXVII。278。SpeechbyOsselin，sessionofMay28:\"Ipresentedthedecreeasdrawnuptothesecretariesfortheirsignaturesthismorning。Oneofthem，afterreadingit，observedtomethatthelastarticlehadnotbeendecreed，butthattheprecedingarticleshadbeen。\"—Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。562。LetterofthedeputyMichel。May29。\"Theguardswereforced，andthesanctuaryofthelawinvestedfromaboutfourtotenhours，sothatnobodycouldleavethehallevenforthemosturgentpurposes。
[134]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。308。ExtractfromtheofficialreportsofthepatrioticclubofButte—des—Moulins，May30。\"Consideringthatthemajorityofthesection，knownforincivismanditsantirevolutionaryspirit，woulddeclinethiselectionorwouldelectcommissariesnotenjoyingtheconfidenceofpatriots，\"……thepatrioticclubtakesuponitselfthedutyofelectingthetwocommissariesdemanded。
[135]Durand—Maillan，297。\"Fragment，\"byLanjuinais。\"Sevenstrangers，sevenoutsideagents，Desfieux，Proly，Pereyra，Dubuisson，Gusman，thetwobrothersFrey，etc。，weresetupbythecommuneasaninsurrectionarycommittee。\"Mostofthemarevilefellows，asisthecasewithVarlet，Dobsen，Hassenfratz，Rousselin，Desfieux，Gusman，etc。
[136]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。156。\"We，membersoftherevolutionarycommission，citizensClémence，oftheBon—Conseilsection；Dunouy，oftheSans—culottessection；Bonin，ofthesectionofLesMarchés，AuvrayofthesectionofMont—Blanc；Séguy，ofthesectionofButte—
des—Moulins；Moissard，ofGrenelle；Berot，cantond’Issy；Rousselin，sectionoftheUnité；Marchand，sectionofMont—Blanc；Grespin，sectionofGravilliers。\"Theyresignonthe6thofJune。——Thecommission，atfirstcomposedofninemembers，endsincomprisingeleven（BuchezetRoux，XXVII。316，officialreportsofthecommune。
May31。）then25（SpeechbyPachetotheCommitteeofPublicSafety，June1。）
[137]BuchezetRouxXXVII。306。Officialreportsofthecommune，May31。—Ibid。，316。Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。319。
[138]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。274SpeechbyHassenfratztotheJacobinClub，May27。
[139]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。346（speechbyLhuillierintheConvention，May31）。
[140]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。302，sessionoftheConvention，May30。
WordsutteredbyHassenfratz，Varlet，andChabot，anddenouncedbyLanjuinais。
[141]MadameRoland，\"Appelàl’impartialepostérité。\"ConversationofMadamRolandontheeveningofMay31onthePlaceduCarruselwithanartillerist。
[142]BuchezetRoux，307—323。Officialreportsofthecommune，May31。
[143]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2494，registeroftherevolutionarycommitteeoftheRéunionsection，officialreportofMay31，6o’clockinthemorning。
[144]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。335，sessionoftheConvention，May31。
Petitionpresentedbythecommissariesinthenameofforty—eightsections；theircredentialsshowthattheyarenotatfirstauthorizedbymorethantwenty—sixsections。
[145]BuchezetRoux，347，348。Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。350（thirddispatchoftheH？tel—de—villedelegates，presentatthesession）:
\"TheNationalAssemblywasnotabletoaccepttheaboveimportantmeasures……untiltheperturbatorsoftheAssembly，knownunderthetitleofthe’Right，’didthemselvesthejusticetoperceivethattheywerenotworthyoftakingpartinthem；theyevacuatedtheAssembly，afterthegreatgesticulationsandimprecations，towhichyouknowtheyareliable。\"
[146]Dauban，\"LaDemagogieen1793。\"DiaryofBeaulieu，May31。—
DeclarationofHenriot，Germinal4，yearIII。—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。351
[147]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。565。LetterofthedeputyLoiseau，June5。
[148]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。352to360，368to377。Officialreportsofthecommune，June1and2。Proclamationoftherevolutionarycommittee，June1。\"YourdelegateshaveorderedthearrestofallsuspectedpersonsconcealingthemselvesinthesectionsofParis。Thisarrestisinprogressinallquarters。\"
[149]\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2494。SectionoftheRéunion，officialreport，June1。——Ibid。，June2。CitizenRobinisarrestedonthe2ndofJune，\"forhavingmanifestedopinionscontrarytothesovereigntyofthepeopleintheNationalAssembly。\"Thesamedayaproclamationismadeontheterritoryofthesectionbyadeputationofthecommune，accompaniedbyonememberandtwodrummers，\"tending（tendantes）tomakeknowntothepeoplethatthecountrywillbesavedbyawaiting（enatendans）withcouragethedecreewhichistoberenderedtopreventtraitors（lestraitre）fromlongersittinginthesenatehouse。\"——Ibid。，June4。Thecommitteedecidesthatitwilladdnewmemberstoitsnumber，buttheywillbetakenonlyfromall\"goodsans—culote；nonotary，nonotary’sclerk，nolawyersnortheirclerks，nobankernorrichlandlord\"beingadmissible，unlesshegivesevidenceofunmistakablecivismsince1789。——Cf。F7，2497（sectionoftheDroitsdel’Homme），F7，2484（sectionoftheHalle—au—blé），theresemblanceinorthographyandintheiracts；theregistryofthePiquessection（F7，2475）isoneofthemostinteresting；heremaybefoundthedetailsoftheappearanceoftheministersbeforeit；thecommitteethatexaminesthemdoesnotevenspelltheirnamescorrectly，\"Clavier\"beingoftenwrittenforClavière，and\"Goyer\"forGohier。
[150]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。19。
[151]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。357。Officialreportsofthecommune，June1。
[152]Meillan，307。——\"Fragment，\"byLanuinais。—\"Diurnal，\"ofBeaulieu，June2。—BuchezetRoux，XXVII。399（speechbyBarère）。
[153]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。357。Officialreportsofthecommune，June1。
[154]Meillan，53，58，307。BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。14（Précis，byGordas）。
[155]BuchezetRoux，XXVII359。Officialreportsofthecommune，June1。\"OnememberoftheCouncilstatedthatongoingtotheBeaurepairesectionhewasnotwellreceived；thatthepresidentofthissectionspokeuncivillytohimandtookhimforanimaginarymunicipalist；
thathewasthreatenedwiththelock—up，andthathislibertywassolelyduetothebravecitizensoftheSans—culottessectionandthegunnersoftheBeaurepairesectionwhowentwithhim。\"——
Preparationsfortheinvestmentbeganonthe1stofJune。（\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，2497，officialreportsoftheDroitsdel’Hommesection，June1。）OrdersofHenriottothecommandantofthesectiontosend\"400hommeetlacompagniedecanonieravecle2piècesdecanonauCarouzellelongdesThuilerieplassedelaRévolution。\"
[156]\"Lanjuinaisstates100，000men，Meillan50，000；thedeputiesoftheSommesay60，000，butwithoutanyevidence。JudgingbyvariousindicationsIshouldputthenumbermuchlower，onaccountofthedisarmamentandabsentees:say30，000men，thesameasMay31。
[157]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。566。LetterofthedeputyLoiseau:\"I
passedthroughthewholeofonebattalion；themenallsaidthattheydidnotknowwhythemovementwasmade，thatonlytheirofficersknew。\"（June1。）
[158]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。400。SessionoftheConvention，June2。—
—XXVIII。43（reportbySaladin）。
[159]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。392。OfficialreportoftheJacobinClub，June2\"Thedeputiesweresosurroundedasnottobeabletogooutevenforspecialpurposes。\"——Ibid。，568LetterofthedeputyLoiseau。
[160]BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。44。ReportbySaladin。——Meillan，237。
——Mortimer—TernauxVII。547。DeclarationofthedeputiesoftheSomme。
[161]Meillan，52。——Pétion，\"Mémoires，\"109（EditionDauban）。——
Lanjuinais（\"Fragment\"）——\"NearlyallthosecalledGirondiststhoughtitbesttostayaway。\"——LetterofVergniaudJune3（intheRepublicanFran？ais，June5，1793）。\"IlefttheAssemblyyesterdaybetween1and2o’clock。\"
[162]Lanjuinais，\"Fragment，\"299。
[163]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。400。
[164]Robinet，\"LeProcèsdeDanton，\"169。WordsofDanton（accordingtothenotesofajuryman，Topino—Lebrun）。
[165]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。44。ReportbySaladin。—Meillan，59。—
Lanjuinais，308，310。
[166]BuchezetRoux，XXVII。401
[167]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。569。LetterofthedeputyLoiseau。—
Meillan，62。
[168]BuchezetRoux，XXVI。341。SpeechbyChaslesintheConvention，May2:\"Thefarmers……arenearlyallaristocrats。\"
[169]Orworkhouses，seeTaine:\"NotesonEngland\"page214:\"ItisanEnglishprinciplethattheindigent，bygivinguptheirfreedom，havearighttobesupported。Societypaysthecost，butshutsthemupandsetsthemtowork。Asthisconditionisrepugnanttothem，theyavoidtheworkhouseasmuchaspossible。\"SimilarinstitutionsexistedinFrancebeforetherevolution。（SR）。
[170]Sieyès（quotedbyBarante，\"HistoiredelaConvention，\"III。
169）thusdescribesit:\"Thefakepeople，thedeadliestenemywhichtheFrenchpeopleeverhad，blockedincessantlytheapproachestotheConvention……AttheentranceorexitoftheConventiontheastonishedspectatorthoughtthatanewinvasionofbarbarianhordeshadsuddenlyoccurred，anewirruptionofvoracious，sanguinaryharpies，flockingtheretoseizeholdoftherevolutionasifitwerethenaturalpreyoftheirspecies。\"
[171]GouverneurMorris，II。241。LetterofOct。23，1792。\"Thepopulace—something，thankGod，thatisunknowninAmerica\"\"——HeofteninsistsonthisessentialcharacteristicoftheFrenchRevolution。—Onthisever—presentclass，seetheaccurateandcompleteworkwellsupportedbyfacts，ofDr。Lombrose，\"L’Uomodelinquente。\"
[172]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。LetterofthedeputyLaplaigne，July6。
[173]Meillan，51。—BuchezetRoux，XXVII。356。Officialreportofthecommune，sessionofJune1。IntheafternoonMaratcomestothecommune，harranguesthecouncil，andgivestheinsurrectionthelastimpetus。Itisplainthathewaschiefactoronboththesedays（June1and2）。
[174]Pétion，116。
[175]Schmidt，I。370。—Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。391。LetterofMarchand，memberoftheCentralCommittee。\"IsawChaumettedoeverythinghecouldtohinderthisgloriousrevolution，……
exclaim，shedtears，andtearhishair。\"—BuchezetRoux，XXVIII。46。
AccordingtoSaladin，ChaumettewentsofarastodemandHébert’sarrest。
[176]Mortimer—Ternaux，VII。300。—Cf。\"LevieuxCordelier，\"byC。
Desmoulins，No。5。
[177]MalletduPan，II。52。（March8，1794）。—ThetitulargeneraloftherevolutionaryarmywasRonsin。\"PrevioustotheRevolutionhewasaseedyauthorearninghislivingandreputationbyworkingfortheboulevardstalls……Onedayapersoninformedhimthathisstaff’wasbehavingverybadly，actingtyrannicallyinthemostoutrageousmanneratthetheatersandeverywhereelse，strikingwomenandtearingtheirbonnetstopieces。Yourmencommitrape，pillage，andmassacre。\"
Towhichhereplied；’Well，whatshallIdo？Iknowthattheyarealotofruffiansaswellasyoudo；butthosearethefollowsIneedformyrevolutionaryarmy。Findmehonestpeople，ifyoucan，thatwilldothatbusiness。’\"（Prudhomme，\"CrimesdelaRévolution，\"V。
130。）
[178]BuchezetRoux，XXIX。152。
[179]Beaulieu，\"EssaissurlaRévolution，\"V。200。
[180]Schmidt，II。85。ReportofDutard，June24（onthereviewofthepreviousevening）2Asortoflow—classartisanwhoseemedtometohavebeenasoldier……Apparentlyhehadassociatedonlywithdisorderlymen；Iamsurethathewouldbefoundfondofgaming，wine，women，andeverythingthatdenotesabadcharacter。\"
[181]CharlottedeCordayd’Armont，1768to1793。YoungFrenchgirlwhoknifedMaratinhisbath。AdherentoftheRevolution，sheconsideredMaratasbeingresponsiblefortheeliminationoftheGirondistsandtheestablishmentoftheterror。Shewasguillotined。
（SR。）
[182]Lauvergne，\"HistoiredelaRévolutiondansledépartementduVar，\"176。AtToulon\"thespiritofcounter—revolutionwasnothingelsethanthesentimentofself—preservation。\"ItwasthesamethingatLyons。（Nolhac，\"SouvenirdetroisannéedelaRévolutionàLyon，\"
p。14。）
[183]GouverneurMorris，II。395。LetterofJan。21，1794。\"Admittingwhathasbeenassertedbypersonsinasituationtoknowthetruthanddeeplyinterestedtoprovethecontrary，itisanundoubtedtruththatninety—nine—hundredthsareopposedtoallideasofadismemberment，andwillfighttopreventit。
[184]MalletduPan，II。44。
[185]Carnot，Lazare，Nicolas，1753—1823，militaryengineerandmathematician，memberofthecommitteeofpublicsafety，organizedthearmiesoftherepublicandtheiroffensivetactics。（SR）。
[186]Amongotherdocuments，thefollowingletterwillshowthequalityoftheserecruits，especiallyoftherecruitsof1791，whoweremuchthebestmen。（LetterfromthemunicipalofficersofDorat，December28，1792，\"ArchivesNationales，\"F7，3275。）\"ThecommuneofDoratismadeupofthreeclassesofcitizens:Therichestclass，composedofpersonsconfirmedintheprejudicesoftheancientrégime，hasbeendisarmed。Thesecond，composedofwell—to—dopeople，fillstheadministrativepositions。Itisagainstthemthatthefuryoftheturbulentisaimed；butthoseofthisclasswhocouldmakeresistancehavegonetofighttheenemyabroad。Thethirdclass，andthemostnumerous，ismadeupinpartoftheseditiousandinpartoflaborers，who，notdaringtomixintherevolt，contentthemselveswithcovetingthetaxongrain。\"—Toulongeon，\"HistoiredeFrancedepuislaRévolution，\"IV。94。\"Donotdegradeanationbyascribingbasemotivestoitandaservilefear。Everyone，onthecontrary，felthimselfinfusedbyanexaltedinstinctforthepublicwelfare。\"—
GouvionSaint—Cyr，\"Mémoires，\"I。56:Ayoungmanwouldhaveblushedtoremainathomewhentheindependenceofthenationwasthreatened。
Eachonequittedhisstudiesorhisprofession。
[187]Gouvion—Saint—Cyr，26。\"ThemanifestoofBrunswickassignstoFrancemorethanahundredbattalions，which，withinthreeweeks，wereraised，armed，andputinthefield。\"
[188]Inrespectofthesesentiments，cf。GouvionSaint—Cyr，\"Mémoires，andFervel，\"CampagnesdelaRévolutionFran？aisedanslesPyrénéesorientales。\"
[189]Stendhal，MemoiressurNapoléon。
[190]Gouvion—Saint—Cyr，\"Memoires，\"p。43。\"Patriotismmadeupforeverything；italonegaveusvictory；itsuppliedourmostpressingneeds。\"
TheFrenchRevolution，Volume3
TheOriginsofContemporaryFrance，Volume4
byHippolyteA。TaineTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONVOLUMEIII。
PREFACE。
BOOKFIRST。TheEstablishmentoftheRevolutionaryGovernment。
CHAPTERI。
BOOKSECOND。TheJacobinProgram。
CHAPTERI。
CHAPTERII。
BOOKTHIRD。TheGovernors。
CHAPTERI。PsychologyoftheJacobinLeaders。
CHAPTERII。TheRulersoftheCountry。
CHAPTERIII。TheRulers。（continued）。
BOOKFOURTH。TheGoverned。
CHAPTERI。TheOppressed。
CHAPTERII。FoodandProvisions。
BOOKFIFTH。TheEndoftheRevolutionaryGovernment。
CHAPTERI。
PREFACE。
\"InEgypt，\"saysClementofAlexandria，[1]\"thesanctuariesofthetemplesareshadedbycurtainsofgoldentissue。Butongoingfurtherintotheinteriorinquestofthestatue，apriestofgraveaspect，advancingtomeetyouandchantingahymnintheEgyptiantongue，slightlyraisesaveiltoshowyouthegod。Andwhatdoyoubehold？Acrocodile，orsomeindigenousserpent，orotherdangerousanimal，theEgyptiangodbeingabeastsprawlingonapurplecarpet。\"
WeneednotvisitEgyptorgosofarbackinhistorytoencountercrocodileworship，asthiscanbereadilyfoundinFranceattheendofthelastcentury。——Unfortunately，ahundredyearsistoolonganinterval，toofaraway，foranimaginativeretrospectofthepast。
Atthepresenttime，standingwherewedoandregardingthehorizonbehindus，weseeonlyformswhichtheinterveningatmosphereembellishes，shimmeringcontourswhicheachspectatormayinterpretinhisownfashion；nodistinct，animatedfigure，butmerelyamassofmovingpoints，forminganddissolvinginthemidstofpicturesquearchitecture。Iwasanxioustotakeacloserviewofthesevaguepoints，and，accordingly，deportedmyselfbacktothelasthalfoftheeighteenthcentury。Ihavenowbeenlivingwiththemfortwelveyears，and，likeClementofAlexandria，examined，first，thetemple，andnextthegod。Apassingglanceattheseisnotsufficient；itwasalsonecessarytounderstandthetheologyonwhichthiscultisfounded。Thisone，explainedbyaveryspecioustheology，likemostothers，iscomposedofdogmascalledtheprinciplesof1789；theywereproclaimed，indeed，atthatdate，havingbeenpreviouslyformulatedbyJean—JacquesRousseau:
*Thewellknownsovereigntyofthepeople。
*TherightsofMan。
*Thesocialcontract。
Onceadopted，theirpracticalresultsunfoldedthemselvesnaturally。
Inthreeyearsthesedogmasinstalledthecrocodileonthepurplecarpetinsidesthesanctuarybehindthegoldenveil。Hewasselectedfortheplaceonaccountoftheenergyofhisjawsandthecapacityofhisstomach；hebecameagodthroughhisqualitiesasadestructivebruteandman—eater。——Comprehendingthis，theriteswhichconsecratehimandthepompwhichsurroundshimneednotgiveusanyfurtherconcern。——Wecanobservehim，likeanyordinaryanimal，andstudyhisvariousattitudes，asheliesinwaitforhisprey，springsuponit，tearsittopieces，swallowsit，anddigestsit。Ihavestudiedthedetailsofhisstructure，theplayofhisorgans，hishabits，hismodeofliving，hisinstincts，hisfaculties，andhisappetites。——Specimensabounded。Ihavehandledthousandsofthem，andhavedissectedhundredsofeveryspeciesandvariety，alwayspreservingthemostvaluableandcharacteristicexamples，butforlackofroomIhavebeencompelledtoletmanyofthemgobecausemycollectionswastoolarge。ThosethatIwasabletobringbackwithmewillbefoundhere，and，amongothers，abouttwentyindividualsofdifferentdimensions，which——adifficultundertaking——Ihavekeptalivewithgreatpains。Atallevents，theyareintactandperfect，andparticularlythethreelargest。Theseseemtome，oftheirkind，trulyremarkable，andthoseinwhichthedivinityofthedaymightwellincarnatehimself。—Authenticandratherwellkeptcookbooksinformusaboutthecostofthecult:Wecanmoreorlessestimatehowmuchthesacredcrocodilesconsumedintenyears；weknowtheirbillsofdailyfare，theirfavoritemorsels。Naturally，thegodselectedthefattestvictims，buthisvoracitywassogreatthathelikewisebolteddown，andblindly，theleanones，andinmuchgreaternumberthanthefattest。Moreover，byvirtueofhisinstincts，andanunfailingeffectofthesituation，heatehisequalsonceortwiceayear，exceptwhentheysucceededineatinghim。——Thiscultcertainlyisinstructive，atleasttohistoriansandmenofpurescience。IfanybelieversinitstillremainIdonotaimtoconvertthem；onecannotarguewithadevoteeonmattersoffaith。Thisvolume，accordingly，liketheothersthathavegonebeforeit，iswrittensolelyforamateursofmoralzoology，fornaturalistsoftheunderstanding，forseekersoftruth，oftexts，andofproofs——forthesealoneandnotforthepublic，whosemindismadeupandwhichhasitsownopinionontheRevolution。Thisopinionbegantobeformedbetween1825and1830，aftertheretirementorwithdrawalofeyewitnesses。Whentheydisappeareditwaseasytoconvinceacredulouspublicthatcrocodileswerephilanthropists；thatmanypossessedgenius；thattheyscarcelyateothersthantheguilty，andthatiftheysometimesatetoomanyitwasunconsciouslyandinspiteofthemselves，orthroughdevotionandself—sacrificeforthecommongood。
H。A。Taine，MenthonSaintBernard，July1884。
BOOKFIRST。THEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEREVOLUTIONARYGOVERNMENT。
CHAPTERI。
I。
Weaknessofformergovernments。—Energyofthenewgovernment。—
ThedespoticcreedandinstinctsoftheJacobin。
Sofar，theweaknessofthelegalgovernmentisextreme。Duringfouryears，whateveritskind，ithasconstantlyandeverywherebeendisobeyed。Forfouryearsitneverdaredenforceobedience。
Recruitedamongthecultivatedandrefinedclass，therulersofthecountryhavebroughtwiththemintopowertheprejudicesandsensibilitiesoftheepoch。Undertheinfluenceoftheprevailingdogmatheyhavesubmittedtothewillofthemultitudeand，withtoomuchfaithintherightsofMan，theyhavehadtoolittleintheauthorityofthemagistrate。Moreover，throughhumanity，theyhaveabhorredbloodshedand，unwillingtorepress，theyhaveallowedthemselvestoberepressed。Thusfromthe1stofMay，1789，toJune2，1793，theyhaveadministratedorlegislated，escapingcountlessinsurrections，almostallofthemgoingunpunished；whiletheirconstitution，anunhealthyproductoftheoryandfear，havedonenomorethantransformspontaneousanarchyintolegalanarchy。
Deliberatelyandthroughdistrustofauthoritytheyhaveunderminedtheprincipleofcommand，reducedtheKingtothepostofadecorativepuppet，andalmostannihilatedthecentralpower:fromthetoptothebottomofthehierarchythesuperiorhaslosthisholdontheinferior，theministeronthedepartments，thedepartmentsonthedistricts，andthedistrictsonthecommunes。Throughoutallbranchesoftheservice，thechief，electedonthespotandbyhissubordinates，hascometodependonthem。Thenceforth，eachpostinwhichauthorityisvestedisfoundisolated，dismantledandpreyedupon，while，tocrownall，theDeclarationofRights，proclaiming\"thejurisdictionofconstituentsovertheirclerks，\"[2]hasinvitedtheassailantstomaketheassault。Onthestrengthofthisafactionariseswhichendsinbecominganorganizedband；underitsclamor，itsmenacesanditspikes，atParisandintheprovinces，atthepollsandintheparliament，themajoritiesareallsilenced，whiletheminoritiesvote，decreeandgovern；theLegislativeAssemblyispurged，theKingisdethroned，andtheConventionismutilated。Ofallthegarrisonsofthecentralcitadel，whetherroyalists，Constitutionalists，orGirondins，notonehasbeenabletodefenditself，tore—fashiontheexecutiveinstrument，todrawtheswordanduseitinthestreets:onthefirstattack，oftenatthefirstsummons，allhavesurrendered，andnowthecitadel，witheveryotherpublicfortress，isinthehandsoftheJacobins。